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树突（源于希腊语 δνδρν déndron，树的意思），是神经细胞的分枝状的原生质延伸，对其他神经细胞传递的电化学刺激传播到该细胞的胞体。电刺激信号由上游神经元（通常通过其轴突）经树突分支各处的突触传递到树突上。树突在整合这些突触输入以及决定神经元动作电位发生起着关键作用<ref name="urbanska" />。树突分枝形成，是个多步骤的生物过程，藉此神经元形成新的树突分支和分叉，以创建新突触<ref name="urbanska" />。树突的形态如分支密度和分组模式与神经元的功能密切相关。树突畸形也与神经系统功能损伤有很高关联。与树突畸形有关的疾病包括自闭症、抑郁症、精神分裂症、唐氏综合症和焦虑症。

树突（源于希腊语 δνδρν déndron，树的意思），是神经细胞的分枝状的原生质延伸，对其他神经细胞传递的电化学刺激传播到该细胞的胞体。电刺激信号由上游神经元（通常通过其轴突）经树突分支各处的突触传递到树突上。树突在整合这些突触输入以及决定神经元动作电位发生起着关键作用<ref name="urbanska" />。树突分枝形成，是个多步骤的生物过程，藉此神经元形成新的树突分支和分叉，以创建新突触<ref name="urbanska" />。树突的形态如分支密度和分组模式与神经元的功能密切相关。树突畸形也与神经系统功能损伤有很高关联。与树突畸形有关的疾病包括自闭症、抑郁症、精神分裂症、唐氏综合症和焦虑症。

 

Certain classes of dendrites contain small projections referred to as dendritic spines that increase receptive properties of dendrites to isolate signal specificity. Increased neural activity and the establishment of long-term potentiation at dendritic spines change the sizes, shape, and conduction. This ability for dendritic growth is thought to play a role in learning and memory formation. There can be as many as 15,000 spines per cell, each of which serves as a postsynaptic process for individual presynaptic axons. Dendritic branching can be extensive and in some cases is sufficient to receive as many as 100,000 inputs to a single neuron. Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being an axon. Axons can be distinguished from dendrites by several features including shape, length, and function. Dendrites often taper off in shape and are shorter, while axons tend to maintain a constant radius and be relatively long. Typically, axons transmit electrochemical signals and dendrites receive the electrochemical signals, although some types of neurons in certain species lack axons and simply transmit signals via their dendrites. Dendrites provide an enlarged surface area to receive signals from the terminal buttons of other axons, and the axon also commonly divides at its far end into many branches (telodendria) each of which ends in a nerve terminal, allowing a chemical signal to pass simultaneously to many target cells.  

Certain classes of dendrites contain small projections referred to as dendritic spines that increase receptive properties of dendrites to isolate signal specificity. Increased neural activity and the establishment of long-term potentiation at dendritic spines change the sizes, shape, and conduction. This ability for dendritic growth is thought to play a role in learning and memory formation. There can be as many as 15,000 spines per cell, each of which serves as a postsynaptic process for individual presynaptic axons. Dendritic branching can be extensive and in some cases is sufficient to receive as many as 100,000 inputs to a single neuron. Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being an axon. Axons can be distinguished from dendrites by several features including shape, length, and function. Dendrites often taper off in shape and are shorter, while axons tend to maintain a constant radius and be relatively long. Typically, axons transmit electrochemical signals and dendrites receive the electrochemical signals, although some types of neurons in certain species lack axons and simply transmit signals via their dendrites. Dendrites provide an enlarged surface area to receive signals from the terminal buttons of other axons, and the axon also commonly divides at its far end into many branches (telodendria) each of which ends in a nerve terminal, allowing a chemical signal to pass simultaneously to many target cells.