更改

在有限的温度范围内，胶体粒子的凝胶化转变显示为bA紊乱-扩展的一阶转变。随着温度降低，'''低温平衡相low-temperature equilibrium phase'''的分数从零增加到一（100％）。随温度变化而变化的馏分共存创造了许多有趣的可能性。比如在冷却时，一些液体会逐渐玻璃化，而不是转变为'''平衡晶相equilibrium crystal phase'''。这种情况往往发生在冷却速率比临界冷却速率快的时候——分子运动变得十分缓慢，以至于分子无法重新排列到晶体位置。<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1995 | title =  Metallic Glasses| journal = Science | volume = 267 | issue = 5206| pages = 1947–1953 |bibcode = 1995Sci...267.1947G |doi = 10.1126/science.267.5206.1947 | pmid =  17770105| last1 =  Greer| first1 =  A. L.}}</ref>分子运动的减速通常发生在气温降至玻璃的形成温度'T''_g以下时——这可能需要外部施加压力来实现。<ref name="J. Non-Cryst 2013"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tarjus | first1 = G. | year = 2007 | title =  Materials science: Metal turned to glass| journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7155| pages = 758–759 | doi=10.1038/448758a| pmid = 17700684 |bibcode = 2007Natur.448..758T }}</ref> 如果'T''_g落在该一阶冻结相变发生的特定温度范围内，一种有趣的现象就会发生，即当转变不完整时该转变会停止。同理可以考虑在低温下被阻止的一阶磁相变，我们可以观察到不完全的磁相变，即两个磁相同时存在直至到达最低温度。自关于铁磁到反铁磁相变的报道首次公开以来，<ref name="ManekarChaudhary2001">{{cite journal |last1=Manekar |first1=M. A. |last2=Chaudhary |first2=S. |last3=Chattopadhyay |first3=M. K. |last4=Singh |first4=K. J. |last5=Roy |first5=S. B. |last6=Chaddah |first6=P. |title=First-order transition from antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism inCe(Fe_0.96Al_0.04)₂ |journal=Physical Review B |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=104416 |year=2001 |issn=0163-1829 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.64.104416 |arxiv=cond-mat/0012472 |bibcode=2001PhRvB..64j4416M}}</ref> 人们逐渐发现了各种一阶磁相变的持久相共存现象。包括'''庞磁电阻锰矿材料colossal-magnetoresistance manganite materials'''<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/18/49/L02|arxiv = cond-mat/0611152 |bibcode = 2006JPCM...18L.605B |title = Coexisting tunable fractions of glassy and equilibrium long-range-order phases in manganites |journal = Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter |volume = 18 |issue = 49 |pages = L605 |year = 2006 |last1 = Banerjee |first1 = A. |last2 = Pramanik |first2 = A. K. |last3 = Kumar |first3 = Kranti |last4 = Chaddah |first4 = P. |}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors = Wu W., Israel C., Hur N., Park S., Cheong S. W., de Lozanne A. | year = 2006 | title =  Magnetic imaging of a supercooling glass transition in a weakly disordered ferromagnet| journal = Nature Materials | volume = 5 | issue = 11| pages = 881–886 |bibcode = 2006NatMa...5..881W |doi = 10.1038/nmat1743 | pmid = 17028576  }}</ref>、'''磁制冷材料magnetocaloric materials'''<ref name="RoyChattopadhyay2006">{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=S. B. |last2=Chattopadhyay |first2=M. K. |last3=Chaddah |first3=P. |last4=Moore |first4=J. D. |last5=Perkins |first5=G. K. |last6=Cohen |first6=L. F. |last7=Gschneidner |first7=K. A. |last8=Pecharsky |first8=V. K. |title=Evidence of a magnetic glass state in the magnetocaloric material Gd₅Ge₄ |journal=Physical Review B |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=012403 |year=2006 |issn=1098-0121 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.74.012403 |bibcode = 2006PhRvB..74a2403R }}</ref> 、'''磁性形状记忆材料magnetic shape memory materials'''<ref name="LakhaniBanerjee2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lakhani |first1=Archana |last2=Banerjee |first2=A. |last3=Chaddah |first3=P. |last4=Chen |first4=X. |last5=Ramanujan |first5=R. V. |title=Magnetic glass in shape memory alloy: Ni₄₅Co₅Mn₃₈Sn₁₂ |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter |volume=24 |issue=38 |year=2012 |pages=386004 |issn=0953-8984 |doi=10.1088/0953-8984/24/38/386004 |pmid=22927562 |arxiv = 1206.2024 |bibcode = 2012JPCM...24L6004L }}</ref> and other materials.<ref name="KushwahaLakhani2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kushwaha |first1=Pallavi |last2=Lakhani |first2=Archana |last3=Rawat |first3=R. |last4=Chaddah |first4=P. |title=Low-temperature study of field-induced antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition in Pd-doped Fe-Rh |journal=Physical Review B |volume=80 |issue=17 |pages=174413 |year=2009 |issn=1098-0121 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.80.174413 |arxiv=0911.4552 |bibcode=2009PhRvB..80q4413K }}</ref>等。当''T''_g 落在相变发生的温度范围内时，观测结果非常有趣，其一阶磁相变受到了磁场的影响——就像结构相变会受到压力影响一样。不过与压力相比，控制磁场相对容易，这大大提高了研究者们运用穷举法研究''T''_g 和''T''_c之间相互作用的成功率。一阶磁相变的相位共存将有助于解决和玻璃有关的一系列突出问题。

在有限的温度范围内，胶体粒子的凝胶化转变显示为bA紊乱-扩展的一阶转变。随着温度降低，'''低温平衡相low-temperature equilibrium phase'''的分数从零增加到一（100％）。随温度变化而变化的馏分共存创造了许多有趣的可能性。比如在冷却时，一些液体会逐渐玻璃化，而不是转变为'''平衡晶相equilibrium crystal phase'''。这种情况往往发生在冷却速率比临界冷却速率快的时候——分子运动变得十分缓慢，以至于分子无法重新排列到晶体位置。<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1995 | title =  Metallic Glasses| journal = Science | volume = 267 | issue = 5206| pages = 1947–1953 |bibcode = 1995Sci...267.1947G |doi = 10.1126/science.267.5206.1947 | pmid =  17770105| last1 =  Greer| first1 =  A. L.}}</ref>分子运动的减速通常发生在气温降至玻璃的形成温度'T''_g以下时——这可能需要外部施加压力来实现。<ref name="J. Non-Cryst 2013"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tarjus | first1 = G. | year = 2007 | title =  Materials science: Metal turned to glass| journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7155| pages = 758–759 | doi=10.1038/448758a| pmid = 17700684 |bibcode = 2007Natur.448..758T }}</ref> 如果'T''_g落在该一阶冻结相变发生的特定温度范围内，一种有趣的现象就会发生，即当转变不完整时该转变会停止。同理可以考虑在低温下被阻止的一阶磁相变，我们可以观察到不完全的磁相变，即两个磁相同时存在直至到达最低温度。自关于铁磁到反铁磁相变的报道首次公开以来，<ref name="ManekarChaudhary2001">{{cite journal |last1=Manekar |first1=M. A. |last2=Chaudhary |first2=S. |last3=Chattopadhyay |first3=M. K. |last4=Singh |first4=K. J. |last5=Roy |first5=S. B. |last6=Chaddah |first6=P. |title=First-order transition from antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism inCe(Fe_0.96Al_0.04)₂ |journal=Physical Review B |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=104416 |year=2001 |issn=0163-1829 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.64.104416 |arxiv=cond-mat/0012472 |bibcode=2001PhRvB..64j4416M}}</ref> 人们逐渐发现了各种一阶磁相变的持久相共存现象。包括'''庞磁电阻锰矿材料colossal-magnetoresistance manganite materials'''<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/18/49/L02|arxiv = cond-mat/0611152 |bibcode = 2006JPCM...18L.605B |title = Coexisting tunable fractions of glassy and equilibrium long-range-order phases in manganites |journal = Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter |volume = 18 |issue = 49 |pages = L605 |year = 2006 |last1 = Banerjee |first1 = A. |last2 = Pramanik |first2 = A. K. |last3 = Kumar |first3 = Kranti |last4 = Chaddah |first4 = P. |}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors = Wu W., Israel C., Hur N., Park S., Cheong S. W., de Lozanne A. | year = 2006 | title =  Magnetic imaging of a supercooling glass transition in a weakly disordered ferromagnet| journal = Nature Materials | volume = 5 | issue = 11| pages = 881–886 |bibcode = 2006NatMa...5..881W |doi = 10.1038/nmat1743 | pmid = 17028576  }}</ref>、'''磁制冷材料magnetocaloric materials'''<ref name="RoyChattopadhyay2006">{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=S. B. |last2=Chattopadhyay |first2=M. K. |last3=Chaddah |first3=P. |last4=Moore |first4=J. D. |last5=Perkins |first5=G. K. |last6=Cohen |first6=L. F. |last7=Gschneidner |first7=K. A. |last8=Pecharsky |first8=V. K. |title=Evidence of a magnetic glass state in the magnetocaloric material Gd₅Ge₄ |journal=Physical Review B |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=012403 |year=2006 |issn=1098-0121 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.74.012403 |bibcode = 2006PhRvB..74a2403R }}</ref> 、'''磁性形状记忆材料magnetic shape memory materials'''<ref name="LakhaniBanerjee2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lakhani |first1=Archana |last2=Banerjee |first2=A. |last3=Chaddah |first3=P. |last4=Chen |first4=X. |last5=Ramanujan |first5=R. V. |title=Magnetic glass in shape memory alloy: Ni₄₅Co₅Mn₃₈Sn₁₂ |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter |volume=24 |issue=38 |year=2012 |pages=386004 |issn=0953-8984 |doi=10.1088/0953-8984/24/38/386004 |pmid=22927562 |arxiv = 1206.2024 |bibcode = 2012JPCM...24L6004L }}</ref>等其他材料.<ref name="KushwahaLakhani2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kushwaha |first1=Pallavi |last2=Lakhani |first2=Archana |last3=Rawat |first3=R. |last4=Chaddah |first4=P. |title=Low-temperature study of field-induced antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition in Pd-doped Fe-Rh |journal=Physical Review B |volume=80 |issue=17 |pages=174413 |year=2009 |issn=1098-0121 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.80.174413 |arxiv=0911.4552 |bibcode=2009PhRvB..80q4413K }}</ref>当''T''_g 落在相变发生的温度范围内时，观测结果非常有趣，其一阶磁相变受到了磁场的影响——就像结构相变会受到压力影响一样。不过与压力相比，控制磁场相对容易，这大大提高了研究者们运用穷举法研究''T''_g 和''T''_c之间相互作用的成功率。一阶磁相变的相位共存将有助于解决和玻璃有关的一系列突出问题。

 

===临界点===

===临界点===