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The same applies to herbivores, animals that eat plants, and the plants that they eat.  Paul R. Ehrlich and Peter H. Raven in 1964 proposed the theory of escape and radiate coevolution to describe the evolutionary diversification of plants and butterflies. In the Rocky Mountains, red squirrels and crossbills (seed-eating birds) compete for seeds of the lodgepole pine. The squirrels get at pine seeds by gnawing through the cone scales, whereas the crossbills get at the seeds by extracting them with their unusual crossed mandibles. In areas where there are squirrels, the lodgepole's cones are heavier, and have fewer seeds and thinner scales, making it more difficult for squirrels to get at the seeds. Conversely, where there are crossbills but no squirrels, the cones are lighter in construction, but have thicker scales, making it more difficult for crossbills to get at the seeds. The lodgepole's cones are in an evolutionary arms race with the two kinds of herbivore. and the two following pages of the web article.

The same applies to herbivores, animals that eat plants, and the plants that they eat.  Paul R. Ehrlich and Peter H. Raven in 1964 proposed the theory of escape and radiate coevolution to describe the evolutionary diversification of plants and butterflies. In the Rocky Mountains, red squirrels and crossbills (seed-eating birds) compete for seeds of the lodgepole pine. The squirrels get at pine seeds by gnawing through the cone scales, whereas the crossbills get at the seeds by extracting them with their unusual crossed mandibles. In areas where there are squirrels, the lodgepole's cones are heavier, and have fewer seeds and thinner scales, making it more difficult for squirrels to get at the seeds. Conversely, where there are crossbills but no squirrels, the cones are lighter in construction, but have thicker scales, making it more difficult for crossbills to get at the seeds. The lodgepole's cones are in an evolutionary arms race with the two kinds of herbivore. and the two following pages of the web article.

这同样适用于草食动物、植食动物，以及它们吃的植物。1964年，保罗·R·欧里希和彼得·R·瑞文提出了逃逸和辐射的共同演化理论来描述植物和蝴蝶的进化多样性。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |author1-link=Paul R. Ehrlich |last2=Raven |first2=Peter H. |author2-link= Peter H. Raven |year=1964 |title=Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution |journal=Evolution |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=586–608 |doi=10.2307/2406212 |jstor=2406212}}</ref>在落基山脉，红松鼠和斑鸠（食种子的鸟）争夺海滩松的种子。松鼠通过啃咬松果鳞片来获取松子，而斑鸠则通过它们不寻常的交叉下颚来获取松子。在有松鼠的地方，海滩松的球果更重、种子更少、鳞片更薄，这使得松鼠更难获得种子。相反，如果有斑鸠，但没有松鼠，球果的结构较轻，但有较厚的鳞片，使交喙更难以获得种子。海滩上的锥形细胞与这两种食草动物进行着一场进化中的军备竞赛，在接下来的两个段落中也是这样。<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=Coevolution |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_33 |publisher=University of California Berkeley |access-date=17 January 2017}} and the two following pages of the web article.</ref>

这同样适用于草食动物、植食动物，以及它们吃的植物。1964年，保罗·R·欧里希和彼得·R·瑞文提出了逃逸和辐射的共同演化理论来描述植物和蝴蝶的进化多样性。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |author1-link=Paul R. Ehrlich |last2=Raven |first2=Peter H. |author2-link= Peter H. Raven |year=1964 |title=Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution |journal=Evolution |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=586–608 |doi=10.2307/2406212 |jstor=2406212}}</ref>在落基山脉，红松鼠和斑鸠（食种子的鸟）争夺海滩松的种子。松鼠通过啃咬松果鳞片来获取松子，而斑鸠则通过它们不寻常的交叉下颚来获取松子。在有松鼠的地方，海滩松的球果更重、种子更少、鳞片更薄，这使得松鼠更加难以获取种子。相反，如果有斑鸠而没有松鼠，球果的结构会较轻，但有较厚的鳞片，从而就导致交喙更难获取种子。海滩上的锥形细胞与这两种食草动物进行着一场进化中的军备竞赛，在接下来的两个段落中也是这样。<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=Coevolution |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_33 |publisher=University of California Berkeley |access-date=17 January 2017}} and the two following pages of the web article.</ref>

[[File:Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[性冲突]]已经在''[[Drosophila melanogaster|黑腹果蝇]]''（shown mating, male on right）的案例当中被研究|链接=Special:FilePath/Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg]]

[[File:Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[性冲突]]已经在''[[Drosophila melanogaster|黑腹果蝇]]''（shown mating, male on right）的案例当中被研究|链接=Special:FilePath/Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg]]