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第46行： − + − + − The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW), and the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission-led Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). A number of other domain-based and cross-domain research and operational observing systems also provide important contributions and encompass both in-situ and satellite observations. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific and technical community, and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) co-sponsors the expert panels set up by GCOS for the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains. The composite observing system designated by GCOS serves as the climate-observation component of the broader Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), and at the same time a number of specific observing-system initiatives of GEOSS contribute to the GCOS.+ − − = = 结构 = = 对全球气候观测系统作出贡献的主要观测系统是气象组织综合全球观测系统、全球冰冻圈观测系统和世界水文循环观测系统，以及政府间海洋学委员会领导的全球海洋观测系统。其他一些基于领域和跨领域的研究和业务观测系统也作出了重要贡献，包括现场观测和卫星观测。全球气候观测系统得到国际科学和技术界的支持，世界气候研究方案是全球气候观测系统为大气、海洋和陆地领域设立的专家小组的共同赞助者。全球气候观测系统指定的综合观测系统是更广泛的全球对地观测分布式系统的气候观测组成部分，同时全球对地观测分布式系统的一些具体观测系统举措也有助于全球气候观测系统。
→Structure = = 结构 = =
全球气候观测系统包括许多有贡献的观测系统和网络中与气候有关的部分。 它的任务是帮助确保这些贡献系统作为一个整体，提供包括个人、国家和国际组织和机构在内的用户所需的全球气候系统的全面信息。 该方案促进针对全气候系统的可靠物理、化学和生物观测和数据记录的持续提供和可用性- -覆盖大气、海洋和陆地领域，包括水循环、碳循环和冰冻圈。
全球气候观测系统包括许多有贡献的观测系统和网络中与气候有关的部分。 它的任务是帮助确保这些贡献系统作为一个整体，提供包括个人、国家和国际组织和机构在内的用户所需的全球气候系统的全面信息。 该方案促进针对全气候系统的可靠物理、化学和生物观测和数据记录的持续提供和可用性- -覆盖大气、海洋和陆地领域，包括水循环、碳循环和冰冻圈。
==Structure = = 结构 = ===
==Structure = 结构 = ===
The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS),<ref>{{cite news |title= WMO Integrated Global Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/wigos/index_en.html|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW),<ref>{{cite news |title= Global Cryosphere Watch |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://globalcryospherewatch.org/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> and the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS),<ref>{{cite news |title= World Hydrological Cycle Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.whycos.org/whycos/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> and the [[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]]-led Global Ocean Observing System ([[GOOS]]). A number of other domain-based and cross-domain research and operational observing systems also provide important contributions and encompass both in-situ and satellite observations. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific and technical community, and the [[World Climate Research Programme]] (WCRP) co-sponsors the expert panels set up by GCOS for the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains. The composite observing system designated by GCOS serves as the climate-observation component of the broader [[Global Earth Observation System of Systems]] (GEOSS), and at the same time a number of specific observing-system initiatives of GEOSS contribute to the GCOS.
The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS)<ref>{{cite news |title= WMO Integrated Global Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/wigos/index_en.html|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW)<ref>{{cite news |title= Global Cryosphere Watch |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://globalcryospherewatch.org/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, and the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)<ref>{{cite news |title= World Hydrological Cycle Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.whycos.org/whycos/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, and the [[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]]-led Global Ocean Observing System ([[GOOS]]). A number of other domain-based and cross-domain research and operational observing systems also provide important contributions and encompass both in-situ and satellite observations. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific and technical community, and the [[World Climate Research Programme]] (WCRP) co-sponsors the expert panels set up by GCOS for the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains. The composite observing system designated by GCOS serves as the climate-observation component of the broader [[Global Earth Observation System of Systems]] (GEOSS), and at the same time a number of specific observing-system initiatives of GEOSS contribute to the GCOS.
为全球海洋观测系统作出贡献的主要观测系统是气象组织综合全球观测系统(WIGOS)[1]，全球冰冻圈观测系统(GCW)[2]，和世界水循环观测系统(WHYCOS)[3]，和政府间海洋学委员会领导的全球海洋观测系统(GOOS)。 其他一些基于领域和跨领域的研究和业务观测系统也提供了重要贡献，包括现场观测和卫星观测。 全球气候观测系统同时得到国际科学和技术界的支持，并支持和支持国际科学和技术。世界气候研究方案(WCRP)共同赞助了全球气候观测系统为大气、海洋和陆地领域设立的专家小组。 GCOS指定的复合观测系统是更广泛的全球地球观测系统(GEOSS)的气候观测组成部分，同时全球对地观测系统的具体观测系统举措也促进了全球气候观测系统。
==Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) {{anchor|Essential Climate Variables|ECV}}==
==Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) {{anchor|Essential Climate Variables|ECV}}==