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米勒-尤里实验 (查看源代码)

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[[File:495px-MUexperiment.png|thumb|upright=1.5|实验]]

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'''米勒尤里实验 Miller–Urey experiment'''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hill HG, Nuth JA |title=The catalytic potential of cosmic dust: implications for prebiotic chemistry in the solar nebula and other protoplanetary systems |journal=Astrobiology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=291–304 |year=2003 |pmid=14577878 |doi=10.1089/153110703769016389|bibcode = 2003AsBio...3..291H}}</ref> ，或称'''米勒实验 Miller experiment''''<ref>{{cite journal | title=The analysis of comet mass spectrometric data |author1=Balm SP |author2=Hare J.P. |author3=Kroto HW | journal=Space Science Reviews| year=1991| volume=56|issue=1–2 | pages=185–9 |doi=10.1007/BF00178408 | bibcode=1991SSRv...56..185B|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9bce3627fcb31bac372e6610472e59008703ec4b }}</ref>是一个化学实验，模拟了当时（1952年）人们认为的地球早期环境并测验了在这些条件下生命的化学起源。当时的实验支持了亚历山大·奥帕林 Alexander Oparin和J·B·S·霍尔丹 J·B·S·Haldane的假说，即假设存在于原始地球上的条件是有利于简单无机物合成为更复杂有机物这一类化学反应的发生的。该实验被认为是研究'''无生源说 abiogenesis'''的经典之作，1952年由斯坦利·米勒 Stanlely Miller主持，芝加哥大学的哈罗德·尤里 Harold Urey监督，并于次年发表<ref name=miller1953>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Stanley L. |url=http://www.abenteuer-universum.de/pdf/miller_1953.pdf |title=Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions |journal=[[Science ~~(journal)|Science]]~~ |year=1953 |volume=117 |pages=528–9 |doi=10.1126/science.117.3046.528 |pmid=13056598 |issue=3046 |bibcode=1953Sci...117..528M |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317062622/http://www.abenteuer-universum.de/pdf/miller_1953.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-17 |access-date=2011-01-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Stanley L. |author2=Harold C. Urey |title=Organic Compound Synthesis on the Primitive Earth |journal=~~[[Science (journal)|~~Science]] |year=1959 |volume=130 |pages=245–51 |doi=10.1126/science.130.3370.245 |pmid=13668555 |issue=3370|bibcode = 1959Sci...130..245M}} Miller states that he made "A more complete analysis of the products" in the 1953 experiment, listing additional results.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry |author1=A. Lazcano |author2=J. L. Bada |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=33 |year=2004 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1023/A:1024807125069 |pmid=14515862 |issue=3|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/beda7cb912470cec6e1bf2d13535edeedf6c5b16 |bibcode=2003OLEB...33..235L }}</ref>

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'''米勒尤里实验 Miller–Urey experiment'''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hill HG, Nuth JA |title=The catalytic potential of cosmic dust: implications for prebiotic chemistry in the solar nebula and other protoplanetary systems |journal=Astrobiology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=291–304 |year=2003 |pmid=14577878 |doi=10.1089/153110703769016389|bibcode = 2003AsBio...3..291H}}</ref> ，或称'''米勒实验 Miller experiment''''<ref>{{cite journal | title=The analysis of comet mass spectrometric data |author1=Balm SP |author2=Hare J.P. |author3=Kroto HW | journal=Space Science Reviews| year=1991| volume=56|issue=1–2 | pages=185–9 |doi=10.1007/BF00178408 | bibcode=1991SSRv...56..185B|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9bce3627fcb31bac372e6610472e59008703ec4b }}</ref>是一个化学实验，模拟了当时（1952年）人们认为的地球早期环境并测验了在这些条件下生命的化学起源。当时的实验支持了亚历山大·奥帕林 Alexander Oparin和J·B·S·霍尔丹 J·B·S·Haldane的假说，即假设存在于原始地球上的条件是有利于简单无机物合成为更复杂有机物这一类化学反应的发生的。该实验被认为是研究'''无生源说 abiogenesis'''的经典之作，1952年由斯坦利·米勒 Stanlely Miller主持，芝加哥大学的哈罗德·尤里 Harold Urey监督，并于次年发表<ref name=miller1953>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Stanley L. |url=http://www.abenteuer-universum.de/pdf/miller_1953.pdf |title=Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions |journal=Science |year=1953 |volume=117 |pages=528–9 |doi=10.1126/science.117.3046.528 |pmid=13056598 |issue=3046 |bibcode=1953Sci...117..528M |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317062622/http://www.abenteuer-universum.de/pdf/miller_1953.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-17 |access-date=2011-01-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Stanley L. |author2=Harold C. Urey |title=Organic Compound Synthesis on the Primitive Earth |journal=Science|year=1959 |volume=130 |pages=245–51 |doi=10.1126/science.130.3370.245 |pmid=13668555 |issue=3370|bibcode = 1959Sci...130..245M}} Miller states that he made "A more complete analysis of the products" in the 1953 experiment, listing additional results.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry |author1=A. Lazcano |author2=J. L. Bada |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=33 |year=2004 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1023/A:1024807125069 |pmid=14515862 |issue=3|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/beda7cb912470cec6e1bf2d13535edeedf6c5b16 |bibcode=2003OLEB...33..235L }}</ref>

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最初的实验在2017年由Miller和Urey以前的学生，加州大学圣地亚哥分校斯克里普斯海洋研究所教授杰弗里·巴达 Jeffrey Bada 负责<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18conv.html |title=A Conversation With Jeffrey L. Bada: A Marine Chemist Studies How Life Began |newspaper=nytimes.com |date=2010-05-17 |first=Claudia |last=~~Dreifus |authorlink=Claudia~~ Dreifus |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118034218/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18conv.html |archivedate=2017-01-18 }}</ref> 。那些实验仪器在丹佛自然科学博物馆存放展出<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dmns.org/science/museum-scientists/david-grinspoon/funky-science-wonder-lab/research-updates/astrobiology-collection-miller-urey-apparatus | title=Astrobiology Collection: Miller-Urey Apparatus |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524090309/http://www.dmns.org/science/museum-scientists/david-grinspoon/funky-science-wonder-lab/research-updates/astrobiology-collection-miller-urey-apparatus/ |archivedate=2013-05-24 |publisher=Denver Museum of Nature & Science }}</ref>。

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最初的实验在2017年由Miller和Urey以前的学生，加州大学圣地亚哥分校斯克里普斯海洋研究所教授杰弗里·巴达 Jeffrey Bada 负责<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18conv.html |title=A Conversation With Jeffrey L. Bada: A Marine Chemist Studies How Life Began |newspaper=nytimes.com |date=2010-05-17 |first=Claudia |last=Dreifus |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118034218/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18conv.html |archivedate=2017-01-18 }}</ref> 。那些实验仪器在丹佛自然科学博物馆存放展出<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dmns.org/science/museum-scientists/david-grinspoon/funky-science-wonder-lab/research-updates/astrobiology-collection-miller-urey-apparatus | title=Astrobiology Collection: Miller-Urey Apparatus |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524090309/http://www.dmns.org/science/museum-scientists/david-grinspoon/funky-science-wonder-lab/research-updates/astrobiology-collection-miller-urey-apparatus/ |archivedate=2013-05-24 |publisher=Denver Museum of Nature & Science }}</ref>。

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在Miller-Urey的同时期也有过类似的与生命起源有关的放电实验。《纽约时报》（1953年3月8日：E9）上的一篇题为“回首20亿年”的文章描述了在1953年5月Miller发表论文之前的俄亥俄州立大学沃尔曼.M.麦克尼文 Wollman M.MacNevin的工作。MacNevin对甲烷和水蒸气施加10万伏特的火花，产生了“树脂固体”。而这些“树脂固体”过于复杂，无法分析。这篇文章还记录了MacNevin研究早期地球的其他实验。目前还不清楚他是否曾在初级科学文献中发表过这些结果<ref>{{cite book | title=History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | author=Krehl, Peter O. K. | year=2009 | pages=603}}</ref>~~。（不清楚是因为学者们已经对此进行了研究仍不知如何判断，还是因为维基百科的撰稿人只阅读了《纽约时报》？）~~

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在Miller-Urey的同时期也有过类似的与生命起源有关的放电实验。《纽约时报》（1953年3月8日：E9）上的一篇题为“回首20亿年”的文章描述了在1953年5月Miller发表论文之前的俄亥俄州立大学沃尔曼.M.麦克尼文 Wollman M.MacNevin的工作。MacNevin对甲烷和水蒸气施加10万伏特的火花，产生了“树脂固体”。而这些“树脂固体”过于复杂，无法分析。这篇文章还记录了MacNevin研究早期地球的其他实验。目前还不清楚他是否曾在初级科学文献中发表过这些结果<ref>{{cite book | title=History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference | publisher=Springer-Verlag | author=Krehl, Peter O. K. | year=2009 | pages=603}}</ref>。

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1952年12月15日K·A· 王尔德 K. A. Wilde向《科学》杂志提交了一篇论文，早于Miller于1953年2月10日向该杂志提交的论文<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wilde |first=Kenneth A. |first2=Bruno J. |last2=Zwolinski |first3=Ransom B. |last3=Parlin |date=July 1953 |title=The Reaction Occurring in CO2, 2O Mixtures in a High-Frequency Electric Arc |journal=Science |volume=118 |issue=3054 |pages=43–44 |id= |doi=10.1126/science.118.3054.43-a |pmid=13076175 |bibcode=1953Sci...118...43W |df= }}</ref> .Wilde的论文发表于1953年7月10日。Wilde将只有600v的电压施加于在流动系统中由二氧化碳（CO2）和水所形成的二元混合物。他观察到只有少量的二氧化碳减少为一氧化碳（CO），没有其他重要的还原产物或新形成的碳化合物。

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1952年12月15日K·A· 王尔德 K. A. Wilde向《科学》杂志提交了一篇论文，早于Miller于1953年2月10日向该杂志提交的论文<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wilde |first=Kenneth A. ~~|authorlink=~~ |first2=Bruno J. |last2=Zwolinski |first3=Ransom B. |last3=Parlin |date=July 1953 |title=The Reaction Occurring in CO2, 2O Mixtures in a High-Frequency Electric Arc |journal=~~[[Science (journal)|~~Science]] |volume=118 |issue=3054 |pages=43–44 |id= |doi=10.1126/science.118.3054.43-a |pmid=13076175 |bibcode=1953Sci...118...43W |df= }}</ref> .Wilde的论文发表于1953年7月10日。Wilde将只有600v的电压施加于在流动系统中由二氧化碳（CO2）和水所形成的二元混合物。他观察到只有少量的二氧化碳减少为一氧化碳（CO），没有其他重要的还原产物或新形成的碳化合物。

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一些证据表明，地球原始大气层中还原分子的含量可能比Miller-Urey实验时所认为的要少。有大量的证据表明，40亿年前的大型火山爆发会向大气中释放二氧化碳、氮、硫化氢（H2S）和二氧化硫（SO2） <ref name=Green>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Jack|title=Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|year=2011|volume=12|issue=9|pages=6051–6076|doi=10.3390/ijms12096051|pmid=22016644|pmc=3189768|ref=harv}}</ref>。除了最初的Miller-Urey实验中使用的气体之外，进一步使用这些气体的实验产生了更多样化的分子。该实验创造了一种外消旋体(包含L和D对映异构体)的混合物。此后的实验表明，“在实验室中，这两种化合物出现的可能性相等” <ref name="NS">{{Cite news |date=2006-06-02 |title=Right-handed amino acids were left behind |periodical=[[New Scientist]] |publisher=Reed Business Information Ltd |issue=2554 |pages=18 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/mg19025545.200-righthanded-amino-acids-were-left-behind.html |accessdate=2008-07-09 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024211531/http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/mg19025545.200-righthanded-amino-acids-were-left-behind.html |archivedate=2008-10-24 }}</ref> ; 然而，在自然界中，L氨基酸占主导地位。后来的实验证实了不成比例的L或D取向对映异构体是可能的<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kojo |first=Shosuke |first2=Hiromi |last2=Uchino |first3=Mayu |last3=Yoshimura |first4=Kyoko |last4=Tanaka |date=October 2004 |title=Racemic D,L-asparagine causes enantiomeric excess of other coexisting racemic D,L-amino acids during recrystallization: a hypothesis accounting for the origin of L-amino acids in the biosphere |journal=Chemical Communications |volume= |issue=19 |pages=2146–2147 |pmid=15467844 |doi=10.1039/b409941a}}</ref>

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一些证据表明，地球原始大气层中还原分子的含量可能比Miller-Urey实验时所认为的要少。有大量的证据表明，40亿年前的大型火山爆发会向大气中释放二氧化碳、氮、硫化氢（H2S）和二氧化硫（SO2） <ref name=Green>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Jack|title=Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|year=2011|volume=12|issue=9|pages=6051–6076|doi=10.3390/ijms12096051|pmid=22016644|pmc=3189768|ref=harv}}</ref>。除了最初的Miller-Urey实验中使用的气体之外，进一步使用这些气体的实验产生了更多样化的分子。该实验创造了一种外消旋体(包含L和D对映异构体)的混合物。此后的实验表明，“在实验室中，这两种化合物出现的可能性相等” <ref name="NS">{{Cite news |date=2006-06-02 |title=Right-handed amino acids were left behind |periodical=New Scientist |publisher=Reed Business Information Ltd |issue=2554 |pages=18 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/mg19025545.200-righthanded-amino-acids-were-left-behind.html |accessdate=2008-07-09 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024211531/http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/mg19025545.200-righthanded-amino-acids-were-left-behind.html |archivedate=2008-10-24 }}</ref> ; 然而，在自然界中，L氨基酸占主导地位。后来的实验证实了不成比例的L或D取向对映异构体是可能的<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kojo |first=Shosuke |first2=Hiromi |last2=Uchino |first3=Mayu |last3=Yoshimura |first4=Kyoko |last4=Tanaka |date=October 2004 |title=Racemic D,L-asparagine causes enantiomeric excess of other coexisting racemic D,L-amino acids during recrystallization: a hypothesis accounting for the origin of L-amino acids in the biosphere |journal=Chemical Communications |volume= |issue=19 |pages=2146–2147 |pmid=15467844 |doi=10.1039/b409941a}}</ref>

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==外星源==

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类似Miller-Urey实验条件的环境在太阳系的其他区域也存在——不过通常以紫外线代替闪电作为化学反应的能源<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nunn|first1=JF|title=Evolution of the atmosphere|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association|year=1998|volume=109|issue=1|pages=1–13|pmid=11543127|doi=10.1016/s0016-7878(98)80001-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raulin|first1=F|last2=Bossard|first2=A|title=Organic syntheses in gas phase and chemical evolution in planetary atmospheres.|journal=Advances in Space Research|year=1984|volume=4|issue=12|pages=75–82|pmid=11537798|doi=10.1016/0273-1177(84)90547-7|bibcode=1984AdSpR...4...75R}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raulin|first1=François|last2=Brassé|first2=Coralie|last3=Poch|first3=Olivier|last4=Coll|first4=Patrice|title=Prebiotic-like chemistry on Titan|journal= Chemical Society Reviews|year=2012|volume=41|issue=16|pages=5380–93|doi=10.1039/c2cs35014a|pmid=22481630}}</ref>。1969年落在澳大利亚维多利亚州默奇森河附近的默奇森陨石被发现含有超过90种不同的氨基酸，其中十九种存在于地球生命中。彗星和其他太阳系外围的冰冷天体被认为含有大量复杂的碳化合物(例如'''塞林 tholins ''') ，在天体的暗化表面经由这些步骤形成<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson WR, Murray BG, Khare BN, Sagan C |title=Coloration and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation: applications to the outer solar system |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=92 |issue=A13 |pages=14933–47 |date=December 1987 |pmid=11542127 |doi=10.1029/JA092iA13p14933 |bibcode=1987JGR....9214933T~~|title-link=methane clathrate~~ }}</ref>。早期的地球遭受了严重的彗星撞击，产生了大量复杂的有机分子以及水和其他挥发物<ref>{{cite journal|last=PIERAZZO|first=E.|author2=CHYBA C.F.|title=Amino acid survival in large cometary impacts|journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|year=2010|volume=34|issue=6|pages=909–918|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01409.x|bibcode=1999M&PS...34..909P}}</ref>。这被用来推断地球以外生命的起源: '''胚种论 the panspermia hypothesis '''。

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类似Miller-Urey实验条件的环境在太阳系的其他区域也存在——不过通常以紫外线代替闪电作为化学反应的能源<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nunn|first1=JF|title=Evolution of the atmosphere|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association|year=1998|volume=109|issue=1|pages=1–13|pmid=11543127|doi=10.1016/s0016-7878(98)80001-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raulin|first1=F|last2=Bossard|first2=A|title=Organic syntheses in gas phase and chemical evolution in planetary atmospheres.|journal=Advances in Space Research|year=1984|volume=4|issue=12|pages=75–82|pmid=11537798|doi=10.1016/0273-1177(84)90547-7|bibcode=1984AdSpR...4...75R}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raulin|first1=François|last2=Brassé|first2=Coralie|last3=Poch|first3=Olivier|last4=Coll|first4=Patrice|title=Prebiotic-like chemistry on Titan|journal= Chemical Society Reviews|year=2012|volume=41|issue=16|pages=5380–93|doi=10.1039/c2cs35014a|pmid=22481630}}</ref>。1969年落在澳大利亚维多利亚州默奇森河附近的默奇森陨石被发现含有超过90种不同的氨基酸，其中十九种存在于地球生命中。彗星和其他太阳系外围的冰冷天体被认为含有大量复杂的碳化合物(例如'''塞林 tholins ''') ，在天体的暗化表面经由这些步骤形成<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson WR, Murray BG, Khare BN, Sagan C |title=Coloration and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation: applications to the outer solar system |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=92 |issue=A13 |pages=14933–47 |date=December 1987 |pmid=11542127 |doi=10.1029/JA092iA13p14933 |bibcode=1987JGR....9214933T}}</ref>。早期的地球遭受了严重的彗星撞击，产生了大量复杂的有机分子以及水和其他挥发物<ref>{{cite journal|last=PIERAZZO|first=E.|author2=CHYBA C.F.|title=Amino acid survival in large cometary impacts|journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|year=2010|volume=34|issue=6|pages=909–918|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01409.x|bibcode=1999M&PS...34..909P}}</ref>。这被用来推断地球以外生命的起源: '''胚种论 the panspermia hypothesis '''。

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2018年10月，麦马士达大学的研究人员代表起源研究所宣布了一项名为行星模拟器的新技术的发展。该技术以帮助研究行星地球及其他地方生命起源问题为目标<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[McMaster University]] |accessdate=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert~~!]]~~ |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins - How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=[[EarthSky]] |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref>

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2018年10月，麦马士达大学的研究人员代表起源研究所宣布了一项名为行星模拟器的新技术的发展。该技术以帮助研究行星地球及其他地方生命起源问题为目标<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=McMaster University |accessdate=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=EurekAlert |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins - How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=EarthSky|accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref>

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