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| − | The '''anthroposphere''' (sometimes also referred as '''technosphere''') is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and [[:Category:Human habitats|human habitat]]s. It is one of the [[Earth's spheres]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kuhn| first1 = A.| last2 = Heckelei | first2 = T. | title = Anthroposphere| journal = Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa| pages = 282–341| date = 4 June 2010| editor-last1 = Speth|editor-first1 = Peter|editor-last2 = Christoph|editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last3 = Diekkrüger|editor-first3 = Bernd| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-12957-5_8| isbn = 978-3-642-12956-8}}</ref> The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist [[Eduard Suess]]. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer [[Peter Haff]], of [[Duke University]].<ref name="UNESCO March 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zalasiewicz |first1=Jan |title=The unbearable burden of the technosphere |journal=UNESCO |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/unbearable-burden-technosphere |access-date=22 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.<ref name="phys.org 2016">{{cite web |title=Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons, research finds |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-earth-technosphere-trillion-tons.html |website=phys.org |publisher=University of Leicester |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=en-us |date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
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| − | The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres. The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist Eduard Suess. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer Peter Haff, of Duke University. It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.
| + | |keywords=人类圈,地球圈层 |
| | + | |description=人类为了人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的一部分环境 |
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| − | 人类圈(有时也称为技术圈)是人类为人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的环境的一部分。它是地球的一个球体。这个术语最早是由十九世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华 · 苏斯使用的。当代技术领域的概念最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家和工程师彼得 · 哈夫提出的。据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量——即人类创造的结构和系统——为30万亿吨。 | + | '''人类圈 anthroposphere'''（也称'''技术圈 technosphere'''）是指人类为了人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的一部分环境。它属于地球几大圈层之一。<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kuhn| first1 = A.| last2 = Heckelei | first2 = T. | title = Anthroposphere| journal = Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa| pages = 282–341| date = 4 June 2010| editor-last1 = Speth|editor-first1 = Peter|editor-last2 = Christoph|editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last3 = Diekkrüger|editor-first3 = Bernd| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-12957-5_8| isbn = 978-3-642-12956-8}}</ref>这个词最早由19世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华·苏伊斯 Eduard Suess使用。同时代的技术圈一词最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家兼工程师彼得·哈夫 Peter Haff提出的。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zalasiewicz |first1=Jan |title=The unbearable burden of the technosphere |journal=UNESCO |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/unbearable-burden-technosphere |access-date=22 May 2019|language=en}}</ref>据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量（即人类产生的结构和系统）约为30万亿吨。<ref name="phys.org 2016">{{cite web |title=Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons, research finds |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-earth-technosphere-trillion-tons.html |website=phys.org |publisher=University of Leicester |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=en-us |date=30 November 2016}}</ref> |
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| − | '''''【终译版】'''''人类圈（也称技术圈）是指人类为了人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的一部分环境。它属于地球几大圈层之一。这个词最早由19世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华·苏伊斯使用。同时代的技术圈一词最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家兼工程师彼得·哈夫提出的。据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量（即人类产生的结构和系统）约为30万亿吨。
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| − | The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the [[biosphere]]. While the biosphere is the total [[biomass]] of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" /> As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause [[deforestation]], the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.<ref name="phys.org 2016" />
| + | 人类圈可以被视为一个与生物圈对应的人造圈。[[生物圈]]是地球的总[[生物量]]及其中各系统间的相互作用，而人类圈则是人类产生的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口以及与地球系统的一切互动行为。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程高效地生产和回收材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />随着人类技术的不断发展，比如能够将物体送入太空轨道或能够大面积砍伐森林，人类活动对环境的影响可能会继续增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈，但在很短的时间内对地球及其g系统产生了巨大的影响。<ref name="phys.org 2016" /> |
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| − | The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the biosphere. While the biosphere is the total biomass of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself. As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause deforestation, the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.
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| − | 人类圈可以看作是人类产生的相当于生物圈。虽然生物圈是地球的总生物量及其与各系统的相互作用，但人类圈是人类生成的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口及其与地球系统的相互作用。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程有效地生产和循环材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。随着人类技术的进步，例如发射物体进入轨道或造成毁林所需的技术，人类活动对环境的影响可能会增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈子，但在很短的时间内对地球及其系统产生了巨大的影响。
| + | 人类圈的各个方面包括：从中获取矿物的矿山；生产70多亿智人所需食物的自动化农业；石油和天然气田；包括互联网在内的计算机系统；教育系统；垃圾填埋场；工厂；大气污染；太空中的人造卫星和太空垃圾；林业和森林砍伐；城市发展；包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统；核设施；以及战争等。 |
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| − | '''''【终译版】'''''人类圈可以被视为一个与生物圈对应的人造圈。生物圈是地球的总生物量及其中各系统间的相互作用，而人类圈则是人类产生的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口以及与地球系统的一切互动行为。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程高效地生产和回收材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。随着人类技术的不断发展，比如能够将物体送入太空轨道或能够大面积砍伐森林，人类活动对环境的影响可能会继续增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈，但在很短的时间内对地球及其g系统产生了巨大的影响。
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| − | Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; [[artificial satellite]]s in [[outer space|space]], both active satellites and [[space junk]]; forestry and deforestation; [[urban development]]; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.
| + | [[技术化石 Technofossils]]是人类领域另一个有趣的方面。这些物品可能包括手机等含有多种金属和人造材料的物品，铝等自然界不存在的原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带和太平洋岛屿海滩等地区产生的垃圾塑料群。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" /> |
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| − | Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; artificial satellites in space, both active satellites and space junk; forestry and deforestation; urban development; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.
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| − | 人类领域的各个方面包括: 从中获取矿物的矿山; 生产70多亿智人消费的食物的自动化农业; 石油和天然气田; 包括互联网在内的计算机系统; 教育系统; 垃圾填埋场; 工厂; 大气污染; 太空中的人造卫星，包括运行中的卫星和太空垃圾; 林业和森林砍伐; 城市发展; 包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统; 核设施; 战争。
| + | == 另见 == |
| | + | * [[人类世]] |
| | + | * [[人类新陈代谢]] |
| | + | * [[生物量]] |
| | + | * [[太空垃圾]] |
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| − | '''''【终译版】'''''人类圈的各个方面包括：从中获取矿物的矿山；生产70多亿智人所需食物的自动化农业；石油和天然气田；包括互联网在内的计算机系统；教育系统；垃圾填埋场；工厂；大气污染；太空中的人造卫星和太空垃圾；林业和森林砍伐；城市发展；包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统；核设施；以及战争等。
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| − | [[Technofossils]] are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like [[aluminum]] that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the [[Pacific Garbage Patch]] and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />
| + | == 参考文献 == |
| | + | {{reflist}} |
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| − | Technofossils are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like aluminum that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the Pacific Garbage Patch and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.
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| − | 技术化石是人类圈另一个有趣的方面。其中可包括含有各种金属和人造材料的移动电话等物体、自然界中不存在的铝等原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带等地区和太平洋岛屿海滩上形成的聚集塑料。
| + | == 外部链接 == |
| | + | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220083154/http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Anthrosphere.html 人类圈] |
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| − | '''''【终译版】'''''技术化石是人类领域另一个有趣的方面。这些物品可能包括手机等含有多种金属和人造材料的物品，铝等自然界不存在的原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带和太平洋岛屿海滩等地区产生的垃圾塑料群。
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| − | == See also == | + | ==编者推荐== |
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| − | == 另见 ==
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| − | * [[Anthropocene]]
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| − | * [[Anthropogenic metabolism]]
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| − | * [[biomass]]
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| − | * [[space junk]]
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| − | * Anthropocene
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| − | * Anthropogenic metabolism
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| − | * biomass
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| − | * space junk
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| − | '''''【终译版】'''''
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| − | * 人类世
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| − | * 人类新陈代谢
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| − | * 生物量
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| − | * 太空垃圾
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| − | == References ==
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| − | == 参考文献 ==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | == 外部链接 ==
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220083154/http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Anthrosphere.html The Anthroposphere]
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| − | * The Anthroposphere
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| | + | 本中文词条由Jie翻译，CecileLi审校，[[用户:薄荷|薄荷]]编辑，如有问题，欢迎在讨论页面留言。 |
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| − | * 人类圈
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| − | [[Category:Earth sciences]]
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| − | [[Category:Artificial objects]]
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| − | [[Category:待整理页面]] | + | '''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料，遵守 CC3.0协议。''' |
| | + | [[Category:地球科学]] |
| | + | [[Category:人造物]] |