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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
Robert Rosen (June 27, 1934 – December 28, 1998) was an American theoretical biologist and Professor of Biophysics at Dalhousie University.
Robert Rosen (June 27, 1934 – December 28, 1998) was an American theoretical biologist and Professor of Biophysics at Dalhousie University.
罗伯特罗森(1934年6月27日至1998年12月28日)是美国戴豪斯大学的理论生物学家和生物物理学教授。
==Career==
==Career==
Rosen was born on June 27, 1934 in Brownsville (a section of Brooklyn), in New York City. He studied biology, mathematics, physics, philosophy, and history; particularly, the history of science. In 1959 he obtained a PhD in relational biology, a specialization within the broader field of Mathematical Biology, under the guidance of Professor Nicolas Rashevsky at the University of Chicago. He remained at the University of Chicago until 1964,"Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen". later moving to the University of Buffalo — now part of the State University of New York (SUNY) — at Buffalo on a full associate professorship, while holding a joint appointment at the Center for Theoretical Biology.
Rosen was born on June 27, 1934 in Brownsville (a section of Brooklyn), in New York City. He studied biology, mathematics, physics, philosophy, and history; particularly, the history of science. In 1959 he obtained a PhD in relational biology, a specialization within the broader field of Mathematical Biology, under the guidance of Professor Nicolas Rashevsky at the University of Chicago. He remained at the University of Chicago until 1964,"Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen". later moving to the University of Buffalo — now part of the State University of New York (SUNY) — at Buffalo on a full associate professorship, while holding a joint appointment at the Center for Theoretical Biology.
罗森1934年6月27日出生于纽约市的布朗斯维尔(布鲁克林的一部分)。他学习了生物学、数学、物理学、哲学和历史，特别是科学史。1959年，他在芝加哥大学的尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基教授的指导下，获得了有关生物学的博士学位，这是数学生物学更广泛领域的专业。他在芝加哥大学一直待到1964年，著有《罗伯特 · 罗森的自传体回忆录》。后来，他转到了布法罗大学ーー现在是纽约州立大学的一部分ーー担任全职副教授，同时在理论生物学中心担任联合职务。
His year-long sabbatical in 1970 as a Visiting Fellow at Robert Hutchins' [[Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions]] in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], California was seminal, leading to the conception and development of what he later called [[Anticipatory system|Anticipatory Systems]] Theory, itself a corollary of his larger theoretical work on relational complexity. In 1975, he left SUNY at Buffalo and accepted a position at [[Dalhousie University]], in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], as a Killam Research Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where he remained until he took early retirement in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |title=In Memory of Dr. Robert Rosen |date=February 1999 |access-date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201044334/http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is survived by his wife, a daughter, Judith Rosen, and two sons.
His year-long sabbatical in 1970 as a Visiting Fellow at Robert Hutchins' [[Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions]] in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], California was seminal, leading to the conception and development of what he later called [[Anticipatory system|Anticipatory Systems]] Theory, itself a corollary of his larger theoretical work on relational complexity. In 1975, he left SUNY at Buffalo and accepted a position at [[Dalhousie University]], in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], as a Killam Research Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where he remained until he took early retirement in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |title=In Memory of Dr. Robert Rosen |date=February 1999 |access-date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201044334/http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is survived by his wife, a daughter, Judith Rosen, and two sons.
His year-long sabbatical in 1970 as a Visiting Fellow at Robert Hutchins' Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, California was seminal, leading to the conception and development of what he later called Anticipatory Systems Theory, itself a corollary of his larger theoretical work on relational complexity. In 1975, he left SUNY at Buffalo and accepted a position at Dalhousie University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a Killam Research Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where he remained until he took early retirement in 1994. He is survived by his wife, a daughter, Judith Rosen, and two sons.
His year-long sabbatical in 1970 as a Visiting Fellow at Robert Hutchins' Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, California was seminal, leading to the conception and development of what he later called Anticipatory Systems Theory, itself a corollary of his larger theoretical work on relational complexity. In 1975, he left SUNY at Buffalo and accepted a position at Dalhousie University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a Killam Research Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where he remained until he took early retirement in 1994. He is survived by his wife, a daughter, Judith Rosen, and two sons.
1970年，他进行了长达一年的学术休假，在加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉的罗伯特 · 哈钦斯民主制度研究中心担任客座研究员，这对他后来所谓的“预期系统理论”的构想和发展产生了重大影响，该理论本身就是他关于关系复杂性的更大理论工作的必然结果。1975年，他离开纽约州立大学布法罗分校，在新斯科舍哈利法克斯的戴尔豪斯大学任职，担任生理学和生物物理学系的吉拉姆研究教授，直到1994年提前退休。他身后留下妻子、女儿朱迪斯 · 罗森和两个儿子。
He served as president of the [[Society for General Systems Research]], now known as the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), in 1980-81.
He served as president of the [[Society for General Systems Research]], now known as the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), in 1980-81.
He served as president of the Society for General Systems Research, now known as the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), in 1980-81.
He served as president of the Society for General Systems Research, now known as the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), in 1980-81.
1980年至1981年间，他担任通用系统研究学会的会长，即现在的国际系统科学学会(ISSS)。
== Research ==
== Research ==
* developing a rigorous theoretical foundation for living organisms as "anticipatory systems"
* developing a rigorous theoretical foundation for living organisms as "anticipatory systems"
罗森的研究涉及生物学最基本的方面，特别是有关“什么是生命?”以及“为什么活的有机体是活的? ”等问题。他工作中的几个主要主题是:
* 基于自主生物体的范畴理论模型发展复杂系统生物学
* 基于自主生物体的范畴理论模型发展复杂系统生物学
* 从关系生物学和量子遗传学的角度发展复杂系统生物学
* 从关系生物学和量子遗传学的角度发展复杂系统生物学
Rosen believed that the contemporary model of physics - which he showed to be based on a Cartesian and Newtonian formalism suitable for describing a world of mechanisms - was inadequate to explain or describe the behavior of biological systems. Rosen argued that the fundamental question "What is life?" cannot be adequately addressed from within a scientific foundation that is reductionistic. Approaching organisms with reductionistic scientific methods and practices sacrifices the functional organization of living systems in order to study the parts. The whole, according to Rosen, could not be recaptured once the biological organization had been destroyed. By proposing a sound theoretical foundation for studying biological organisation, Rosen held that, rather than biology being a mere subset of the already known physics, it might turn out to provide profound lessons for physics, and also for science in general.
Rosen believed that the contemporary model of physics - which he showed to be based on a Cartesian and Newtonian formalism suitable for describing a world of mechanisms - was inadequate to explain or describe the behavior of biological systems. Rosen argued that the fundamental question "What is life?" cannot be adequately addressed from within a scientific foundation that is reductionistic. Approaching organisms with reductionistic scientific methods and practices sacrifices the functional organization of living systems in order to study the parts. The whole, according to Rosen, could not be recaptured once the biological organization had been destroyed. By proposing a sound theoretical foundation for studying biological organisation, Rosen held that, rather than biology being a mere subset of the already known physics, it might turn out to provide profound lessons for physics, and also for science in general.
罗森认为，当代的物理学模型——他表明它是基于笛卡尔和牛顿的形式主义去适当地描述一个机制的世界——不足以解释或描述生物系统的行为。罗森认为，基本问题“什么是生命?”不能从一个简化论的科学基础中得到充分的解决。为了研究生命系统的各个部分，用还原论的科学方法去研究生物体，将会牺牲生命系统的功能组织。根据罗森的说法，一旦生物组织被摧毁，就不可能重新从整体上认知生命。通过为研究生物组织提出一个健全的理论基础，罗森认为，生物学不仅仅是已知物理学的一个子集，它可能为物理学和一般科学提供深刻的经验教训。
Rosen's work combines sophisticated mathematics with potentially radical new views on the nature of living systems and science. He has been called "the Newton of biology."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikulecky|first1=Donald C|title=Robert Rosen (1934–1998): a snapshot of biology's Newton|journal=Computers & Chemistry|date=July 2001|volume=25|issue=4|pages=317–327|doi=10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00079-1|pmid=11459348}}</ref> Drawing on set theory, his work has also been considered controversial, raising concerns that some of the mathematical methods he used could lack adequate proof. Rosen's posthumous work ''Essays on Life Itself'' (2000) as well as recent monographs<ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A.H.|title=More than life itself : a synthetic continuation in relational biology|date=2009|publisher=Ontos Verlag|location=Frankfurt|isbn=978-3868380446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A. H.|title=Reflection of life : functional entailment and imminence in relational biology|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-6927-8}}</ref> by Rosen's student Aloisius Louie have clarified and explained the mathematical content of Rosen's work.
Rosen's work combines sophisticated mathematics with potentially radical new views on the nature of living systems and science. He has been called "the Newton of biology."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikulecky|first1=Donald C|title=Robert Rosen (1934–1998): a snapshot of biology's Newton|journal=Computers & Chemistry|date=July 2001|volume=25|issue=4|pages=317–327|doi=10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00079-1|pmid=11459348}}</ref> Drawing on set theory, his work has also been considered controversial, raising concerns that some of the mathematical methods he used could lack adequate proof. Rosen's posthumous work ''Essays on Life Itself'' (2000) as well as recent monographs<ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A.H.|title=More than life itself : a synthetic continuation in relational biology|date=2009|publisher=Ontos Verlag|location=Frankfurt|isbn=978-3868380446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A. H.|title=Reflection of life : functional entailment and imminence in relational biology|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-6927-8}}</ref> by Rosen's student Aloisius Louie have clarified and explained the mathematical content of Rosen's work.
Rosen's work combines sophisticated mathematics with potentially radical new views on the nature of living systems and science. He has been called "the Newton of biology." Drawing on set theory, his work has also been considered controversial, raising concerns that some of the mathematical methods he used could lack adequate proof. Rosen's posthumous work Essays on Life Itself (2000) as well as recent monographs by Rosen's student Aloisius Louie have clarified and explained the mathematical content of Rosen's work.
Rosen's work combines sophisticated mathematics with potentially radical new views on the nature of living systems and science. He has been called "the Newton of biology." Drawing on set theory, his work has also been considered controversial, raising concerns that some of the mathematical methods he used could lack adequate proof. Rosen's posthumous work Essays on Life Itself (2000) as well as recent monographs by Rosen's student Aloisius Louie have clarified and explained the mathematical content of Rosen's work.
罗森的工作结合了复杂数学和有关生命系统与科学本质的潜在的激进新观点。他被称为“生物学中的牛顿”。基于集合论，他的工作也被认为是有争议的，引起了人们对他使用的一些数学方法可能缺乏充分证明的担忧。罗森死后的著作《论生命本身》(2000年)以及罗森的学生阿洛修斯路易最近的专著阐明和解释了罗森作品中的数学内容。
=== Relational biology ===
=== Relational biology ===
Rosen's work proposed a methodology which needs to be developed in addition to the current reductionistic approaches to science by molecular biologists. He called this methodology Relational Biology. Relational is a term he correctly attributes to his mentor Nicolas Rashevsky, who published several papers on the importance of set-theoretical relations in biology prior to Rosen's first reports on this subject. Rosen's relational approach to Biology is an extension and amplification of Nicolas Rashevsky's treatment of n-ary relations in, and among, organismic sets that he developed over two decades as a representation of both biological and social "organisms".
Rosen's work proposed a methodology which needs to be developed in addition to the current reductionistic approaches to science by molecular biologists. He called this methodology Relational Biology. Relational is a term he correctly attributes to his mentor Nicolas Rashevsky, who published several papers on the importance of set-theoretical relations in biology prior to Rosen's first reports on this subject. Rosen's relational approach to Biology is an extension and amplification of Nicolas Rashevsky's treatment of n-ary relations in, and among, organismic sets that he developed over two decades as a representation of both biological and social "organisms".
关系生物学
罗森的工作提出了一种方法论，目前分子生物学家除了对科学的还原论方法的运用之外，还需要发展这种方法论。他称这种方法为关系生物学。他确切地将关系这个术语归功于他的导师尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基，在罗森第一次就这个专题发表报告之前，拉舍夫斯基就集合理论关系在生物学中的重要性发表了几篇论文。罗森对生物学的关系方法是尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基对 n 元关系处理方法的延伸和扩展。拉舍夫斯基在过去20年中发展了一些有机体集合，作为生物和社会“有机体”的代表。
Rosen's relational biology maintains that organisms, and indeed all systems, have a distinct quality called ''[[organization]]'' which is not part of the language of reductionism, as for example in [[molecular biology]], although it is increasingly employed in [[systems biology]]. It has to do with more than purely structural or material aspects. For example, organization includes all relations between material parts, relations between the effects of interactions of the material parts, and relations with time and environment, to name a few. Many people sum up this aspect of [[complex systems]]<ref>{{Cite journal
Rosen's relational biology maintains that organisms, and indeed all systems, have a distinct quality called ''[[organization]]'' which is not part of the language of reductionism, as for example in [[molecular biology]], although it is increasingly employed in [[systems biology]]. It has to do with more than purely structural or material aspects. For example, organization includes all relations between material parts, relations between the effects of interactions of the material parts, and relations with time and environment, to name a few. Many people sum up this aspect of [[complex systems]]<ref>{{Cite journal