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==名字==

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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。<ref name=baxsag/>传统观点认为，老子的真实名字是李耳，<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> 字为伯阳，谥李聃。司马迁的《史记》中记载，老子名李耳，字李聃，人们尊称其为老聃。《庄子》中也用老聃称呼老子，据说孔子与老子相遇时称呼老子为老聃。<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> 根据《亚洲哲学百科全书指南》，人们将道家学派的创始人称之为'''老聃'''，也叫'''老子'''。<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref>

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Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]] nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small> ''Lǐ Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small> ''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".

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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。传统观点认为，老子的真实名字是李耳，字为伯阳，谥李聃。司马迁的《史记》中记载，老子名李耳，字李聃，人们尊称其为老聃。《庄子》中也用老聃称呼老子，据说孔子与老子相遇时称呼老子为老聃。<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> 根据《亚洲哲学百科全书指南》（Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy），人们将道家学派的创始人称之为老聃，也叫老子。<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref>

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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" />在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref>Lao-tsu<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref>和Laozi/Lao zi。

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The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> ~~In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao~~-~~tse''.~~<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> ~~and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''~~

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The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.

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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，Lao-tsu和Laozi/Lao zi。

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~~--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】英文顺序乱了有调整~~

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二十世纪中叶，学术界一致怀疑老子是否真实存在，认为《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。

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The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th century BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th century BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref>

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老子最早见载于司马迁的《史记》。一说老子生活于公元前六世纪或五世纪，与孔子同期。他姓李名耳，字聃，曾任周朝守藏室之史，西行前著书一本，共两篇；二说老子与孔子同期，但名为老莱子，著书一本，共十五篇；三说老子为周朝的占星术士，生活于公元前四世纪的秦朝咸阳。迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》写在《郭店楚墓竹简》上，竹简上的文字可追溯至公元前四世纪后期。

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老子最早见载于司马迁的《史记》。一说老子生活于公元前六世纪或五世纪，与孔子同期。他姓李名耳，字聃，曾任周朝守藏室之史，西行前著书一本，共两篇；二说老子与孔子同期，但名为老莱子，著书一本，共十五篇；三说老子为周朝的占星术士，生活于公元前四世纪的秦朝咸阳。<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 }}</ref>迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》写在《郭店楚墓竹简》上，竹简上的文字可追溯至公元前四世纪后期。

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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref>

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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝守藏室之史。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。据说，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的弟子。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。

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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝守藏室之史<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref>。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。据说，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的弟子。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref>

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相传，李宗从小与父亲分离。有一次李宗打了胜仗后，将敌军尸体抛尸荒野，任由秃鹫侵蚀。老子周游列国、宣传道家思想，恰巧来到此地，被发现是李宗的父亲。老子教导李宗与敌为善，对死者不敬会招致敌人报复。李宗深受触动，命令手下埋葬敌军尸体并举行葬礼哀悼死者，从而实现了持久的和平。

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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref>

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许多李氏一族追认老子为李姓始祖，<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref>包括李唐一族<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref>。该氏族被称为陇西李氏。根据辛普金斯一家（the Simpinses）的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响力。

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许多李氏一族追认老子为李姓始祖，包括李唐一族。该氏族被称为陇西李氏。根据辛普金斯一家（the Simpinses）的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响力。

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The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> ~~In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.~~<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/>~~<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref>~~

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《史记》中记载，周王朝礼崩乐坏、日渐衰落，老子感到厌倦。八十岁时，老子欲西行归隐。行至函谷关，守关官员尹喜认出老子，恳求老子在出关前以王朝兴盛为己任，将圣智著成书。老子所著人称《道德经》，不过其现存版本含有后世增补内容。另说尹喜为《道德经》所动，遂拜老子为师，与其一同离开，不知所踪。<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref>又说老子最后到达了印度，成为了佛陀释迦摩尼的老师。还有一种说法认为老子就是佛陀本人。<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/>

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《史记》中记载，周王朝礼崩乐坏、日渐衰落，老子感到厌倦。八十岁时，老子欲西行归隐。行至函谷关，守关官员尹喜认出老子，恳求老子在出关前以王朝兴盛为己任，将圣智著成书。老子所著人称《道德经》，不过其现存版本含有后世增补内容。另说尹喜为《道德经》所动，遂拜老子为师，与其一同离开，不知所踪。又说老子最后到达了印度，成为了佛陀释迦摩尼的老师。还有一种说法认为老子就是佛陀本人。

A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref>

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唐代作品《三洞珠囊》中对老子与尹喜的相遇进行了补充。老子行至函谷关，自称贫贱老翁，但被尹喜认出，请求师从老子。老子不悦，询问原因。尹喜表达追寻“道”的强烈愿望，称自己好观天文，见紫气东来，知有圣人西行。于是老子收尹喜为弟子。这可谓是道教始祖与弟子互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。

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唐代作品《三洞珠囊》中对老子与尹喜的相遇进行了补充。老子行至函谷关，自称贫贱老翁，但被尹喜认出，请求师从老子。老子不悦，询问原因。尹喜表达追寻“道”的强烈愿望，称自己好观天文，见紫气东来，知有圣人西行。于是老子收尹喜为弟子。这可谓是道教始祖与弟子互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。<ref name="Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching">Kohn, Livia; Lafargue, Michael, eds. (1998), Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-3599-1</ref>

The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref>

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