更改

喜鸟类的花需要引起鸟的注意。鸟类的视觉光谱在红色一端拥有极好的色调辨别能力和最强的光谱敏感性，所以红色对它们来说特别显眼。蜂鸟可能也可以看到紫外线的“颜色”。在缺少花蜜的昆虫传粉的花朵中，紫外线图案和花蜜的流行向导和警告鸟类避开这些花。蜂鸟的两个亚科——隐士蜂鸟亚科(phaeethornithinae，hermits)和热带蜂鸟亚科(Trochilinae，Trochilinae)的每一个亚科都与一组特定的花一起进化。大多数种类与大型单子叶植物有关，而金线菊亚科更喜欢双子叶植物。

喜鸟类的花需要引起鸟的注意。鸟类的视觉光谱在红色一端拥有极好的色调辨别能力和最强的光谱敏感性，所以红色对它们来说特别显眼。蜂鸟可能也可以看到紫外线的“颜色”。在缺少花蜜的昆虫传粉的花朵中，紫外线图案和花蜜的流行向导和警告鸟类避开这些花。蜂鸟的两个亚科——隐士蜂鸟亚科(phaeethornithinae，hermits)和热带蜂鸟亚科(Trochilinae，Trochilinae)的每一个亚科都与一组特定的花一起进化。大多数种类与大型单子叶植物有关，而金线菊亚科更喜欢双子叶植物。

===Fig reproduction and fig wasps===

===无花果的生殖与无花果蜂===

[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Common fig|fig]] exposing its many tiny matured, seed-bearing [[gynoecia]]. These are pollinated by the fig wasp, ''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''. In the cultivated fig, there are also asexual varieties.<ref name=Suleman/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]

[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Common fig|fig]] exposing its many tiny matured, seed-bearing [[gynoecia]]. These are pollinated by the fig wasp, ''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''. In the cultivated fig, there are also asexual varieties.<ref name=Suleman/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]

{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}

{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}

Antagonistic coevolution is seen in the harvester ant species Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus, in a relationship both parasitic and mutualistic. The queens are unable to produce worker ants by mating with their own species. Only by crossbreeding can they produce workers. The winged females act as parasites for the males of the other species as their sperm will only produce sterile hybrids. But because the colonies are fully dependent on these hybrids to survive, it is also mutualistic. While there is no genetic exchange between the species, they are unable to evolve in a direction where they become too genetically different as this would make crossbreeding impossible.

Antagonistic coevolution is seen in the harvester ant species Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus, in a relationship both parasitic and mutualistic. The queens are unable to produce worker ants by mating with their own species. Only by crossbreeding can they produce workers. The winged females act as parasites for the males of the other species as their sperm will only produce sterile hybrids. But because the colonies are fully dependent on these hybrids to survive, it is also mutualistic. While there is no genetic exchange between the species, they are unable to evolve in a direction where they become too genetically different as this would make crossbreeding impossible.

拮抗性的共同演化关系在红收获蚁（''Pogonomyrmex barbatus''）和罗纹须蚁（''Pogonomyrmex rugosus''）之间可以看到，它们之间既有寄生关系也有互惠关系。蚁后无法通过与同类交配来繁殖工蚁。只有通过杂交，它们才能繁殖工蚁。有翅膀的雌性对其他物种的雄性像寄生一样，因为它们的精子只会繁殖不育的杂种。但由于殖民完全依赖于这些杂交种的生存，这也是互惠互利的。虽然两个物种之间没有基因交换，但它们不能朝向基因差异太大的方向进化，因为这将使杂交繁殖变得不可能。<ref name="Herrmann Cahan pp. 20141771–20141771">{{cite journal |last1=Herrmann |first1=M. |last2=Cahan |first2=S. H. |title=Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1797 |date=29 October 2014 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1771 |pmid=25355474 |pages=20141771 |pmc=4240986}}</ref>

拮抗性的共同演化关系在红收获蚁（''Pogonomyrmex barbatus''）和罗纹须蚁（''Pogonomyrmex rugosus''）之间可以看到，它们之间既有寄生关系也有互惠关系。蚁后无法通过与同类交配来繁殖工蚁。只有通过杂交，它们才能繁殖工蚁。有翅膀的雌性对其他物种的雄性像寄生一样，因为它们的精子只会繁殖不育的杂种。但由于殖民完全依赖于这些杂交种的生存，这也是互惠互利的。虽然两个物种之间没有基因交换，但它们不能朝向基因差异太大的方向演化，因为这将使杂交繁殖变得不可能。<ref name="Herrmann Cahan pp. 20141771–20141771">{{cite journal |last1=Herrmann |first1=M. |last2=Cahan |first2=S. H. |title=Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1797 |date=29 October 2014 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1771 |pmid=25355474 |pages=20141771 |pmc=4240986}}</ref>

==Predators and prey==

==Predators and prey==