更改

巢寄生证明了宿主和寄生虫的密切共同进化，例如在一些杜鹃中。这些鸟不自己筑巢，而是在其他物种的巢中产卵，排出或杀死寄主的卵和幼鸟，从而对寄主的生殖适应性产生严重的负面影响。它们的卵伪装成它们寄主的卵，这意味着寄主能够区分自己的卵和入侵者的卵，并且处于一种进化的军备竞赛中，杜鹃介于伪装和识别之间。杜鹃与寄主相反，具有加厚的蛋壳、较短的孵化期(所以它们的幼鸟先孵化)以及适于将蛋提出巢外的平背等特征。

巢寄生证明了宿主和寄生虫的密切共同进化，例如在一些杜鹃中。这些鸟不自己筑巢，而是在其他物种的巢中产卵，排出或杀死寄主的卵和幼鸟，从而对寄主的生殖适应性产生严重的负面影响。它们的卵伪装成它们寄主的卵，这意味着寄主能够区分自己的卵和入侵者的卵，并且处于一种进化的军备竞赛中，杜鹃介于伪装和识别之间。杜鹃与寄主相反，具有加厚的蛋壳、较短的孵化期(所以它们的幼鸟先孵化)以及适于将蛋提出巢外的平背等特征。

===Antagonistic coevolution===

=== 对抗性共同进化 ===

 

 

= = 对抗性共同进化 = =  

 

Antagonistic coevolution is seen in the [[harvester ant]] species ''[[Pogonomyrmex barbatus]]'' and ''[[Pogonomyrmex rugosus]]'', in a relationship both parasitic and mutualistic. The queens are unable to produce worker ants by mating with their own species. Only by crossbreeding can they produce workers. The winged females act as parasites for the males of the other species as their sperm will only produce sterile hybrids. But because the colonies are fully dependent on these hybrids to survive, it is also mutualistic. While there is no genetic exchange between the species, they are unable to evolve in a direction where they become too genetically different as this would make crossbreeding impossible.<ref name="Herrmann Cahan pp. 20141771–20141771">{{cite journal |last1=Herrmann |first1=M. |last2=Cahan |first2=S. H. |title=Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1797 |date=29 October 2014 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1771 |pmid=25355474 |pages=20141771 |pmc=4240986}}</ref>

Antagonistic coevolution is seen in the [[harvester ant]] species ''[[Pogonomyrmex barbatus]]'' and ''[[Pogonomyrmex rugosus]]'', in a relationship both parasitic and mutualistic. The queens are unable to produce worker ants by mating with their own species. Only by crossbreeding can they produce workers. The winged females act as parasites for the males of the other species as their sperm will only produce sterile hybrids. But because the colonies are fully dependent on these hybrids to survive, it is also mutualistic. While there is no genetic exchange between the species, they are unable to evolve in a direction where they become too genetically different as this would make crossbreeding impossible.<ref name="Herrmann Cahan pp. 20141771–20141771">{{cite journal |last1=Herrmann |first1=M. |last2=Cahan |first2=S. H. |title=Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1797 |date=29 October 2014 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1771 |pmid=25355474 |pages=20141771 |pmc=4240986}}</ref>