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如果可以认为宇宙总体上具有熵的增加，那么正如[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose 罗杰·彭罗斯 Roger Penrose]所指出的那样，重力在该过程中起着重要作用，因为重力会使分散的物质积聚成恒星，最终坍塌成黑洞。黑洞的熵与黑洞的[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizon 事件视界]的表面积成正比。<ref>{{Cite book|last=von Baeyer|first=Christian, H.|title=Information–the New Language of Science|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01387-2|url=https://archive.org/details/informationnewla00vonb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Srednicki M|title=Entropy and area|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=71|issue=5|pages=666–669|date=August 1993|pmid=10055336|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.666 |bibcode=1993PhRvL..71..666S |arxiv=hep-th/9303048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway DJE|title=Surface tension, hydrophobicity, and black holes: The entropic connection|journal=Phys. Rev. E|volume=53|issue=4|pages=3738–3744|date=April 1996|pmid=9964684|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevE.53.3738 |arxiv=cond-mat/9601111|bibcode=1996PhRvE..53.3738C}}</ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein 雅各布·贝肯斯坦 acob David Bekenstein]和[[史蒂芬·霍金 Stephen Hawking]]证明了在任何大小相等的物体中，黑洞具有最大的熵。如果它们是完全有效的物质和能量陷阱，则它们可能是所有熵增加过程的终点。<ref>{{cite book|first1=T.K.|last1=Sarkar|first2=M.|last2=Salazar-Palma|first3=Eric L.|last3=Mokole|date=2008|chapter=A Look at the Concept of Channel Capacity from a Maxwellian Viewpoint|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=chfvTMRsv38C&pg=PA162 |title= Physics of Multiantenna Systems & Broadband Processing |page=162|isbn=978-0470190401|publisher=Wiley|accessdate= 2019-08-31}}</ref> 然而，由于量子活性，能量可能会从黑洞中逸出（见[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation 霍金辐射]）。

如果可以认为宇宙总体上具有熵的增加，那么正如[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose 罗杰·彭罗斯 Roger Penrose]所指出的那样，重力在该过程中起着重要作用，因为重力会使分散的物质积聚成恒星，最终坍塌成黑洞。黑洞的熵与黑洞的[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizon 事件视界]的表面积成正比。<ref>{{Cite book|last=von Baeyer|first=Christian, H.|title=Information–the New Language of Science|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01387-2|url=https://archive.org/details/informationnewla00vonb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Srednicki M|title=Entropy and area|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=71|issue=5|pages=666–669|date=August 1993|pmid=10055336|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.666 |bibcode=1993PhRvL..71..666S |arxiv=hep-th/9303048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway DJE|title=Surface tension, hydrophobicity, and black holes: The entropic connection|journal=Phys. Rev. E|volume=53|issue=4|pages=3738–3744|date=April 1996|pmid=9964684|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevE.53.3738 |arxiv=cond-mat/9601111|bibcode=1996PhRvE..53.3738C}}</ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein 雅各布·贝肯斯坦 acob David Bekenstein]和[[史蒂芬·霍金 Stephen Hawking]]证明了在任何大小相等的物体中，黑洞具有最大的熵。如果它们是完全有效的物质和能量陷阱，则它们可能是所有熵增加过程的终点。<ref>{{cite book|first1=T.K.|last1=Sarkar|first2=M.|last2=Salazar-Palma|first3=Eric L.|last3=Mokole|date=2008|chapter=A Look at the Concept of Channel Capacity from a Maxwellian Viewpoint|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=chfvTMRsv38C&pg=PA162 |title= Physics of Multiantenna Systems & Broadband Processing |page=162|isbn=978-0470190401|publisher=Wiley|accessdate= 2019-08-31}}</ref> 然而，由于量子活性，能量可能会从黑洞中逸出（见[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation 霍金辐射]）。

自[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann Ludwig Boltzmann]时代以来，熵在宇宙学中的作用仍然是一个有争议的话题。最近的工作使人们对热寂假说以及任何简单的热力学模型在宇宙的普遍适用性产生了怀疑。尽管在扩展的宇宙模型中熵确实增加了，但最大可能的熵却增长得更快，随着时间的推移，使宇宙离热寂的距离越来越远，而不是越来越近。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Layzer|first=David|title=Growth of Order in the Universe|publisher=MIT Press|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaisson|first=Eric J.|title=Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-674-00342-2|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicevolutionr00chai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Lineweaver|editor-first1=Charles H.|editor-last2=Davies|editor-first2=Paul C. W.|editor-last3=Ruse|editor-first3=Michael|title=Complexity and the Arrow of Time|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-02725-1}}</ref> 这导致“熵间隙”，使系统进一步远离假定的热死平衡。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stenger|first=Victor J.|title=God: The Failed Hypothesis|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-59102-481-1}}</ref>其他复杂因素，例如真空的能量密度和宏观量子这种效应很难与热力学模型相吻合，因此热力学对大型系统的任何预测都极为困难。<ref>{{Cite book|author=Benjamin Gal-Or|title=Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy|publisher=Springer Verlag|year=1987|isbn=978-0-387-96526-0}}</ref>

自[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann Ludwig Boltzmann]时代以来，熵在宇宙学中的作用仍然是一个有争议的话题。最近的工作使人们对热寂假说以及任何简单的热力学模型在宇宙的普遍适用性产生了怀疑。尽管在扩展的宇宙模型中熵确实增加了，但最大可能的熵却增长得更快，随着时间的推移，使宇宙离热寂的距离越来越远，而不是越来越近。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Layzer|first=David|title=Growth of Order in the Universe|publisher=MIT Press|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaisson|first=Eric J.|title=Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-674-00342-2|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicevolutionr00chai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor1=Lineweaver Charles H.|editor2=Davies Paul C. W.|editor3= Ruse Michael|title=Complexity and the Arrow of Time|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-02725-1}}</ref> 这导致“熵间隙”，使系统进一步远离假定的热死平衡。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stenger|first=Victor J.|title=God: The Failed Hypothesis|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-59102-481-1}}</ref>其他复杂因素，例如真空的能量密度和宏观量子这种效应很难与热力学模型相吻合，因此热力学对大型系统的任何预测都极为困难。<ref>{{Cite book|author=Benjamin Gal-Or|title=Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy|publisher=Springer Verlag|year=1987|isbn=978-0-387-96526-0}}</ref>

当前的理论表明，熵间隙最初是由宇宙的早期快速[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology) 指数膨胀]所打开的。<ref name="Albrecht">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Albrecht|first=Andreas|editor-last=Barrow|editor-first=John D.|editor-last2=Davies|editor-first2=Paul C.W.|editor-last3=Harper |editor-first3=Charles L. Jr.|encyclopedia=Science and Ultimate Reality: From Quantum to Cosmos|title=Cosmic inflation and the arrow of time|url=https://arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0210/0210527.pdf|access-date=28 June 2017|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|arxiv=astro-ph/0210527|postscript=none|bibcode=2002astro.ph.10527A}} (in honor of John

当前的理论表明，熵间隙最初是由宇宙的早期快速[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology) 指数膨胀]所打开的。<ref name="Albrecht">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Albrecht|first=Andreas|editor-last=Barrow|editor-first=John D.|editor-last2=Davies|editor-first2=Paul C.W.|editor-last3=Harper |editor-first3=Charles L. Jr.|encyclopedia=Science and Ultimate Reality: From Quantum to Cosmos|title=Cosmic inflation and the arrow of time|url=https://arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0210/0210527.pdf|access-date=28 June 2017|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|arxiv=astro-ph/0210527|postscript=none|bibcode=2002astro.ph.10527A}} (in honor of John