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→Relation to cognition
{{cite book |title=Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind | first = Evan | last = Thompson | name-list-style = vanc |isbn=978-0-674-02511-0 |publisher=Harvard University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVGna4ZEpWwC&pg=PA91 |chapter=Chapter 5: Autopoiesis: The organization of the living |pages=91–127 |year=2007}}
{{cite book |title=Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind | first = Evan | last = Thompson | name-list-style = vanc |isbn=978-0-674-02511-0 |publisher=Harvard University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVGna4ZEpWwC&pg=PA91 |chapter=Chapter 5: Autopoiesis: The organization of the living |pages=91–127 |year=2007}}
The connection of autopoiesis to cognition, or if necessary, of living systems to cognition, is an objective assessment ascertainable by observation of a living system.
The connection of autopoiesis to cognition, or if necessary, of living systems to cognition, is an objective assessment ascertainable by observation of a living system.
自创生（如果有必要的话，特指生命系统的自创生）与认知的关系，是一种可以通过观察生命系统来确定的客观评估。
自创生（如果有必要的话，特指生命系统的自创生）与认知的关系，是一种可以通过观察生命系统来确定的客观评估。
</ref> The basic notion of autopoiesis as involving constructive interaction with the environment is extended to include cognition. Initially, Maturana defined cognition as behavior of an organism "with relevance to the maintenance of itself".<ref name=Maturana>
</ref> The basic notion of autopoiesis as involving constructive interaction with the environment is extended to include cognition. Initially, Maturana defined cognition as behavior of an organism "with relevance to the maintenance of itself".<ref name=Maturana>
{{cite book |title=Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living |chapter=The cognitive process |page=13 |isbn=978-90-277-1016-1 |year=1980 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | vauthors = Maturana HR, Varela FJ |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVmcN9Ja68kC&pg=PA13}}
{{cite book |title=Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living |chapter=The cognitive process |page=13 |isbn=978-90-277-1016-1 |year=1980 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | vauthors = Maturana HR, Varela FJ |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVmcN9Ja68kC&pg=PA13}}
One question that arises is about the connection between cognition seen in this manner and consciousness. The separation of cognition and consciousness recognizes that the organism may be unaware of the substratum where decisions are made. What is the connection between these realms? Thompson refers to this issue as the "explanatory gap", and one aspect of it is the hard problem of consciousness, how and why we have qualia.
One question that arises is about the connection between cognition seen in this manner and consciousness. The separation of cognition and consciousness recognizes that the organism may be unaware of the substratum where decisions are made. What is the connection between these realms? Thompson refers to this issue as the "explanatory gap", and one aspect of it is the hard problem of consciousness, how and why we have qualia.
由此出现的一个问题是意识与用这种方式看待的认知之间的联系。认知与意识的分离让我们意识到，有机体可能并不能意识到做出决定的底层机制。这两个领域的联系是什么？Thompson把这个问题称为“解释的鸿沟”explanatory gap，其中的一个方面是“意识的难题”the hard problem of consciousness，即我们如何以及为什么会有“感质”qualia的问题。
由此出现的一个问题是意识与用这种方式看待的认知之间的联系。认知与意识的分离让我们意识到，有机体可能并不能意识到做出决定的底层机制。这两个领域的联系是什么？Thompson把这个问题称为“解释的鸿沟”explanatory gap，其中的一个方面是“意识的难题”the hard problem of consciousness，即我们如何以及为什么会有“感质”qualia的问题。
</ref> However, computer models that are self-maintaining but non-cognitive have been devised, so some additional restrictions are needed, and the suggestion is that the maintenance process, to be cognitive, involves readjustment of the internal workings of the system in some [[Metabolism|metabolic process]]. On this basis it is claimed that autopoiesis is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for cognition.<ref name=Bitbol>
</ref> However, computer models that are self-maintaining but non-cognitive have been devised, so some additional restrictions are needed, and the suggestion is that the maintenance process, to be cognitive, involves readjustment of the internal workings of the system in some [[Metabolism|metabolic process]]. On this basis it is claimed that autopoiesis is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for cognition.<ref name=Bitbol>
{{cite journal | vauthors = Bitbol M, Luisi PL | title = Autopoiesis with or without cognition: defining life at its edge | journal = Journal of the Royal Society, Interface | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–107 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 16849156 | pmc = 1618936 | doi = 10.1098/rsif.2004.0012 }}
{{cite journal | vauthors = Bitbol M, Luisi PL | title = Autopoiesis with or without cognition: defining life at its edge | journal = Journal of the Royal Society, Interface | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–107 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 16849156 | pmc = 1618936 | doi = 10.1098/rsif.2004.0012 }}
A second question is whether autopoiesis can provide a bridge between these concepts. Thompson discusses this issue from the standpoint of enactivism. An autopoietic cell actively relates to its environment. Its sensory responses trigger motor behavior governed by autopoiesis, and this behavior (it is claimed) is a simplified version of a nervous system behavior. The further claim is that real-time interactions like this require attention, and an implication of attention is awareness.
A second question is whether autopoiesis can provide a bridge between these concepts. Thompson discusses this issue from the standpoint of enactivism. An autopoietic cell actively relates to its environment. Its sensory responses trigger motor behavior governed by autopoiesis, and this behavior (it is claimed) is a simplified version of a nervous system behavior. The further claim is that real-time interactions like this require attention, and an implication of attention is awareness.
第二个问题是自创生能否在这些概念之间提供一个桥梁。Tompson从交互理论enactivism的角度讨论了这个问题。一个自创生的细胞积极地与它的环境发生联系。它的感觉反应触发了由自创生支配的运动行为，而这种行为（据说）是神经网络行为的简化版。进一步说，像这样的实时互动需要注意力，而注意力的一个含义就是意识。
第二个问题是自创生能否在这些概念之间提供一个桥梁。Tompson从交互理论enactivism的角度讨论了这个问题。一个自创生的细胞积极地与它的环境发生联系。它的感觉反应触发了由自创生支配的运动行为，而这种行为（据说）是神经网络行为的简化版。进一步说，像这样的实时互动需要注意力，而注意力的一个含义就是意识。
</ref> Thompson (p. 127) takes the view that this distinction may or may not be fruitful, but what matters is that living systems involve autopoiesis and (if it is necessary to add this point) cognition as well. It can be noted that this definition of 'cognition' is restricted, and does not necessarily entail any awareness or [[consciousness]] by the living system.
</ref> Thompson (p. 127) takes the view that this distinction may or may not be fruitful, but what matters is that living systems involve autopoiesis and (if it is necessary to add this point) cognition as well. It can be noted that this definition of 'cognition' is restricted, and does not necessarily entail any awareness or [[consciousness]] by the living system.
==Relation to consciousness==
==Relation to consciousness==