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（3）巨正则系综（grand canonical ensemble）：是正则系综的推广，各体系可以和外界环境交换能量和粒子，但系综内各个体系有相同的温度和化学势<ref name="gibbs"/>。
（3）巨正则系综（grand canonical ensemble）：是正则系综的推广，各体系可以和外界环境交换能量和粒子，但系综内各个体系有相同的温度和化学势<ref name="gibbs"/>。
<ref group=note>In some cases the overcounting error is benign. An example is the [[Charts on SO(3)|choice of coordinate system used for representing orientations of three-dimensional objects]]. A simple encoding is the [[3-sphere]] (e. g., unit [[quaternion]]s) which is a [[double covering group|double cover]]—each physical orientation can be encoded in two ways. If this encoding is used without correcting the overcounting, then the entropy will be higher by {{math|''k'' log 2}} per rotatable object and the chemical potential lower by {{math|''kT'' log 2}}. This does not actually lead to any observable error since it only causes unobservable offsets.</ref>
== 相变 ==
== 相变 ==