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Modern insect-pollinated (entomophilous) flowers are conspicuously coadapted with insects to ensure pollination and in return to reward the pollinators with nectar and pollen. The two groups have coevolved for over 100 million years, creating a complex network of interactions. Either they evolved together, or at some later stages they came together, likely with pre-adaptations, and became mutually adapted.
Modern insect-pollinated (entomophilous) flowers are conspicuously coadapted with insects to ensure pollination and in return to reward the pollinators with nectar and pollen. The two groups have coevolved for over 100 million years, creating a complex network of interactions. Either they evolved together, or at some later stages they came together, likely with pre-adaptations, and became mutually adapted.
现代昆虫传粉的花朵明显与昆虫相互适应以确保授粉，并以花蜜和花粉回馈授粉者。这两组群体已经共同演化了超过1亿年，创造了一个复杂的互动网络。它们要么一同演化，要么在后期的某些阶段一同演化——并很可能伴随着预适应，在之后达到了如此充分的相互适应性。
Several highly successful [[insect]] groups—especially the [[Hymenoptera]] (wasps, bees and ants) and [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies and moths) as well as many types of [[Diptera]] (flies) and [[Coleoptera]] (beetles)—evolved in conjunction with [[flowering plant]]s during the [[Cretaceous]] (145 to 66 million years ago). The earliest bees, important pollinators today, appeared in the early Cretaceous. A group of wasps [[sister clade|sister]] to the bees evolved at the same time as flowering plants, as did the Lepidoptera. Further, all the major [[clade]]s of bees first appeared between the middle and late Cretaceous, simultaneously with the adaptive radiation of the [[eudicots]] (three quarters of all angiosperms), and at the time when the angiosperms became the world's dominant plants on land.
Several highly successful [[insect]] groups—especially the [[Hymenoptera]] (wasps, bees and ants) and [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies and moths) as well as many types of [[Diptera]] (flies) and [[Coleoptera]] (beetles)—evolved in conjunction with [[flowering plant]]s during the [[Cretaceous]] (145 to 66 million years ago). The earliest bees, important pollinators today, appeared in the early Cretaceous. A group of wasps [[sister clade|sister]] to the bees evolved at the same time as flowering plants, as did the Lepidoptera. Further, all the major [[clade]]s of bees first appeared between the middle and late Cretaceous, simultaneously with the adaptive radiation of the [[eudicots]] (three quarters of all angiosperms), and at the time when the angiosperms became the world's dominant plants on land.