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In 2001, Tadeusz (Tad) Szuba from the AGH University in Poland proposed a formal model for the phenomenon of collective intelligence. It is assumed to be an unconscious, random, parallel, and distributed computational process, run in mathematical logic by the social structure.

In 2001, Tadeusz (Tad) Szuba from the AGH University in Poland proposed a formal model for the phenomenon of collective intelligence. It is assumed to be an unconscious, random, parallel, and distributed computational process, run in mathematical logic by the social structure.

One measure sometimes applied, especially by more artificial intelligence focused theorists, is a "collective intelligence quotient" (or "cooperation quotient") – which can be normalized from the "individual" intelligence quotient (IQ) – thus making it possible to determine the marginal intelligence added by each new individual participating in the collective action, thus using metrics to avoid the hazards of group think and stupidity

One measure sometimes applied, especially by more artificial intelligence focused theorists, is a "collective intelligence quotient" (or "cooperation quotient") – which can be normalized from the "individual" intelligence quotient (IQ) – thus making it possible to determine the marginal intelligence added by each new individual participating in the collective action, thus using metrics to avoid the hazards of group think and stupidity

有时候我们会采用另一种度量方式表达，称为“<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智商Collective intelligence quotient</font>” （或“<font color="#ff8000"> 合作商Cooperation quotient</font>”），它特别受到以人工智能为研究重点的理论家的青睐。它可以由“个体”智商归一化处理后得到。因此可以进一步确定参加集体行动的新增组员所带来的额外边际智商，还可以使用度量标准来避免由群体愚蠢思维带来的危险。

有时候我们会采用另一种度量方式表达，称为“<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智商Collective intelligence quotient</font>” （或“<font color="#ff8000"> 合作商Cooperation quotient</font>”）<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tHmKrpSeEQC&q=collective+intelligence+quotient&pg=PA141|title=Computational Collective Intelligence. Semantic Web, Social Networks and Multiagent Systems: First International Conference, ICCCI 2009, Wroclaw, Poland, October 5–7, 2009, Proceedings|last=Kowalczyk|first=Ryszard|date=2009-09-23|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642044403}}</ref>，它特别受到以人工智能为研究重点的理论家的青睐。它可以由“个体”智商归一化处理后得到。因此可以进一步确定参加集体行动的新增组员所带来的额外边际智商，还可以使用度量标准来避免由群体愚蠢思维带来的危险<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/collective-iq.html|title=About Collective IQ&nbsp;-&nbsp;Doug Engelbart Institute|last=Administrator|website=www.dougengelbart.org|access-date=2016-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229024342/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/collective-iq.html|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。

== Applications 应用 ==

== Applications 应用 ==

==== Elicitation of point estimates 评估点提取 ====

==== Elicitation of point estimates 评估点提取 ====

James Surowiecki divides the advantages of disorganized decision-making into three main categories, which are cognition, cooperation and coordination.

James Surowiecki divides the advantages of disorganized decision-making into three main categories, which are cognition, cooperation and coordination.

纽约客商业专栏作家詹姆斯·苏洛维奇James Surowiecki将无组织决策的优势分为三个主要类别，即认知，合作和协调。

纽约客商业专栏作家詹姆斯·苏洛维奇James Surowiecki将无组织决策的优势分为三个主要类别，即认知，合作和协调<ref name="Surowiecki">Surowiecki, J., 2007 'The Wisdom of crowds. Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few'</ref>。

=== Cognition 认知 ===

=== Cognition 认知 ===

Because of the Internet's ability to rapidly convey large amounts of information throughout the world, the use of collective intelligence to predict stock prices and stock price direction has become increasingly viable. Websites aggregate stock market information that is as current as possible so professional or amateur stock analysts can publish their viewpoints, enabling amateur investors to submit their financial opinions and create an aggregate opinion.The opinion of all investor can be weighed equally so that a pivotal premise of the effective application of collective intelligence can be applied: the masses, including a broad spectrum of stock market expertise, can be utilized to more accurately predict the behavior of financial markets.

Because of the Internet's ability to rapidly convey large amounts of information throughout the world, the use of collective intelligence to predict stock prices and stock price direction has become increasingly viable. Websites aggregate stock market information that is as current as possible so professional or amateur stock analysts can publish their viewpoints, enabling amateur investors to submit their financial opinions and create an aggregate opinion.The opinion of all investor can be weighed equally so that a pivotal premise of the effective application of collective intelligence can be applied: the masses, including a broad spectrum of stock market expertise, can be utilized to more accurately predict the behavior of financial markets.

Collective intelligence underpins the efficient-market hypothesis of Eugene Fama&nbsp;– although the term collective intelligence is not used explicitly in his paper. Fama cites research conducted by Michael Jensen in which 89 out of 115 selected funds underperformed relative to the index during the period from 1955 to 1964. But after removing the loading charge (up-front fee) only 72 underperformed while after removing brokerage costs only 58 underperformed. On the basis of such evidence index funds became popular investment vehicles using the collective intelligence of the market, rather than the judgement of professional fund managers, as an investment strategy.

Collective intelligence underpins the efficient-market hypothesis of Eugene Fama&nbsp;– although the term collective intelligence is not used explicitly in his paper. Fama cites research conducted by Michael Jensen in which 89 out of 115 selected funds underperformed relative to the index during the period from 1955 to 1964. But after removing the loading charge (up-front fee) only 72 underperformed while after removing brokerage costs only 58 underperformed. On the basis of such evidence index funds became popular investment vehicles using the collective intelligence of the market, rather than the judgement of professional fund managers, as an investment strategy.

集体智能巩固了尤金·法玛Eugene Fama的有效市场假说，尽管集体智能这个词在他的论文中并未明确使用。法玛引用了迈克尔·詹森Michael Jensen的研究，在1955年至1964年期间，115个精选基金中有89个相对于该指数表现不佳。但是，在取消了加载费用（前期费用）之后，只有72个基金表现不佳，而在去除经纪费用之后，剩下了58个。在这些证据的基础上，指数基金成为了市场投资工具，使用市场的集体智能而不是专业基金经理的判断作为投资策略。

集体智能巩固了尤金·法玛Eugene Fama的有效市场假说<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fama | first1 = E.F. | year = 1970 | title = Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work | journal = Journal of Finance | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 383–417 | doi=10.2307/2325486| jstor = 2325486 }}</ref>，尽管集体智能这个词在他的论文中并未明确使用。法玛引用了迈克尔·詹森Michael Jensen的研究，在1955年至1964年期间，115个精选基金中有89个相对于该指数表现不佳。但是，在取消了加载费用（前期费用）之后，只有72个基金表现不佳，而在去除经纪费用之后，剩下了58个。在这些证据的基础上，指数基金成为了市场投资工具，使用市场的集体智能而不是专业基金经理的判断作为投资策略<ref name=":232">{{cite journal | last1 = Jensen | first1 = M.C | year = 1967 | title = The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945–1964 | journal = Journal of Finance | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 389–416 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00815.x| hdl = 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00815.x | hdl-access = free }}</ref>。

Political parties mobilize large numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and finance and run election campaigns. Knowledge focusing through various voting methods allows perspectives to converge through the assumption that uninformed voting is to some degree random and can be filtered from the decision process leaving only a residue of informed consensus.Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context.

Political parties mobilize large numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and finance and run election campaigns. Knowledge focusing through various voting methods allows perspectives to converge through the assumption that uninformed voting is to some degree random and can be filtered from the decision process leaving only a residue of informed consensus.Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context.

Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), Google, InnoCentive, Marketocracy, and Threadless have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams.

Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), Google, InnoCentive, Marketocracy, and Threadless have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams.

 

 

=== Cooperation 合作 ===

=== Cooperation 合作 ===

In 2012, the Global Futures Collective Intelligence System (GFIS) was created by The Millennium Project, which epitomizes collective intelligence as the synergistic intersection among data/information/knowledge, software/hardware, and expertise/insights that has a recursive learning process for better decision-making than the individual players alone.

In 2012, the Global Futures Collective Intelligence System (GFIS) was created by The Millennium Project, which epitomizes collective intelligence as the synergistic intersection among data/information/knowledge, software/hardware, and expertise/insights that has a recursive learning process for better decision-making than the individual players alone.

2012年，千年计划创建了<font color="#ff8000"> 全球集体智能系统Global Futures Collective Intelligence System（GFIS）</font>，因为它将数据/信息/知识，软件/硬件以及技术/见解进行了协同处理，使其成为了集体智能最贴切的代表。与单独的各项参与模块相比，它具有递归学习的处理能力，可以更好地进行决策。

2012年，千年计划<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/GFIS.html|title=Global Futures Intelligence System|website=www.millennium-project.org|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225025210/http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/GFIS.html|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>创建了<font color="#ff8000"> 全球集体智能系统Global Futures Collective Intelligence System（GFIS）</font>，因为它将数据/信息/知识，软件/硬件以及技术/见解进行了协同处理，使其成为了集体智能最贴切的代表。与单独的各项参与模块相比，它具有递归学习的处理能力，可以更好地进行决策<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/GFIS.html|title=Global Futures Intelligence System|website=www.millennium-project.org|access-date=2016-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225025210/http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/GFIS.html|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。

Francis Heylighen, Valentin Turchin, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress are among those who view collective intelligence through the lens of computer science and cybernetics. In their view, the Internet enables collective intelligence at the widest, planetary scale, thus facilitating the emergence of a global brain.

Francis Heylighen, Valentin Turchin, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress are among those who view collective intelligence through the lens of computer science and cybernetics. In their view, the Internet enables collective intelligence at the widest, planetary scale, thus facilitating the emergence of a global brain.

弗朗西斯·海里格森Francis Heylighen，瓦伦丁·图尔钦Valentin Turchin和Gottfried Mayer-Kress都是通过计算机科学和控制论的视角看待集体智能。他们认为，互联网可以在最广泛的地球尺度上实现集体智能，从而促进全球大脑的出现。

弗朗西斯·海里格森Francis Heylighen，瓦伦丁·图尔钦Valentin Turchin和Gottfried Mayer-Kress都是通过计算机科学和控制论的视角看待集体智能。他们认为，互联网可以在最广泛的地球尺度上实现集体智能，从而促进全球大脑的出现<ref>[http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611041615/http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html |date=11 June 2010 }}. Cci.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-13.</ref>。

The developer of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, aimed to promote sharing and publishing of information globally. Later his employer opened up the technology for free use. In the early '90s, the Internet's potential was still untapped, until the mid-1990s when 'critical mass', as termed by the head of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), Dr. J.C.R. Licklider, demanded more accessibility and utility. The driving force of this Internet-based collective intelligence is the digitization of information and communication. Henry Jenkins, a key theorist of new media and media convergence draws on the theory that collective intelligence can be attributed to media convergence and participatory culture . He criticizes contemporary education for failing to incorporate online trends of collective problem solving into the classroom, stating "whereas a collective intelligence community encourages ownership of work as a group, schools grade individuals". Jenkins argues that interaction within a knowledge community builds vital skills for young people, and teamwork through collective intelligence communities contribute to the development of such skills. Collective intelligence is not merely a quantitative contribution of information from all cultures, it is also qualitative.

The developer of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, aimed to promote sharing and publishing of information globally. Later his employer opened up the technology for free use. In the early '90s, the Internet's potential was still untapped, until the mid-1990s when 'critical mass', as termed by the head of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), Dr. J.C.R. Licklider, demanded more accessibility and utility. The driving force of this Internet-based collective intelligence is the digitization of information and communication. Henry Jenkins, a key theorist of new media and media convergence draws on the theory that collective intelligence can be attributed to media convergence and participatory culture . He criticizes contemporary education for failing to incorporate online trends of collective problem solving into the classroom, stating "whereas a collective intelligence community encourages ownership of work as a group, schools grade individuals". Jenkins argues that interaction within a knowledge community builds vital skills for young people, and teamwork through collective intelligence communities contribute to the development of such skills. Collective intelligence is not merely a quantitative contribution of information from all cultures, it is also qualitative.

万维网创始人蒂姆·伯纳斯·李Tim Berners-Lee，曾以促进全球信息共享和发作为目标开发了万维网。后来，他的雇主开放了该技术以供大家免费使用。在90年代初期，互联网的潜力一直没有得到开发，直到1990年代中期，高级研究计划局（ARPA）负责人J.C.R. Licklider博士将其称为“临界质量”，并要求其具有更强的可访问性和实用性。这种基于互联网的集体智能驱动力是信息和通信的数字化。研究新媒体出现和媒体融合的关键理论家Henry Jenkins借鉴了其概念，认为集体智能可以归因于媒体融合和参与性文化（Flew 2008）。他批判当代教育未能将集体智能理念的趋势纳入课堂，比如说可以通过在线集群智慧解决问题这一思想。并指出“通过集体智能社区鼓励以集体为单位进行工作学习，而学校则需要对个人评分”。詹金斯认为，知识社区内的互动为年轻人创造了至关重要的技能，而通过集体智能社区的团队合作则有助于此类技能的发展。集体智能不仅是来自所有文化信息的定量贡献，同样也是定性存在。

万维网创始人蒂姆·伯纳斯·李Tim Berners-Lee，曾以促进全球信息共享和发作为目标开发了万维网。后来，他的雇主开放了该技术以供大家免费使用。在90年代初期，互联网的潜力一直没有得到开发，直到1990年代中期，高级研究计划局（ARPA）负责人J.C.R. Licklider博士将其称为“临界质量”，并要求其具有更强的可访问性和实用性<ref name="Weiss, A. 2005 pp. 19-232">Weiss, A. (2005). The Power of Collective Intelligence. Collective Intelligence, pp. 19–23</ref>。这种基于互联网的集体智能驱动力是信息和通信的数字化。研究新媒体出现和媒体融合的关键理论家Henry Jenkins借鉴了其概念，认为集体智能可以归因于媒体融合和参与性文化（Flew 2008）。他批判当代教育未能将集体智能理念的趋势纳入课堂，比如说可以通过在线集群智慧解决问题这一思想。并指出“通过集体智能社区鼓励以集体为单位进行工作学习，而学校则需要对个人评分”。詹金斯认为，知识社区内的互动为年轻人创造了至关重要的技能，而通过集体智能社区的团队合作则有助于此类技能的发展。集体智能不仅是来自所有文化信息的定量贡献，同样也是定性存在<ref name=":252">{{Cite web|url=http://labweb.education.wisc.edu/curric606/readings/Jenkins2002.pdf|title=INTERACTIVE AUDIENCES? THE 'COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE' OF MEDIA FANS|last=Henry|first=Jenkins|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426232104/https://labweb.education.wisc.edu/curric606/readings/Jenkins2002.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>。

Lévy and de Kerckhove consider CI from a mass communications perspective, focusing on the ability of networked information and communication technologies to enhance the community knowledge pool. They suggest that these communications tools enable humans to interact and to share and collaborate with both ease and speed (Flew 2008). With the development of the Internet and its widespread use, the opportunity to contribute to knowledge-building communities, such as Wikipedia, is greater than ever before. These computer networks give participating users the opportunity to store and to retrieve knowledge through the collective access to these databases and allow them to "harness the hive" Researchers at the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence research and explore collective intelligence of groups of people and computers.

Lévy and de Kerckhove consider CI from a mass communications perspective, focusing on the ability of networked information and communication technologies to enhance the community knowledge pool. They suggest that these communications tools enable humans to interact and to share and collaborate with both ease and speed (Flew 2008). With the development of the Internet and its widespread use, the opportunity to contribute to knowledge-building communities, such as Wikipedia, is greater than ever before. These computer networks give participating users the opportunity to store and to retrieve knowledge through the collective access to these databases and allow them to "harness the hive" Researchers at the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence research and explore collective intelligence of groups of people and computers.

莱维Lévy和德克霍夫de Kerckhove从大众传播的角度考虑了CI，特别是专注用网络信息和通信技术来增强社区知识库的能力。他们认为，这些通信工具可以使人们能够轻松快捷地进行交互，共享和协作（Flew 2008）。随着互联网的发展及其广泛使用，为诸如Wikipedia之类的知识社区做出贡献的机会比以往任何时候都要大。这些计算机网络使参与活动的用户有机会通过对这些数据库的集体式访问来存储和检索知识，同时还允许他们“驾驭蜂巢”，这是麻省理工学院集体智能中心的研究人员的任务，它们一直在探索人和计算机群体的集体智能。

莱维Lévy和德克霍夫de Kerckhove从大众传播的角度考虑了CI，特别是专注用网络信息和通信技术来增强社区知识库的能力。他们认为，这些通信工具可以使人们能够轻松快捷地进行交互，共享和协作（Flew 2008）。随着互联网的发展及其广泛使用，为诸如Wikipedia之类的知识社区做出贡献的机会比以往任何时候都要大。这些计算机网络使参与活动的用户有机会通过对这些数据库的集体式访问来存储和检索知识，同时还允许他们“驾驭蜂巢”，这是麻省理工学院集体智能中心的研究人员的任务，它们一直在探索人和计算机群体的集体智能<ref>[http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611041615/http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html |date=11 June 2010 }}. Cci.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-13.</ref>。

In this context collective intelligence is often confused with shared knowledge. The former is the sum total of information held individually by members of a community while the latter is information that is believed to be true and known by all members of the community. Collective intelligence as represented by Web 2.0 has less user engagement than collaborative intelligence. An art project using Web 2.0 platforms is "Shared Galaxy", an experiment developed by an anonymous artist to create a collective identity that shows up as one person on several platforms like MySpace, Facebook, YouTube and Second Life. The password is written in the profiles and the accounts named "Shared Galaxy" are open to be used by anyone. In this way many take part in being one. Another art project using collective intelligence to produce artistic work is Curatron, where a large group of artists together decides on a smaller group that they think would make a good collaborative group. The process is used based on an algorithm computing the collective preferences In creating what he calls 'CI-Art', Nova Scotia based artist Mathew Aldred follows Pierry Lévy's definition of collective intelligence.  Aldred's CI-Art event in March 2016 involved over four hundred people from the community of Oxford, Nova Scotia, and internationally. Later work developed by Aldred used the UNU swarm intelligence system to create digital drawings and paintings.  The Oxford Riverside Gallery (Nova Scotia) held a public CI-Art event in May 2016, which connected with online participants internationally.

In this context collective intelligence is often confused with shared knowledge. The former is the sum total of information held individually by members of a community while the latter is information that is believed to be true and known by all members of the community. Collective intelligence as represented by Web 2.0 has less user engagement than collaborative intelligence. An art project using Web 2.0 platforms is "Shared Galaxy", an experiment developed by an anonymous artist to create a collective identity that shows up as one person on several platforms like MySpace, Facebook, YouTube and Second Life. The password is written in the profiles and the accounts named "Shared Galaxy" are open to be used by anyone. In this way many take part in being one. Another art project using collective intelligence to produce artistic work is Curatron, where a large group of artists together decides on a smaller group that they think would make a good collaborative group. The process is used based on an algorithm computing the collective preferences In creating what he calls 'CI-Art', Nova Scotia based artist Mathew Aldred follows Pierry Lévy's definition of collective intelligence.  Aldred's CI-Art event in March 2016 involved over four hundred people from the community of Oxford, Nova Scotia, and internationally. Later work developed by Aldred used the UNU swarm intelligence system to create digital drawings and paintings.  The Oxford Riverside Gallery (Nova Scotia) held a public CI-Art event in May 2016, which connected with online participants internationally.

在这种情况下，集体智能常常与共享知识相混淆。前者是社区成员单独持有的信息的总和，而后者是社区所有成员都认为是真实且已知的信息。以Web 2.0为代表的集体智能比协作智能具有更少的用户参与度。使用Web 2.0平台的艺术项目“共享银河”，是一个由匿名艺术家开发的实验，目的是创建一个集体身份，并在MySpace，Facebook，YouTube和Second Life等多个平台上以这个集体身份出现。密码将写在配置文件中，并且名为“ Shared Galaxy”的帐户开放给任何人使用。通过这种方式，许多人成为一体。Curatron是另一个利用集体智能创作艺术作品的艺术项目，其中一大批艺术家共同决定建立一个较小的团队，他们对其团队的协作表现非常自信。该项目基于一种计算集体偏好的算法。在创建他所谓的“ CI艺术”时，新斯科舍省的艺术家马修·阿尔德雷德Mathew Aldred遵循了皮耶·列维对集体智能的定义。2016年3月，奥尔德雷德的CI-Art活动吸引了来自牛津，新斯科舍省和全球的400多人参加。奥尔德雷德后来开发的工作使用联合国大学群体智能系统来创建数字绘图。牛津河畔画廊（新斯科舍省）于2016年5月举办了一次公共CI艺术活动，与国际在线参与者建立联系。

在这种情况下，集体智能常常与共享知识相混淆。前者是社区成员单独持有的信息的总和，而后者是社区所有成员都认为是真实且已知的信息<ref>Jenkins, H. 2006. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814742815 Convergence Culture]''. New York: New York University Press.</ref>。以Web 2.0为代表的集体智能比协作智能具有更少的用户参与度。使用Web 2.0平台的艺术项目“共享银河”，是一个由匿名艺术家开发的实验，目的是创建一个集体身份，并在MySpace，Facebook，YouTube和Second Life等多个平台上以这个集体身份出现。密码将写在配置文件中，并且名为“ Shared Galaxy”的帐户开放给任何人使用。通过这种方式，许多人成为一体<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scardamalia|first1=Marlene|last2=Bereiter|first2=Carl|date=1994-07-01|title=Computer Support for Knowledge-Building Communities|journal=Journal of the Learning Sciences|volume=3|issue=3|pages=265–283|doi=10.1207/s15327809jls0303_3|citeseerx=10.1.1.600.463}}</ref>。Curatron是另一个利用集体智能创作艺术作品的艺术项目，其中一大批艺术家共同决定建立一个较小的团队，他们对其团队的协作表现非常自信。该项目基于一种计算集体偏好的算法<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/art-culture/math-takes-guessing-art-curation/|title=Math Takes the Guessing Out of Artistic Collaboration|date=9 July 2014|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001052839/http://www.vocativ.com/culture/art-culture/math-takes-guessing-art-curation/|archive-date=1 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>。在创建他所谓的“ CI艺术”时，新斯科舍省的艺术家马修·阿尔德雷德Mathew Aldred遵循了皮耶·列维对集体智能的定义<ref>Mathew Aldred, May 2016. {{cite web|title=What is Collective Intelligence Art?|year=2016|url=http://www.collectiveintelligenceart.ca/collective-intelligence-art.html|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024912/http://www.collectiveintelligenceart.ca/collective-intelligence-art.html|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。2016年3月，奥尔德雷德的CI-Art活动吸引了来自牛津，新斯科舍省和全球的400多人参加。奥尔德雷德后来开发的工作使用联合国大学群体智能系统来创建数字绘图。牛津河畔画廊（新斯科舍省）于2016年5月举办了一次公共CI艺术活动，与国际在线参与者建立联系<ref>Oxford Riverside Gallery News, May 2016. {{cite web|title=CI-Art event at Oxford Riverside Gallery 'Nexus' opening|year=2016|url=http://www.oxfordriversidegallery.ca/news/ci-art-event-at-oxford-riverside-gallery-nexus-opening|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104037/http://www.oxfordriversidegallery.ca/news/ci-art-event-at-oxford-riverside-gallery-nexus-opening|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。

In social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging), users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. The resulting information structure can be seen as reflecting the collective knowledge (or collective intelligence) of a community of users and is commonly called a "Folksonomy", and the process can be captured by models of collaborative tagging.

In social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging), users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. The resulting information structure can be seen as reflecting the collective knowledge (or collective intelligence) of a community of users and is commonly called a "Folksonomy", and the process can be captured by models of collaborative tagging.

Recent research using data from the social bookmarking website Delicious, has shown that collaborative tagging systems exhibit a form of complex systems (or self-organizing) dynamics. Although there is no central controlled vocabulary to constrain the actions of individual users, the distributions of tags that describe different resources has been shown to converge over time to a stable power law distributions. Such vocabularies can be seen as a form of collective intelligence, emerging from the decentralised actions of a community of users. The Wall-it Project is also an example of social bookmarking.

Recent research using data from the social bookmarking website Delicious, has shown that collaborative tagging systems exhibit a form of complex systems (or self-organizing) dynamics. Although there is no central controlled vocabulary to constrain the actions of individual users, the distributions of tags that describe different resources has been shown to converge over time to a stable power law distributions. Such vocabularies can be seen as a form of collective intelligence, emerging from the decentralised actions of a community of users. The Wall-it Project is also an example of social bookmarking.

近期，通过对社会书签网站Delicious的数据的研究表明，协作标签系统表现出一种复杂的系统（或自组织）动态形式。尽管没有中央控制来约束单个用户的操作，但是不同资源标签的分布已显示出会随着时间推移，逐渐收敛到稳定的幂律分布。一旦这种稳定的分布形成，就可以利用不同标签之间的相关性来构建简单的大众分类图，进而可以对其有效的划分，以获得社区或共享词汇表的形式。这些词汇可以看作是集体智能的一种形式，它源于用户社区的分散行动。Wall-it项目也是社交书签的一个示例。

近期，通过对社会书签网站Delicious的数据的研究表明，协作标签系统表现出一种复杂的系统（或自组织）动态形式。尽管没有中央控制来约束单个用户的操作，但是不同资源标签的分布已显示出会随着时间推移，逐渐收敛到稳定的幂律分布<ref name="WWW07-ref">Harry Halpin, Valentin Robu, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1242572.1242602 The Complex Dynamics of Collaborative Tagging], Proceedings 6th International Conference on the World Wide Web (WWW'07), Banff, Canada, pp. 211–220, ACM Press, 2007.</ref>。一旦这种稳定的分布形成，就可以利用不同标签之间的相关性来构建简单的大众分类图，进而可以对其有效的划分，以获得社区或共享词汇表的形式<ref name="TWEB-ref">Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref>。这些词汇可以看作是集体智能的一种形式，它源于用户社区的分散行动。Wall-it项目也是社交书签的一个示例<ref>Carlos J. Costa, January 2012. {{cite web|title=Article on Wall-it project|year=2012|url=http://masteropensource.wordpress.com/2012/01/21/wall-it/|access-date=23 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218122446/http://masteropensource.wordpress.com/2012/01/21/wall-it/|archive-date=18 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>。

Research performed by Tapscott and Williams has provided a few examples of the benefits of collective intelligence to business:

Research performed by Tapscott and Williams has provided a few examples of the benefits of collective intelligence to business:

Cultural theorist and online community developer, John Banks considered the contribution of online fan communities in the creation of the Trainz product. He argued that its commercial success was fundamentally dependent upon "the formation and growth of an active and vibrant online fan community that would both actively promote the product and create content- extensions and additions to the game software".

Cultural theorist and online community developer, John Banks considered the contribution of online fan communities in the creation of the Trainz product. He argued that its commercial success was fundamentally dependent upon "the formation and growth of an active and vibrant online fan community that would both actively promote the product and create content- extensions and additions to the game software".

文化理论家和在线社区开发人员约翰·班克斯John Banks考虑在线粉丝社区对Trainz产品创作的贡献。他认为，其商业上的成功从根本上取决于“一个活跃在线粉丝社区的形成和发展，既可以积极地推广该产品，也可以为游戏软件创建内容扩展”。

文化理论家和在线社区开发人员约翰·班克斯John Banks考虑在线粉丝社区对Trainz产品创作的贡献。他认为，其商业上的成功从根本上取决于“一个活跃在线粉丝社区的形成和发展，既可以积极地推广该产品，也可以为游戏软件创建内容扩展”<ref name="jbanks">John A.L. Banks. ''Negotiating Participatory Culture in the New Media Environment: Auran and the Trainz Online Community&nbsp;– An (Im)possible Relation'', The University of Queensland. School of English, Media Studies and Art History. MelbourneDAC2003</ref>。

The increase in user created content and interactivity gives rise to issues of control over the game itself and ownership of the player-created content. This gives rise to fundamental legal issues, highlighted by Lessig and Bray and Konsynski, such as intellectual property and property ownership rights.

The increase in user created content and interactivity gives rise to issues of control over the game itself and ownership of the player-created content. This gives rise to fundamental legal issues, highlighted by Lessig and Bray and Konsynski, such as intellectual property and property ownership rights.

Gosney extends this issue of Collective Intelligence in videogames one step further in his discussion of alternate reality gaming. This genre, he describes as an "across-media game that deliberately blurs the line between the in-game and out-of-game experiences" as events that happen outside the game reality "reach out" into the player's lives in order to bring them together. Solving the game requires "the collective and collaborative efforts of multiple players"; thus the issue of collective and collaborative team play is essential to ARG. Gosney argues that the Alternate Reality genre of gaming dictates an unprecedented level of collaboration and "collective intelligence" in order to solve the mystery of the game.

Gosney extends this issue of Collective Intelligence in videogames one step further in his discussion of alternate reality gaming. This genre, he describes as an "across-media game that deliberately blurs the line between the in-game and out-of-game experiences" as events that happen outside the game reality "reach out" into the player's lives in order to bring them together. Solving the game requires "the collective and collaborative efforts of multiple players"; thus the issue of collective and collaborative team play is essential to ARG. Gosney argues that the Alternate Reality genre of gaming dictates an unprecedented level of collaboration and "collective intelligence" in order to solve the mystery of the game.

For example, why do scientists co-operate? Science has become more and more isolated and each science field has spread even more and it is impossible for one person to be aware of all developments. This is true especially in experimental research where highly advanced equipment requires special skills. With co-operation scientists can use information from different fields and use it effectively instead of gathering all the information just by reading by themselves."

For example, why do scientists co-operate? Science has become more and more isolated and each science field has spread even more and it is impossible for one person to be aware of all developments. This is true especially in experimental research where highly advanced equipment requires special skills. With co-operation scientists can use information from different fields and use it effectively instead of gathering all the information just by reading by themselves."

Military, trade unions, and corporations satisfy some definitions of CI – the most rigorous definition would require a capacity to respond to very arbitrary conditions without orders or guidance from "law" or "customers" to constrain actions. Online advertising companies are using collective intelligence to bypass traditional marketing and creative agencies.

Military, trade unions, and corporations satisfy some definitions of CI – the most rigorous definition would require a capacity to respond to very arbitrary conditions without orders or guidance from "law" or "customers" to constrain actions. Online advertising companies are using collective intelligence to bypass traditional marketing and creative agencies.

The UNU open platform for "human swarming" (or "social swarming") establishes real-time closed-loop systems around groups of networked users molded after biological swarms, enabling human participants to behave as a unified collective intelligence. When connected to UNU, groups of distributed users collectively answer questions and make predictions in real-time.  Early testing shows that human swarms can out-predict individuals.

The UNU open platform for "human swarming" (or "social swarming") establishes real-time closed-loop systems around groups of networked users molded after biological swarms, enabling human participants to behave as a unified collective intelligence. When connected to UNU, groups of distributed users collectively answer questions and make predictions in real-time.  Early testing shows that human swarms can out-predict individuals.

Specialized information sites such as Digital Photography Review or Camera Labs is an example of collective intelligence. Anyone who has an access to the internet can contribute to distributing their knowledge over the world through the specialized information sites.

Specialized information sites such as Digital Photography Review or Camera Labs is an example of collective intelligence. Anyone who has an access to the internet can contribute to distributing their knowledge over the world through the specialized information sites.

诸如Digital Photography Review或Camera Labs之类的专业信息网站就是集体智能的一个例子。任何可以访问互联网的人都可以通过专门的信息站点为世界范围内传播知识做出贡献。

诸如Digital Photography Review<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpreview.com/|title=Digital Photography Review|website=www.dpreview.com|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209013719/https://www.dpreview.com/|archive-date=9 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>或Camera Labs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cameralabs.com/|title=Camera reviews, DSLR reviews, lens reviews, photography guides {{!}} Cameralabs|website=www.cameralabs.com|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210142203/http://cameralabs.com/|archive-date=10 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>之类的专业信息网站就是集体智能的一个例子。任何可以访问互联网的人都可以通过专门的信息站点为世界范围内传播知识做出贡献。

In learner-generated context a group of users marshal resources to create an ecology that meets their needs often (but not only) in relation to the co-configuration, co-creation and co-design of a particular learning space that allows learners to create their own context. Learner-generated contexts represent an ad hoc community that facilitates coordination of collective action in a network of trust. An example of learner-generated context is found on the Internet when collaborative users pool knowledge in a "shared intelligence space". As the Internet has developed so has the concept of CI as a shared public forum. The global accessibility and availability of the Internet has allowed more people than ever to contribute and access ideas. (Flew 2008)

In learner-generated context a group of users marshal resources to create an ecology that meets their needs often (but not only) in relation to the co-configuration, co-creation and co-design of a particular learning space that allows learners to create their own context. Learner-generated contexts represent an ad hoc community that facilitates coordination of collective action in a network of trust. An example of learner-generated context is found on the Internet when collaborative users pool knowledge in a "shared intelligence space". As the Internet has developed so has the concept of CI as a shared public forum. The global accessibility and availability of the Internet has allowed more people than ever to contribute and access ideas. (Flew 2008)

Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations.[128] For them, collective intelligence has become a norm. In Terry Flew's discussion of 'interactivity' in the online games environment, the ongoing interactive dialogue between users and game developers,[161] he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence (Lévy 1998) and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends.[162] Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.

Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations.[128] For them, collective intelligence has become a norm. In Terry Flew's discussion of 'interactivity' in the online games environment, the ongoing interactive dialogue between users and game developers,[161] he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence (Lévy 1998) and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends.[162] Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.

Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations. he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence  and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends. Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.

Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations. he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence  and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends. Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.

《模拟人生》系列和《第二人生》等游戏的设计是非线性的，并依靠集体智能进行扩展。这种共享方式会自我进化，并同步影响当前及未来新生代产品的思维方式。对于他们来说，集体智能已经成为了一种常态。在特里·弗尔Terry Flew关于对网络游戏环境“交互性”的讨论中（即用户与游戏开发人员之间的交互对话），他提到了Pierre Lévy的“集体智能”概念（Lévy 1998），并认为这在电子游戏中非常活跃，就像是MMORPG中的部族或公会一样，会不断努力去实现目标。Henry Jenkins提出，游戏生产商，媒体公司和终端用户之间形成的参与式文化，标志着媒体的生产消费性质在根本性转变。詹金斯认为，这种新的参与式文化源于三大新媒体趋势的交融。首先，开发的新媒体工具/技术促使内容的创建。然后亚文化的兴起促进了这种创造，最后，增值媒体集团壮大了形象，思想和叙事的传播。

《模拟人生》系列和《第二人生》等游戏的设计是非线性的，并依靠集体智能进行扩展。这种共享方式会自我进化，并同步影响当前及未来新生代产品的思维方式。对于他们来说，集体智能已经成为了一种常态<ref name="Weiss, A. 2005 pp. 19-233">Weiss, A. (2005). The Power of Collective Intelligence. Collective Intelligence, pp. 19–23</ref>。在特里·弗尔Terry Flew关于对网络游戏环境“交互性”的讨论中（即用户与游戏开发人员之间的交互对话）<ref>Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101–114.</ref>，他提到了Pierre Lévy的“集体智能”概念（Lévy 1998），并认为这在电子游戏中非常活跃，就像是MMORPG中的部族或公会一样，会不断努力去实现目标。Henry Jenkins提出，游戏生产商，媒体公司和终端用户之间形成的参与式文化，标志着媒体的生产消费性质在根本性转变。詹金斯认为，这种新的参与式文化源于三大新媒体趋势的交融<ref>Henry Jenkins (2002) in Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) ''Games: Technology, Industry, Culture'' in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101–114.</ref>。首先，开发的新媒体工具/技术促使内容的创建。然后亚文化的兴起促进了这种创造，最后，增值媒体集团壮大了形象，思想和叙事的传播。

Improvisational actors also experience a type of collective intelligence which they term "group mind", as theatrical improvisation relies on mutual cooperation and agreement, leading to the unity of "group mind".

Improvisational actors also experience a type of collective intelligence which they term "group mind", as theatrical improvisation relies on mutual cooperation and agreement, leading to the unity of "group mind".

Growth of the Internet and mobile telecom has also produced "swarming" or "rendezvous" events that enable meetings or even dates on demand. The Indymedia organization does this in a more journalistic way. Such resources could combine into a form of collective intelligence accountable only to the current participants yet with some strong moral or linguistic guidance from generations of contributors – or even take on a more obviously democratic form to advance shared goal.

Growth of the Internet and mobile telecom has also produced "swarming" or "rendezvous" events that enable meetings or even dates on demand. The Indymedia organization does this in a more journalistic way. Such resources could combine into a form of collective intelligence accountable only to the current participants yet with some strong moral or linguistic guidance from generations of contributors – or even take on a more obviously democratic form to advance shared goal.

A further application of collective intelligence is found in the "Community Engineering for Innovations". In such an integrated framework proposed by Ebner et al., idea competitions and virtual communities are combined to better realize the potential of the collective intelligence of the participants, particularly in open-source R&D. In management theory the use of collective intelligence and crowd sourcing leads to innovations and very robust answers to quantitative issues. Therefore, collective intelligence and crowd sourcing is not necessaryly leading to the best solution to economic problems, but to a stable, good solution.

A further application of collective intelligence is found in the "Community Engineering for Innovations". In such an integrated framework proposed by Ebner et al., idea competitions and virtual communities are combined to better realize the potential of the collective intelligence of the participants, particularly in open-source R&D. In management theory the use of collective intelligence and crowd sourcing leads to innovations and very robust answers to quantitative issues. Therefore, collective intelligence and crowd sourcing is not necessaryly leading to the best solution to economic problems, but to a stable, good solution.

Collective actions or tasks require different amounts of coordination depending on the complexity of the task. Tasks vary from being highly independent simple tasks that require very little coordination to complex interdependent tasks that are built by many individuals and require a lot of coordination. In the article written by Kittur, Lee and Kraut the writers introduce a problem in cooperation: "When tasks require high coordination because the work is highly interdependent, having more contributors can increase process losses, reducing the effectiveness of the group below what individual members could optimally accomplish". Having a team too large the overall effectiveness may suffer even when the extra contributors increase the resources. In the end the overall costs from coordination might overwhelm other costs.

Collective actions or tasks require different amounts of coordination depending on the complexity of the task. Tasks vary from being highly independent simple tasks that require very little coordination to complex interdependent tasks that are built by many individuals and require a lot of coordination. In the article written by Kittur, Lee and Kraut the writers introduce a problem in cooperation: "When tasks require high coordination because the work is highly interdependent, having more contributors can increase process losses, reducing the effectiveness of the group below what individual members could optimally accomplish". Having a team too large the overall effectiveness may suffer even when the extra contributors increase the resources. In the end the overall costs from coordination might overwhelm other costs.

Group collective intelligence is a property that emerges through coordination from both bottom-up and top-down processes. In a bottom-up process the different characteristics of each member are involved in contributing and enhancing coordination. Top-down processes are more strict and fixed with norms, group structures and routines that in their own way enhance the group's collective work.

Group collective intelligence is a property that emerges through coordination from both bottom-up and top-down processes. In a bottom-up process the different characteristics of each member are involved in contributing and enhancing coordination. Top-down processes are more strict and fixed with norms, group structures and routines that in their own way enhance the group's collective work.

Tom Atlee reflects that, although humans have an innate ability to gather and analyze data, they are affected by culture, education and social institutions. A single person tends to make decisions motivated by self-preservation. Therefore, without collective intelligence, humans may drive themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs.

Tom Atlee reflects that, although humans have an innate ability to gather and analyze data, they are affected by culture, education and social institutions. A single person tends to make decisions motivated by self-preservation. Therefore, without collective intelligence, humans may drive themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs.

汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee反映，尽管人类具有天生的收集和分析数据的能力，但他们同时也受到文化，教育和社会制度的影响。一个人会倾向于自我保护而做出决策。因此，在没有集体智慧的情况下，人类可能会基于自私的需求而使自己灭绝。

汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee反映，尽管人类具有天生的收集和分析数据的能力，但他们同时也受到文化，教育和社会制度的影响<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YV4dCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|title=In Search of The Black Seed|last=Abdul-Karim|first=Kashif|date=2015-11-23|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781329694897|page=140}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>。一个人会倾向于自我保护而做出决策。因此，在没有集体智慧的情况下，人类可能会基于自私的需求而使自己灭绝<ref name=":212">Atlee, T. (2008). [http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm Reflections on the evolution of choice and collective intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522033150/http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm |date=22 May 2008 }}, Retrieved 26 August 2008</ref>。

Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder quotes Bowles and Gintis (1976) that in order to truly define collective intelligence, it is crucial to separate 'intelligence' from IQism. They go on to argue that intelligence is an achievement and can only be developed if allowed to. For example, earlier on, groups from the lower levels of society are severely restricted from aggregating and pooling their intelligence. This is because the elites fear that the collective intelligence would convince the people to rebel. If there is no such capacity and relations, there would be no infrastructure on which collective intelligence is built . This reflects how powerful collective intelligence can be if left to develop.

Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder quotes Bowles and Gintis (1976) that in order to truly define collective intelligence, it is crucial to separate 'intelligence' from IQism. They go on to argue that intelligence is an achievement and can only be developed if allowed to. For example, earlier on, groups from the lower levels of society are severely restricted from aggregating and pooling their intelligence. This is because the elites fear that the collective intelligence would convince the people to rebel. If there is no such capacity and relations, there would be no infrastructure on which collective intelligence is built . This reflects how powerful collective intelligence can be if left to develop.

菲利普·布朗Phillip Brown和休·劳德Hugh Lauder引述鲍尔斯Bowles和金蒂斯Gintis（1976）的观点，为了真正定义集体智能，它们认为将“智能”和智商主义分开是至关重要的。他们争辩说，智力其实是需要经过允许才能够得到发展的成就。例如，早期来自社会底层的群体受到严格限制，它们无法聚集头脑风暴提高它们的智力。这是因为精英们担心集体智能会造成人民叛乱。如果没有这样的资格和关系，就不会有建立集体智能的基础设施（Brown＆Lauder 2000，第230页）。很明显如果任其发展，集体智能将会变得异常强大。

菲利普·布朗Phillip Brown和休·劳德Hugh Lauder引述鲍尔斯Bowles和金蒂斯Gintis（1976）的观点<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/18/socialsciences.highereducation1|title=Capitalism and Social Progress by Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder (cont... )|date=2001-06-18|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221073908/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/18/socialsciences.highereducation1|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>，为了真正定义集体智能，它们认为将“智能”和智商主义分开是至关重要的。他们争辩说，智力其实是需要经过允许才能够得到发展的成就。例如，早期来自社会底层的群体受到严格限制，它们无法聚集头脑风暴提高它们的智力。这是因为精英们担心集体智能会造成人民叛乱。如果没有这样的资格和关系，就不会有建立集体智能的基础设施（Brown＆Lauder 2000，第230页）。很明显如果任其发展，集体智能将会变得异常强大。

Skeptics, especially those critical of artificial intelligence and more inclined to believe that risk of bodily harm and bodily action are the basis of all unity between people, are more likely to emphasize the capacity of a group to take action and withstand harm as one fluid mass mobilization, shrugging off harms the way a body shrugs off the loss of a few cells. This strain of thought is most obvious in the anti-globalization movement and characterized by the works of John Zerzan, Carol Moore, and Starhawk, who typically shun academics. These theorists are more likely to refer to ecological and collective wisdom and to the role of consensus process in making ontological distinctions than to any form of "intelligence" as such, which they often argue does not exist, or is mere "cleverness".

Skeptics, especially those critical of artificial intelligence and more inclined to believe that risk of bodily harm and bodily action are the basis of all unity between people, are more likely to emphasize the capacity of a group to take action and withstand harm as one fluid mass mobilization, shrugging off harms the way a body shrugs off the loss of a few cells. This strain of thought is most obvious in the anti-globalization movement and characterized by the works of John Zerzan, Carol Moore, and Starhawk, who typically shun academics. These theorists are more likely to refer to ecological and collective wisdom and to the role of consensus process in making ontological distinctions than to any form of "intelligence" as such, which they often argue does not exist, or is mere "cleverness".

怀疑论者，特别是那些对人工智能持批评态度的人，更倾向于相信人身体上的行为和伤害是人与人之间一切团结的基础，他们更倾向于强调一个群体采取行动和承受伤害的能力是一种流动物质，就像耸耸肩甩掉细胞一样甩掉所有伤害他们的东西。这种思想张力在反全球化运动中最为明显，约翰·泽赞John Zerzan，卡罗尔·摩尔Carol Moore和星鹰Starhawk的作品强调了这个属性，他们通常会避开学术方面的思考。这些理论家更倾向于提及生态和集体智慧，以及共识过程中进行本体论区分，他们通常认为不存在仅仅是“聪明”的任何形式的“智能”。

怀疑论者，特别是那些对人工智能持批评态度的人，更倾向于相信人身体上的行为和伤害是人与人之间一切团结的基础，他们更倾向于强调一个群体采取行动和承受伤害的能力是一种流动物质，就像耸耸肩甩掉细胞一样甩掉所有伤害他们的东西<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnzerzan.net/radio/|title=John Zerzan: anti-civilization theorist, writer and speaker|website=www.johnzerzan.net|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204210421/http://johnzerzan.net/radio/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":31">{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Jason W.|date=2001-01-01|editor-last=Arrighi|editor-first=Giovanni|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Beverly J.|title=Globalization in Historical Perspective|journal=Science & Society|volume=65|issue=3|pages=386–397|doi=10.1521/siso.65.3.386.17767|jstor=40403938}}</ref>。这种思想张力在反全球化运动中最为明显，约翰·泽赞John Zerzan，卡罗尔·摩尔Carol Moore和星鹰Starhawk的作品强调了这个属性，他们通常会避开学术方面的思考。这些理论家更倾向于提及生态和集体智慧，以及共识过程中进行本体论区分，他们通常认为不存在仅仅是“聪明”的任何形式的“智能”。

Harsh critics of artificial intelligence on ethical grounds are likely to promote collective wisdom-building methods, such as the new tribalists and the Gaians. Whether these can be said to be collective intelligence systems is an open question. Some, e.g. Bill Joy, simply wish to avoid any form of autonomous artificial intelligence and seem willing to work on rigorous collective intelligence in order to remove any possible niche for AI.

Harsh critics of artificial intelligence on ethical grounds are likely to promote collective wisdom-building methods, such as the new tribalists and the Gaians. Whether these can be said to be collective intelligence systems is an open question. Some, e.g. Bill Joy, simply wish to avoid any form of autonomous artificial intelligence and seem willing to work on rigorous collective intelligence in order to remove any possible niche for AI.

出于道德考虑，对人工智能的严厉批评很可能会促使集体智慧的方法建立，例如新部落主义者New tribalists和盖亚主义者Gaians。这些是否可以说是集体智能系统是一个待解决的问题。例如比尔·乔伊Bill Joy等学者希望能避免使用任何形式的自主人工智能，并且似乎愿意研究严格的集体智能，以消除AI的任何潜在利基。

出于道德考虑，对人工智能的严厉批评很可能会促使集体智慧的方法建立，例如新部落主义者New tribalists和盖亚主义者Gaians。这些是否可以说是集体智能系统是一个待解决的问题。例如比尔·乔伊Bill Joy等学者希望能避免使用任何形式的自主人工智能，并且似乎愿意研究严格的集体智能，以消除AI的任何潜在利基<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/|title=Why the Future Doesn't Need Us|last=Joy|first=Bill|newspaper=WIRED|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204003455/https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。

Global collective intelligence is seen as the key in solving the challenges humankind faces now and in the future. Climate change is an example of a global issue which collective intelligence is currently trying to tackle. With the help of collective intelligence applications such as online crowdsourcing, people across the globe are collaborating in developing solutions to climate change.

Global collective intelligence is seen as the key in solving the challenges humankind faces now and in the future. Climate change is an example of a global issue which collective intelligence is currently trying to tackle. With the help of collective intelligence applications such as online crowdsourcing, people across the globe are collaborating in developing solutions to climate change.