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大规模脑网络 (查看源代码)

2022年4月4日 (一) 15:29的版本

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Large-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other recording methods such as EEG, PET and MEG. An emerging paradigm in neuroscience is that cognitive tasks are performed not by individual brain regions working in isolation but by networks consisting of several discrete brain regions that are said to be "functionally connected". Functional connectivity networks may be found using algorithms such as cluster analysis, spatial independent component analysis (ICA), seed based, and others. Synchronized brain regions may also be identified using long-range synchronization of the EEG, MEG, or other dynamic brain signals.

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~~大规模的大脑网络~~(~~也称为内在大脑网络~~)~~是通过功能性磁共振成像 BOLD 信号的统计分析或其他记录方法~~(~~如 EEG、 PET 和 MEG~~)显示功能连接的广泛的大脑区域的集合。神经科学中一个新出现的范式是，认知任务不是由独立工作的单个大脑区域执行的，而是由几个被称为“功能连接”的离散大脑区域组成的网络执行的。功能连接网络可以通过算法来发现，比如数据聚类、空间独立元素分析、种子等等。同步的大脑区域也可以用脑电图、脑磁图或其他动态大脑信号的远程同步来识别。

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大规模脑网络Large-scale brain networks(也称为内在大脑网络intrinsic brain networks)是在对基于血氧水平依赖BOLD效应的功能性磁共振成像fMRI信号的统计分析或其他记录方法(如脑电图EEG、正电子发射断层扫描技术PET和脑磁图MEG)中，表现出功能连接的脑区的集合。根据神经科学中一个新出现的范式，认知任务不是由单个脑区独立执行的，而是由几个互不相连的脑区“功能连接”组成的网络执行的。功能连接网络可以通过数据聚类Cluster analysis、空间独立元素分析Spatial ICA、种子点方法seed-based等算法来发现。同步的脑区也可以用脑电图、脑磁图或其他动态脑信号的远程同步来识别。

The set of identified brain areas that are linked together in a large-scale network varies with cognitive function.<ref name="Bressler2">{{cite journal|last1=Bressler|first1=Steven L.|title=Neurocognitive networks|journal=Scholarpedia|volume=3|issue=2|pages=1567|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1567|year=2008|bibcode=2008SchpJ...3.1567B|doi-access=free}}</ref> When the cognitive state is not explicit (i.e., the subject is at "rest"), the large-scale brain network is a [[Resting state fMRI|resting state]] network (RSN). As a physical system with graph-like properties,<ref name="Bressler" /> a large-scale brain network has both nodes and edges and cannot be identified simply by the co-activation of brain areas. In recent decades, the analysis of brain networks was made feasible by advances in imaging techniques as well as new tools from [[graph theory]] and [[Dynamical systems theory|dynamical systems]].

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各种网络活动的中断牵连到神经精神疾病，如抑郁症、老年痴呆症、自闭症光谱、精神分裂症、多动症和躁郁症。

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== Core networks ==

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==Core networks==

[[File:Heine2012x3010.png|thumb|An example that identified 10 large-scale brain networks from [[resting state fMRI]] activity through [[independent component analysis]].<ref name="Heine" />|链接=Special:FilePath/Heine2012x3010.png]]

Because brain networks can be identified at various different resolutions and with various different neurobiological properties, there is no such thing as a universal atlas of brain networks that fits all circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eickhoff|first1=SB|last2=Yeo|first2=BTT|last3=Genon|first3=S|title=Imaging-based parcellations of the human brain.|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|date=November 2018|volume=19|issue=11|pages=672–686|doi=10.1038/s41583-018-0071-7|pmid=30305712|s2cid=52954265|url=http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/856633/files/Eickhoff_Yeo_Genon_NRN_MainManuscriptInclFigures.pdf}}</ref> While acknowledging this problem, Uddin, Yeo, and Spreng proposed in 2019<ref name="Uddin2019">{{cite journal|last1=Uddin|first1=LQ|last2=Yeo|first2=BTT|last3=Spreng|first3=RN|title=Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks.|journal=Brain Topography|date=November 2019|volume=32|issue=6|pages=926–942|doi=10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6|pmid=31707621|pmc=7325607}}</ref> that the following six networks should be defined as core networks based on converging evidences from multiple studies<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doucet|first1=GE|last2=Lee|first2=WH|last3=Frangou|first3=S|title=Evaluation of the spatial variability in the major resting-state networks across human brain functional atlases.|journal=Human Brain Mapping|date=2019-10-15|volume=40|issue=15|pages=4577–4587|doi=10.1002/hbm.24722|pmid=31322303|pmc=6771873}}</ref><ref name="Yeo" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=SM|last2=Fox|first2=PT|last3=Miller|first3=KL|last4=Glahn|first4=DC|last5=Fox|first5=PM|last6=Mackay|first6=CE|last7=Filippini|first7=N|last8=Watkins|first8=KE|last9=Toro|first9=R|last10=Laird|first10=AR|last11=Beckmann|first11=CF|title=Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=2009-08-04|volume=106|issue=31|pages=13040–5|doi=10.1073/pnas.0905267106|pmid=19620724|pmc=2722273|bibcode=2009PNAS..10613040S|doi-access=free}}</ref> to facilitate communication between researchers.

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因为大脑网络可以用不同的分辨率和不同的神经生物学特性来识别，所以没有适合所有情况的通用大脑网络图谱。在承认这个问题的同时，Uddin，Yeo，和 Spreng 在2019年提出，以下六个网络应该被定义为核心网络，基于来自多个研究的聚合证据，以促进研究人员之间的交流。

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=== Default Mode (Medial frontoparietal) ===

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===Default Mode (Medial frontoparietal)===

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*The default mode network is active when an individual is awake and at rest. It preferentially activates when individuals focus on internally-oriented tasks such as daydreaming, envisioning the future, retrieving memories, and [[theory of mind]]. It is negatively correlated with brain systems that focus on external visual signals. It is the most widely researched network.<ref name="Bressler" /><ref name="Bassett" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-08-15|title=The serendipitous discovery of the brain's default network|journal=NeuroImage|language=en|volume=62|issue=2|pages=1137–1145|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.035|pmid=22037421|issn=1053-8119|last1=Buckner|first1=Randy L.|s2cid=9880586}}</ref><ref name="Riedl" /><ref name="Yuan">

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* The default mode network is active when an individual is awake and at rest. It preferentially activates when individuals focus on internally-oriented tasks such as daydreaming, envisioning the future, retrieving memories, and [[theory of mind]]. It is negatively correlated with brain systems that focus on external visual signals. It is the most widely researched network.<ref name="Bressler" /><ref name="Bassett" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-08-15|title=The serendipitous discovery of the brain's default network|journal=NeuroImage|language=en|volume=62|issue=2|pages=1137–1145|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.035|pmid=22037421|issn=1053-8119|last1=Buckner|first1=Randy L.|s2cid=9880586}}</ref><ref name="Riedl" /><ref name="Yuan">

{{cite journal|last1=Yuan|first1=Rui|last2=Di|first2=Xin|last3=Taylor|first3=Paul A.|last4=Gohel|first4=Suril|last5=Tsai|first5=Yuan-Hsiung|last6=Biswal|first6=Bharat B.|title=Functional topography of the thalamocortical system in human|journal=Brain Structure and Function|date=30 April 2015|doi=10.1007/s00429-015-1018-7|pmid=25924563|pmc=6363530|volume=221|issue=4|pages=1971–1984}}</ref><ref name="Bell">{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Peter T.|last2=Shine|first2=James M.|title=Estimating Large-Scale Network Convergence in the Human Functional Connectome|journal=Brain Connectivity|date=2015-11-09|volume=5|issue=9|doi=10.1089/brain.2015.0348|pmid=26005099|pages=565–74}}</ref><ref name="Heine">{{cite journal|last1=Heine|first1=Lizette|last2=Soddu|first2=Andrea|last3=Gomez|first3=Francisco|last4=Vanhaudenhuyse|first4=Audrey|last5=Tshibanda|first5=Luaba|last6=Thonnard|first6=Marie|last7=Charland-Verville|first7=Vanessa|last8=Kirsch|first8=Murielle|last9=Laureys|first9=Steven|last10=Demertzi|first10=Athena|title=Resting state networks and consciousness. Alterations of multiple resting state network connectivity in physiological, pharmacological and pathological consciousness states.|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|date=2012|volume=3|pages=295|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00295|pmid=22969735|pmc=3427917|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Yeo">{{cite journal|last1=Yeo|first1=B. T. Thomas|last2=Krienen|first2=Fenna M.|last3=Sepulcre|first3=Jorge|last4=Sabuncu|first4=Mert R.|last5=Lashkari|first5=Danial|last6=Hollinshead|first6=Marisa|last7=Roffman|first7=Joshua L.|last8=Smoller|first8=Jordan W.|last9=Zöllei|first9=Lilla|last10=Polimeni|first10=Jonathan R.|last11=Fischl|first11=Bruce|last12=Liu|first12=Hesheng|last13=Buckner|first13=Randy L.|title=The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|date=2011-09-01|volume=106|issue=3|pages=1125–1165|doi=10.1152/jn.00338.2011|pmid=21653723|pmc=3174820|bibcode=2011NatSD...2E0031H }}</ref><ref name="Shafiei">{{cite journal|last1=Shafiei|first1=Golia|last2=Zeighami|first2=Yashar|last3=Clark|first3=Crystal A.|last4=Coull|first4=Jennifer T.|last5=Nagano-Saito|first5=Atsuko|last6=Leyton|first6=Marco|last7=Dagher|first7=Alain|last8=Mišić|first8=Bratislav|title=Dopamine Signaling Modulates the Stability and Integration of Intrinsic Brain Networks|journal=Cerebral Cortex|date=2018-10-01|volume=29|issue=1|pages=397–409|doi=10.1093/cercor/bhy264|pmid=30357316|pmc=6294404 }}</ref><ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=Stephen K.|last2=Aboud|first2=Katherine S.|last3=Nguyen|first3=Tin Q.|last4=Cutting|first4=Laurie E.|title=Applying a network framework to the neurobiology of reading and dyslexia|journal=Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders|date=13 December 2018|volume=10|issue=1|page=37|doi=10.1186/s11689-018-9251-z|pmid=30541433|pmc=6291929 }}</ref>

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= = = 默认模式(Medial frontoparietal) = = =

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=<nowiki>= = 默认模式(Medial frontoparietal) = =</nowiki>=

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* 默认模式网络在个人清醒和休息时处于活动状态。当个体专注于面向内部的任务时，比如做白日梦、展望未来、回忆和心理理论，它就会优先激活。它与专注于外部视觉信号的大脑系统负相关。它是研究最广泛的网络。

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*默认模式网络在个人清醒和休息时处于活动状态。当个体专注于面向内部的任务时，比如做白日梦、展望未来、回忆和心理理论，它就会优先激活。它与专注于外部视觉信号的大脑系统负相关。它是研究最广泛的网络。

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=== Salience (Midcingulo-Insular) ===

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===Salience (Midcingulo-Insular) ===

*The salience network consists of several structures, including the anterior (bilateral) insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and three subcortical structures which are the ventral striatum, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Steimke|first1=Rosa|last2=Nomi|first2=Jason S.|last3=Calhoun|first3=Vince D.|last4=Stelzel|first4=Christine|last5=Paschke|first5=Lena M.|last6=Gaschler|first6=Robert|last7=Goschke|first7=Thomas|last8=Walter|first8=Henrik|last9=Uddin|first9=Lucina Q.|date=2017-12-01|title=Salience network dynamics underlying successful resistance of temptation|journal=Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience|language=en|volume=12|issue=12|pages=1928–1939|doi=10.1093/scan/nsx123|pmid=29048582|pmc=5716209|issn=1749-5016|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Menon|first=V.|title=Brain Mapping|chapter=Salience Network|date=2015-01-01|chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012397025100052X|pages=597–611|editor-last=Toga|editor-first=Arthur W.|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-397316-0|access-date=2019-12-08|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00052-X}}</ref> It plays the key role of monitoring the [[Salience (neuroscience)|salience]] of external inputs and internal brain events.<ref name="Riedl" /><ref name="Bressler" /><ref name="Bassett" /><ref name="Yuan" /><ref name="Heine" /><ref name="Yeo" /><ref name="Shafiei" /> Specifically, it aids in directing attention by identifying important biological and cognitive events.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Bailey" />

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突显网络由前(双)岛、前扣带回皮层和腹侧纹状体、黑质/腹侧被盖区3个皮层下结构组成。它起着监测外部输入和内部脑事件的显著性的关键作用。具体来说，它通过识别重要的生物学和认知事件来帮助引导注意力。

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* 这个网络包括腹侧注意网络，主要包括右半球的颞顶联合区和腹侧额叶皮层。当行为相关的刺激意外发生时，这些区域会做出反应。腹侧注意网络在使用自上而下加工的集中注意过程中被抑制，例如在视觉搜索某物时。这种反应可以防止目标驱动的注意力被非相关的刺激分散。当找到目标或关于目标的相关信息时，它再次激活。

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*这个网络包括腹侧注意网络，主要包括右半球的颞顶联合区和腹侧额叶皮层。当行为相关的刺激意外发生时，这些区域会做出反应。腹侧注意网络在使用自上而下加工的集中注意过程中被抑制，例如在视觉搜索某物时。这种反应可以防止目标驱动的注意力被非相关的刺激分散。当找到目标或关于目标的相关信息时，它再次激活。

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=== Attention (Dorsal frontoparietal) ===

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===Attention (Dorsal frontoparietal) ===

*This network is involved in the voluntary, top-down deployment of attention.<ref name="Riedl" /><ref name="Yuan" /><ref name="Bell" /><ref name="Yeo" /><ref name="Shafiei" /><ref name="Vossel">{{cite journal|last1=Vossel|first1=Simone|last2=Geng|first2=Joy J.|last3=Fink|first3=Gereon R.|title=Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems: Distinct Neural Circuits but Collaborative Roles|journal=The Neuroscientist|date=2014|volume=20|issue=2|pages=150–159|doi=10.1177/1073858413494269|pmid=23835449|pmc=4107817}}</ref><ref name="Hutton">{{cite journal|last1=Hutton|first1=John S.|last2=Dudley|first2=Jonathan|last3=Horowitz-Kraus|first3=Tzipi|last4=DeWitt|first4=Tom|last5=Holland|first5=Scott K.|title=Functional Connectivity of Attention, Visual, and Language Networks During Audio, Illustrated, and Animated Stories in Preschool-Age Children|journal=Brain Connectivity|date=1 September 2019|volume=9|issue=7|pages=580–592|doi=10.1089/brain.2019.0679|pmid=31144523|pmc=6775495|ref=Hutton}}</ref> Within the dorsal attention network, the intraparietal sulcus and frontal eye fields influence the visual areas of the brain. These influencing factors allow for the orientation of attention.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Michael D.|last2=Corbetta|first2=Maurizio|last3=Snyder|first3=Abraham Z.|last4=Vincent|first4=Justin L.|last5=Raichle|first5=Marcus E.|date=2006-06-27|title=Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=103|issue=26|pages=10046–10051|doi=10.1073/pnas.0604187103|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16788060|pmc=1480402|bibcode=2006PNAS..10310046F|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Vossel" /><ref name="Bailey" />

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*This network is involved in the voluntary, top-down deployment of attention. Within the dorsal attention network, the intraparietal sulcus and frontal eye fields influence the visual areas of the brain. These influencing factors allow for the orientation of attention.

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= = = 注意力(背侧额顶骨) = = =

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=<nowiki>= = 注意力(背侧额顶骨) = =</nowiki>=

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* 这个网络参与了自发的、自上而下的注意力分配。在背侧注意网络中，顶内沟和额眼影响大脑的视觉区域。这些影响因素决定了注意力的方向。

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*这个网络参与了自发的、自上而下的注意力分配。在背侧注意网络中，顶内沟和额眼影响大脑的视觉区域。这些影响因素决定了注意力的方向。

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=== Control (Lateral frontoparietal) ===

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===Control (Lateral frontoparietal)===

*This network initiates and modulates cognitive control and comprises 18 sub-regions of the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scolari|first1=Miranda|last2=Seidl-Rathkopf|first2=Katharina N|last3=Kastner|first3=Sabine|date=2015-02-01|title=Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging|journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences|series=Cognitive control|volume=1|pages=32–39|doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.003|issn=2352-1546|pmid=27398396|pmc=4936532}}</ref> There is a strong correlation between fluid intelligence and the involvement of the fronto-parietal network with other networks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marek|first1=Scott|last2=Dosenbach|first2=Nico U. F.|date=June 2018|title=The frontoparietal network: function, electrophysiology, and importance of individual precision mapping|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=20|issue=2|pages=133–140|doi=10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.2/smarek|issn=1294-8322|pmc=6136121|pmid=30250390}}</ref>

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*This network initiates and modulates cognitive control and comprises 18 sub-regions of the brain. There is a strong correlation between fluid intelligence and the involvement of the fronto-parietal network with other networks.

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= = = 控制(侧额顶骨) = = =

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=<nowiki>= = 控制(侧额顶骨) = =</nowiki>=

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* 这个网络启动和调节认知控制，包括大脑的18个亚区。在流体智力和额顶网络与其他网络的参与之间有很强的相关性。

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*这个网络启动和调节认知控制，包括大脑的18个亚区。在流体智力和额顶网络与其他网络的参与之间有很强的相关性。

*Versions of this network have also been called the central executive (or executive control) network and the cognitive control network.<ref name="Uddin2019" />

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* 这种网络的版本也被称为中央执行(或执行控制)网络和认知控制网络。

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*这种网络的版本也被称为中央执行(或执行控制)网络和认知控制网络。

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=== Sensorimotor or Somatomotor (Pericentral) ===

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===Sensorimotor or Somatomotor (Pericentral)===

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*This network processes somatosensory information and coordinates motion.<ref name=Heine /><ref name=Yeo /><ref name =Shafiei /><ref name=Bassett /><ref name=Yuan /> The [[auditory cortex]] may be included.<ref name="Uddin2019" /><ref name=Yeo />

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*This network processes somatosensory information and coordinates motion.<ref name="Heine" /><ref name="Yeo" /><ref name="Shafiei" /><ref name="Bassett" /><ref name="Yuan" /> The [[auditory cortex]] may be included.<ref name="Uddin2019" /><ref name="Yeo" />

*This network processes somatosensory information and coordinates motion. The auditory cortex may be included.

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=== Sensorimotor or Somatomotor (Pericentral) ===

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===Sensorimotor or Somatomotor (Pericentral)===

*This network processes somatosensory information and coordinates motion.听觉皮层可能也包括在内。

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=== Visual (Occipital) ===

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===Visual (Occipital)===

*This network handles visual information processing.<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Yan-li|last2=Deng|first2=Hong-xia|last3=Xing|first3=Gui-yang|last4=Xia|first4=Xiao-luan|last5=Li|first5=Hai-fang|title=Brain functional network connectivity based on a visual task: visual information processing-related brain regions are significantly activated in the task state|journal=Neural Regeneration Research|date=2015|volume=10|issue=2|pages=298–307|doi=10.4103/1673-5374.152386|pmid=25883631|pmc=4392680 }}</ref>

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= = = = = = = = = = = = = 这个网络处理视觉信息。

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== Other networks ==

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==Other networks==

Different methods and data have identified several other brain networks, many of which greatly overlap or are subsets of more well-characterized core networks.<ref name="Uddin2019" />

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* Limbic<ref name=Bassett /><ref name=Yeo /><ref name="Bailey" />

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*Limbic<ref name="Bassett" /><ref name="Yeo" /><ref name="Bailey" />

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* Auditory<ref name=Yuan /><ref name=Heine />

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*Auditory<ref name="Yuan" /><ref name="Heine" />

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* Right/left executive<ref name=Yuan /><ref name=Heine />

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*Right/left executive<ref name="Yuan" /><ref name="Heine" />

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* Cerebellar<ref name=Bell /><ref name=Heine />

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*Cerebellar<ref name="Bell" /><ref name="Heine" />

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* Spatial attention<ref name= Riedl /><ref name=Bressler />

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*Spatial attention<ref name="Riedl" /><ref name="Bressler" />

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* Language<ref name=Bressler /><ref name =Hutton />

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*Language<ref name="Bressler" /><ref name="Hutton" />

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* Lateral visual<ref name="Yuan" /><ref name="Bell" /><ref name="Heine" />

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*Lateral visual<ref name="Yuan" /><ref name="Bell" /><ref name="Heine" />

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* Temporal<ref name=Yeo /><ref name =Shafiei />

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*Temporal<ref name="Yeo" /><ref name="Shafiei" />

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* Visual perception/imagery<ref name =Hutton />

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*Visual perception/imagery<ref name="Hutton" />

Different methods and data have identified several other brain networks, many of which greatly overlap or are subsets of more well-characterized core networks.

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* Limbic

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*Limbic

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* Auditory

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*Auditory

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* Right/left executive

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*Right/left executive

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* Cerebellar

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*Cerebellar

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* Spatial attention

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*Spatial attention

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* Language

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*Language

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* Lateral visual

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*Lateral visual

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* Temporal

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*Temporal

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* Visual perception/imagery

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*Visual perception/imagery

其他网络不同的方法和数据已经确定了其他几个大脑网络，其中许多网络极大地重叠或者是更具特色的核心网络的子集。

−

* 边缘

+

*边缘

−

* 听觉

+

*听觉

−

* 右/左执行

+

*右/左执行

−

* 小脑

+

* 小脑

−

* 空间注意

+

* 空间注意

−

* 语言

+

*语言

−

* 外侧视觉

+

* 外侧视觉

−

* 颞视知觉/图像

+

*颞视知觉/图像

==See also==

第148行：第148行：

*Neural network

−

= = = = =

+

=<nowiki>= = =</nowiki>=

−

* 复杂网络

+

*复杂网络

−

*

+

*

−

* 神经网络

+

*神经网络

−

*

+

*

==References==

Shenky20

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