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第424行： − '''<big>11 Reflections, Elaborations, and Discussions with Readers 331</big>'''+ −
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== 目录与概要 ==
== 目录与概要 ==
=== '''<big>1 概率、图和因果模型介绍 Introduction to Probabilities, Graphs, and Causal Models 1</big>''' ===
=== 1 概率、图和因果模型介绍 Introduction to Probabilities, Graphs, and Causal Models 1 ===
'''1.1 概率论介绍 Introduction to Probability Theory 1'''
'''1.1 概率论介绍 Introduction to Probability Theory 1'''
'''1.5 Causal versus Statistical Terminology 38'''
'''1.5 Causal versus Statistical Terminology 38'''
=== 2 推断因果理论 A Theory of Inferred Causation 41 ===
'''2.1 介绍—基本的直觉 Introduction – The Basic Intuitions 42'''
'''2.1 介绍—基本的直觉 Introduction – The Basic Intuitions 42'''
2.9.1 On Minimality, Markov, and Stability 61
2.9.1 On Minimality, Markov, and Stability 61
=== 3 Causal Diagrams and the Identification of Causal Effects 65 ===
'''3.1 Introduction 66'''
'''3.1 Introduction 66'''
3.6.4 Relations to Robins’s G-Estimation 102
3.6.4 Relations to Robins’s G-Estimation 102
=== 4 Actions, Plans, and Direct Effects 107 ===
'''4.1 Introduction 108'''
'''4.1 Introduction 108'''
4.5.5 Indirect Effects and the Mediation Formula 132
4.5.5 Indirect Effects and the Mediation Formula 132
=== 5 Causality and Structural Models in Social Science and Economics 133 ===
'''5.1 Introduction 134'''
'''5.1 Introduction 134'''
5.6.3 Robustness of Causal Claims 172
5.6.3 Robustness of Causal Claims 172
=== 6 Simpson’s Paradox, Confounding, and Collapsibility 173 ===
'''6.1 Simpson’s Paradox: An Anatomy 174'''
'''6.1 Simpson’s Paradox: An Anatomy 174'''
'''6.6 Conclusions 199'''
'''6.6 Conclusions 199'''
=== 7 The Logic of Structure-Based Counterfactuals 201 ===
'''7.1 Structural Model Semantics 202'''
'''7.1 Structural Model Semantics 202'''
7.5.5 Summary 256
7.5.5 Summary 256
=== 8 Imperfect Experiments: Bounding Effects and Counterfactuals 259 ===
'''8.1 Introduction 259'''
'''8.1 Introduction 259'''
'''8.6 Conclusion 281'''
'''8.6 Conclusion 281'''
=== 9 Probability of Causation: Interpretation and Identification 283 ===
'''9.1 Introduction 283'''
'''9.1 Introduction 283'''
'''9.5 Conclusions 307'''
'''9.5 Conclusions 307'''
=== 10 The Actual Cause 309 ===
'''10.1 Introduction: The Insufficiency of Necessary Causation 309'''
'''10.1 Introduction: The Insufficiency of Necessary Causation 309'''
'''10.4 Conclusions 327'''
'''10.4 Conclusions 327'''
=== 11 Reflections, Elaborations, and Discussions with Readers 331 ===
'''11.1 Causal, Statistical, and Graphical Vocabulary 331'''
'''11.1 Causal, Statistical, and Graphical Vocabulary 331'''