更改

更复杂的双稳性系统 <math>\frac{dy}{dt} = y (r-y^2)</math> 具有超临界的'''叉分岔pitchfork bifurcation'''现象。

更复杂的双稳性系统 <math>\frac{dy}{dt} = y (r-y^2)</math> 具有超临界的'''叉分岔 pitchfork bifurcation'''现象。

'''稳定机制'''（比如额外的激活子 activator和抑制子 inhibitor）能够提升系统的[[鲁棒性]]，使系统能够容忍更剧烈的生化参数变化，保持“开关”特性。例如，在细胞生物学中， CDK1(Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1)激活 Cdc25（激活子activator），同时使 Wee1（inactivator）失活，让细胞进入有丝分裂。如果没有这种双重反馈，系统仍然是双稳态的，但是不能容忍如此广泛的浓度范围。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ferrell JE Jr.|title=Feedback regulation of opposing enzymes generates robust, all-or-none bistable responses|journal=Current Biology|year=2008|volume=18|issue=6|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.035|pages=R244–R245|pmid=18364225|pmc=2832910}}</ref>双稳态在'''黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster'''的胚胎发育中也被描述过，例如'''前后轴anterior-posterior axis'''和'''背腹轴dorso-ventral axis'''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yu-Chiun|author2=Ferguson, Edwin L.|title=Spatial bistability of Dpp–receptor interactions during Drosophila dorsal–ventral patterning|journal=Nature|date=10 March 2005|volume=434|issue=7030|pages=229–234|doi=10.1038/nature03318|pmid=15759004|bibcode=2005Natur.434..229W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Umulis|first=D. M. |author2=Mihaela Serpe |author3=Michael B. O’Connor |author4=Hans G. Othmer|title=Robust, bistable patterning of the dorsal surface of the Drosophila embryo|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=1 August 2006|volume=103|issue=31|pages=11613–11618|doi=10.1073/pnas.0510398103 |pmid=16864795 |pmc=1544218|bibcode=2006PNAS..10311613U |doi-access=free }}</ref>的形成与眼睛的发育。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=T. G. W.|author2=Tabei, S. M. A.|author3=Dinner, A. R.|author4=Rebay, I.|title=Modeling bistable cell-fate choices in the Drosophila eye: qualitative and quantitative perspectives|journal=Development|date=22 June 2010|volume=137|issue=14|pages=2265–2278|doi=10.1242/dev.044826|pmid=20570936|pmc=2889600}}</ref>

'''稳定机制'''（比如额外的激活子 activator和抑制子 inhibitor）能够提升系统的[[鲁棒性]]，使系统能够容忍更剧烈的生化参数变化，保持“开关”特性。例如，在细胞生物学中， CDK1(Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1)激活 Cdc25（激活子activator），同时使 Wee1（inactivator）失活，让细胞进入有丝分裂。如果没有这种双重反馈，系统仍然是双稳态的，但是不能容忍如此广泛的浓度范围。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ferrell JE Jr.|title=Feedback regulation of opposing enzymes generates robust, all-or-none bistable responses|journal=Current Biology|year=2008|volume=18|issue=6|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.035|pages=R244–R245|pmid=18364225|pmc=2832910}}</ref>双稳态在黑腹果蝇的胚胎发育中也被描述过，例如'''前后轴 anterior-posterior axis'''和'''背腹轴 dorso-ventral axis'''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yu-Chiun|author2=Ferguson, Edwin L.|title=Spatial bistability of Dpp–receptor interactions during Drosophila dorsal–ventral patterning|journal=Nature|date=10 March 2005|volume=434|issue=7030|pages=229–234|doi=10.1038/nature03318|pmid=15759004|bibcode=2005Natur.434..229W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Umulis|first=D. M. |author2=Mihaela Serpe |author3=Michael B. O’Connor |author4=Hans G. Othmer|title=Robust, bistable patterning of the dorsal surface of the Drosophila embryo|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=1 August 2006|volume=103|issue=31|pages=11613–11618|doi=10.1073/pnas.0510398103 |pmid=16864795 |pmc=1544218|bibcode=2006PNAS..10311613U |doi-access=free }}</ref>的形成与眼睛的发育。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=T. G. W.|author2=Tabei, S. M. A.|author3=Dinner, A. R.|author4=Rebay, I.|title=Modeling bistable cell-fate choices in the Drosophila eye: qualitative and quantitative perspectives|journal=Development|date=22 June 2010|volume=137|issue=14|pages=2265–2278|doi=10.1242/dev.044826|pmid=20570936|pmc=2889600}}</ref>