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添加1,966字节 、 2022年2月13日 (日) 10:36
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【更正】The atmosphere is a fluid. As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. The process of entering observation data into the model to generate initial conditions is called ''initialization''. On land, terrain maps available at resolutions down to 1 kilometer (0.6 mi) globally are used to help model atmospheric circulations within regions of rugged topography, in order to better depict features such as downslope winds, mountain waves and related cloudiness that affects incoming solar radiation. The main inputs from country-based weather services are observations from devices (called radiosondes) in weather balloons that measure various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver, as well as from weather satellites. The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, or every six hours in SYNOP reports. These observations are irregularly spaced, so they are processed by data assimilation and objective analysis methods, which perform quality control and obtain values at locations usable by the model's mathematical algorithms. The data are then used in the model as the starting point for a forecast.
 
【更正】The atmosphere is a fluid. As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. The process of entering observation data into the model to generate initial conditions is called ''initialization''. On land, terrain maps available at resolutions down to 1 kilometer (0.6 mi) globally are used to help model atmospheric circulations within regions of rugged topography, in order to better depict features such as downslope winds, mountain waves and related cloudiness that affects incoming solar radiation. The main inputs from country-based weather services are observations from devices (called radiosondes) in weather balloons that measure various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver, as well as from weather satellites. The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, or every six hours in SYNOP reports. These observations are irregularly spaced, so they are processed by data assimilation and objective analysis methods, which perform quality control and obtain values at locations usable by the model's mathematical algorithms. The data are then used in the model as the starting point for a forecast.
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【终稿】
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【终稿】大气是流动的。因此,数值天气预报的思想是对给定时间的流体状态进行采样,并使用流体动力学和热力学方程来估计未来某个时间的流体状态。将观测数据输入模型以生成初始条件的过程称为初始化。在陆地上,全球分辨率低至1公里(0.6英里)的地形图用于帮助模拟崎岖地形区域内的大气环流,以便更好地描述影响入射太阳辐射的下坡风、过山波和相关云量等特征。基于国家的气象服务的主要输入是来自气象气球上的设备(称为无线电探空仪)的观测,这些设备测量各种大气参数并将其传输到固定接收器,以及来自气象卫星的观测。世界气象组织(World Meteorological Organization)在全球范围内对仪器、观测实践和观测时间进行标准化。观测站在METAR报告中每小时报告一次,或者在SYNOP报告中每六小时报告一次。这些观测数据的间隔不规则,因此通过数据同化和客观分析方法进行处理,以实现质量控制并在模型数学算法可用的位置获取数值,使得最后在模式中被用作预测的起点。
    
【更正】A variety of methods are used to gather observational data for use in numerical models. Sites launch radiosondes in weather balloons which rise through the troposphere and well into the stratosphere. Information from weather satellites is used where traditional data sources are not available. Commerce provides pilot reports along aircraft routes and ship reports along shipping routes. Research projects use reconnaissance aircraft to fly in and around weather systems of interest, such as tropical cyclones. Reconnaissance aircraft are also flown over the open oceans during the cold season into systems which cause significant uncertainty in forecast guidance, or are expected to be of high impact from three to seven days into the future over the downstream continent. Sea ice began to be initialized in forecast models in 1971. Efforts to involve sea surface temperature in model initialization began in 1972 due to its role in modulating weather in higher latitudes of the Pacific.
 
【更正】A variety of methods are used to gather observational data for use in numerical models. Sites launch radiosondes in weather balloons which rise through the troposphere and well into the stratosphere. Information from weather satellites is used where traditional data sources are not available. Commerce provides pilot reports along aircraft routes and ship reports along shipping routes. Research projects use reconnaissance aircraft to fly in and around weather systems of interest, such as tropical cyclones. Reconnaissance aircraft are also flown over the open oceans during the cold season into systems which cause significant uncertainty in forecast guidance, or are expected to be of high impact from three to seven days into the future over the downstream continent. Sea ice began to be initialized in forecast models in 1971. Efforts to involve sea surface temperature in model initialization began in 1972 due to its role in modulating weather in higher latitudes of the Pacific.
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【终稿】
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【终稿】有许多方法可以收集数值模型的观测数据。这些站点通过从对流层上升到平流层的气象气球来发射无线电探空仪。在传统数据源不可用的情况下,则可以使用气象卫星提供的信息。商务部提供飞机航线上的飞行员报告和航运航线上的船舶报告。研究项目使用侦察机在关注的天气系统内和周围飞行,如热带气旋。在寒冷季节,侦察机也会飞越公海,进入一些对预报制导造成重大不确定性、预计在未来三到七天内对下游大陆产生重大影响的系统中。1971年,海冰开始在预报模型中得到初始化。1972年,由于海洋表面温度在调节太平洋高纬度地区天气方面的作用,将其纳入模型初始化的工作也开始进行。
    
==Computation 计算==
 
==Computation 计算==
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