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[[文件:CI types1s 2.jpg|400px|thumb|right|集体智能的类型]]
 
[[文件:CI types1s 2.jpg|400px|thumb|right|集体智能的类型]]
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# 软硬件；
 
# 软硬件；
 
# 专家（具有最新见解且公认权威的专家）
 
# 专家（具有最新见解且公认权威的专家）
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通过不断从反馈中学习并产生实时性知识，这三个要素的<font color="#ff8000"> 协同</font>增效作用比它们单独采取行动来说，做出的决策会更好<ref name="Suran2020">{{cite journal |last1=Suran |first1=Shweta |last2=Pattanaik |first2=Vishwajeet |last3=Draheim |first3=Dirk |title=Frameworks for Collective Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |date=5 February 2020 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=14:1–14:36 |doi=10.1145/3368986|s2cid=211040820 }}</ref><ref>Glenn, Jerome C. Collective Intelligence&nbsp;– One of the Next Big Things, Futura 4/2009, Finnish Society for Futures Studies, Helsinki, Finland</ref>；或更狭义地讲，这是人与信息处理方式之间的一种<font color="#ff8000">涌现特性<ref>Glenn, Jerome C. Chapter 5, 2008 State of the Future. The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2008</ref></font>。诺曼·李·约翰逊  Norman Lee Johnson将这种集体智能的概念称为<font color="#ff8000"> 共生智能 symbiotic intelligence<ref>Norman Lee Johnson, [http://CollectiveScience.com Collective Science site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006221737/http://collectivescience.com/ |date=6 October 2011 }}</ref></font>。该概念用于社会学，商业，计算机科学和大众传播学：当然，它也出现在科幻小说中。皮埃尔·列维 Pierre Lévy给出了集体智能另一个定义：“它是一种普遍的分布式智慧，通过不断增强和实时合作来有效地调动技能。我将在此定义中添加以下必不可少的特征：集体智能的基本原则和目标是相互认可并实现个体自身的丰富，而不是什么拜物主义或者原质主义的邪教团体。”<ref>{{Cite book|last=Levy|first=Pierre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPNGswEACAAJ|title=Collective Intelligence|date=1999-12-10|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7382-0261-7|pages=14|language=en|oclc=249995946}}</ref>根据研究人员ierre Lévy和德里克·德·科克霍夫Derrick de Kerckhove的说法，它指的是网络<font color="#ff8000"> ICTs</font>（信息通信技术Information communication technologies）通过扩大人类互动范围来增强社会知识群体的能力。一个更广泛的定义是由 Geoff Mulgan 在一系列讲座和报告中提出的，从2006年开始，在阿德莱德系列讲座‘关于集体智慧和 http://www.thinkers.sa.gov.au/images/mulgan_final_report.pdf 的集体智慧’和在《 Big Mind Mulgan，Geoff Big Mind: How Collective Intelligence can Change our World 》一书中提出了一个分析任何思维系统的框架，包括人类和机器智能，在功能元素方面(观察，预测，创造力，判断等)。)、学习循环和组织形式。其目的是提供一种方法来诊断和改善一个城市、商业、非政府组织或议会的集体智慧。
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通过不断从反馈中学习并产生实时性知识，这三个要素的<font color="#ff8000"> 协同</font>增效作用比它们单独采取行动来说，做出的决策会更好<ref name="Suran2020">{{cite journal |last1=Suran |first1=Shweta |last2=Pattanaik |first2=Vishwajeet |last3=Draheim |first3=Dirk |title=Frameworks for Collective Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |date=5 February 2020 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=14:1–14:36 |doi=10.1145/3368986|s2cid=211040820 }}</ref><ref>Glenn, Jerome C. Collective Intelligence&nbsp;– One of the Next Big Things, Futura 4/2009, Finnish Society for Futures Studies, Helsinki, Finland</ref>；或更狭义地讲，这是人与信息处理方式之间的一种<font color="#ff8000">涌现特性<ref>Glenn, Jerome C. Chapter 5, 2008 State of the Future. The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2008</ref></font>。诺曼·李·约翰逊  Norman Lee Johnson将这种集体智能的概念称为<font color="#ff8000"> 共生智能 symbiotic intelligence<ref>Norman Lee Johnson, [http://CollectiveScience.com Collective Science site] </ref></font>。该概念用于社会学，商业，计算机科学和大众传播学：当然，它也出现在科幻小说中。皮埃尔·列维 Pierre Lévy给出了集体智能另一个定义：“它是一种普遍的分布式智慧，通过不断增强和实时合作来有效地调动技能。我将在此定义中添加以下必不可少的特征：集体智能的基本原则和目标是相互认可并实现个体自身的丰富，而不是什么拜物主义或者原质主义的邪教团体。”<ref>{{Cite book|last=Levy|first=Pierre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPNGswEACAAJ|title=Collective Intelligence|date=1999-12-10|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7382-0261-7|pages=14|language=en|oclc=249995946}}</ref>根据研究人员ierre Lévy和德里克·德·科克霍夫Derrick de Kerckhove的说法，它指的是网络<font color="#ff8000"> ICTs</font>（信息通信技术Information communication technologies）通过扩大人类互动范围来增强社会知识群体的能力。一个更广泛的定义是由 Geoff Mulgan 在一系列讲座和报告中提出的，从2006年开始，在阿德莱德系列讲座‘关于集体智慧和 http://www.thinkers.sa.gov.au/images/mulgan_final_report.pdf 的集体智慧’和在《 Big Mind Mulgan，Geoff Big Mind: How Collective Intelligence can Change our World 》一书中提出了一个分析任何思维系统的框架，包括人类和机器智能，在功能元素方面(观察，预测，创造力，判断等)。)、学习循环和组织形式。其目的是提供一种方法来诊断和改善一个城市、商业、非政府组织或议会的集体智慧。
    
集体智能极大地促进了知识和权力从个人到集体的转移。埃里克·雷蒙德Eric S. Raymond（1998）和杰西·赫兹JC Herz（2005）认为，相较于一个公司通过内部开发专有软件来创造知识，开源智慧则终将产生更优异的成果（Flew 2008）。媒体理论家亨利·詹金斯Henry Jenkins将集体智能视为与融合文化相关的“媒体力量的替代来源”。他提请人们关注教育，特别是基于传统教育设置之外的知识文化参与方式。Henry Jenkins批评学校提倡的“自主解决问题者和独立学习者”，同时又反对通过集体智能来学习<ref>Jenkins, ''Henry Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide''. New York: New York University Press, 2006, p. 259</ref>。Pierre Lévy（2007）和Henry Jenkins（2008）也都支持这样的说法，即集体智能对民主化很重要，因为它与以知识为基础的文化相互联系，并通过群体的思想共享来维持，从而有助于更好地理解多元化社会。
 
集体智能极大地促进了知识和权力从个人到集体的转移。埃里克·雷蒙德Eric S. Raymond（1998）和杰西·赫兹JC Herz（2005）认为，相较于一个公司通过内部开发专有软件来创造知识，开源智慧则终将产生更优异的成果（Flew 2008）。媒体理论家亨利·詹金斯Henry Jenkins将集体智能视为与融合文化相关的“媒体力量的替代来源”。他提请人们关注教育，特别是基于传统教育设置之外的知识文化参与方式。Henry Jenkins批评学校提倡的“自主解决问题者和独立学习者”，同时又反对通过集体智能来学习<ref>Jenkins, ''Henry Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide''. New York: New York University Press, 2006, p. 259</ref>。Pierre Lévy（2007）和Henry Jenkins（2008）也都支持这样的说法，即集体智能对民主化很重要，因为它与以知识为基础的文化相互联系，并通过群体的思想共享来维持，从而有助于更好地理解多元化社会。
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一开始昆虫学家威廉·莫顿·惠勒William Morton Wheeler意识到了这一概念（1910），他观察到独立的个体之间可以紧密合作，以至于无法与某单个生物区分开<ref>Wheeler, W. M. (1910). Ants: their structure, development and behavior (Vol. 9). Columbia University Press.</ref>。他在蚂蚁身上看到了这种协作过程，它们就像野兽的细胞一样，他称其为<font color=“#ff8000”> 超有机体</font>。
 
一开始昆虫学家威廉·莫顿·惠勒William Morton Wheeler意识到了这一概念（1910），他观察到独立的个体之间可以紧密合作，以至于无法与某单个生物区分开<ref>Wheeler, W. M. (1910). Ants: their structure, development and behavior (Vol. 9). Columbia University Press.</ref>。他在蚂蚁身上看到了这种协作过程，它们就像野兽的细胞一样，他称其为<font color=“#ff8000”> 超有机体</font>。
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1912年，埃米尔·涂尔干Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出<ref>Émile Durkheim, ''The Elementary Forms of Religious Life'', 1912.</ref>，社会构成了一种更高的智慧，因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>概念以及赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯H.G. Wells的“<font color="#ff8000"> 世界脑World brain</font>”概念（另请参见“<font color="#ff8000"> 全球大脑 Global brain“</font>）。Peter Russell，伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard（<font color=“#ff8000”> 意识演化</font>一词的发起者）受到了<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>的启发，即超自然的，迅速发展的集体智能，相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家Pierre Lévy最近对该概念进行了研究<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://barbaramarxhubbard.com/book/|title=About the Book – Foundation for Conscious Evolution|newspaper=Foundation for Conscious Evolution|access-date=2016-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124636/http://barbaramarxhubbard.com/book/|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>。在1962年的一份研究报告中，Douglas Engelbart将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来，并预测说，积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果：“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人（同等增强幅度）的三倍以上”<ref>Engelbart, Douglas (1962) [http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html#3b9 Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504035147/http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html#3b9 |date=4 May 2011 }} – section on Team Cooperation</ref>。1994年，他创造了<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>一词来衡量集体智能，以集中精力在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会<ref>Engelbart, Douglas (1994)[https://archive.org/stream/boostingcollecti00drdo#page/n9/mode/2up Boosting Collective IQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702192002/http://www.archive.org/stream/boostingcollecti00drdo#page/n9/mode/2up |date=2 July 2016 }} (Slide Handouts)&nbsp;– 'Collective IQ' defined on Slide 4; also (1994) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdIWQZtEq04&t=1016 BBN Distinguished Guest Lecture]  (Video)&nbsp;– 'Collective IQ' defined @16:56 "CoDIAK"</ref>。
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1912年，埃米尔·涂尔干Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出<ref>Émile Durkheim, ''The Elementary Forms of Religious Life'', 1912.</ref>，社会构成了一种更高的智慧，因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>概念以及赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯H.G. Wells的“<font color="#ff8000"> 世界脑World brain</font>”概念（另请参见“<font color="#ff8000"> 全球大脑 Global brain“</font>）。Peter Russell，伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard（<font color=“#ff8000”> 意识演化</font>一词的发起者）受到了<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>的启发，即超自然的，迅速发展的集体智能，相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家Pierre Lévy最近对该概念进行了研究<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://barbaramarxhubbard.com/book/|title=About the Book – Foundation for Conscious Evolution|newspaper=Foundation for Conscious Evolution|access-date=2016-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124636/http://barbaramarxhubbard.com/book/|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>。在1962年的一份研究报告中，Douglas Engelbart将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来，并预测说，积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果：“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人（同等增强幅度）的三倍以上”<ref>Engelbart, Douglas (1962) [http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html#3b9 Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework] – section on Team Cooperation</ref>。1994年，他创造了<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>一词来衡量集体智能，以集中精力在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会<ref>Engelbart, Douglas (1994)[https://archive.org/stream/boostingcollecti00drdo#page/n9/mode/2up Boosting Collective IQ] (Slide Handouts)&nbsp;– 'Collective IQ' defined on Slide 4; also (1994) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdIWQZtEq04&t=1016 BBN Distinguished Guest Lecture]  (Video)&nbsp;– 'Collective IQ' defined @16:56 "CoDIAK"</ref>。
    
集体智能的概念也构成了当代民主理论的框架，这些理论通常被称为<font color="#ff8000"> 认知民主Epistemic democracy</font>。指的是民众的能力，即通过审议或汇总知识来追踪真相，并依靠这种机制来综合运用集体智能<ref>{{cite book|last1=Landemore|first1=Helene|title=Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-6YNnIIlE8C|isbn=978-0691155654}}</ref>。
 
集体智能的概念也构成了当代民主理论的框架，这些理论通常被称为<font color="#ff8000"> 认知民主Epistemic democracy</font>。指的是民众的能力，即通过审议或汇总知识来追踪真相，并依靠这种机制来综合运用集体智能<ref>{{cite book|last1=Landemore|first1=Helene|title=Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-6YNnIIlE8C|isbn=978-0691155654}}</ref>。
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大卫·斯科宾纳 David Skrbina 引用了<font color="#ff8000"> 群体心智（Group mind）</font>的概念<ref>Skrbina, D., 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164440/http://www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/publications/doc_theses_links/pdf/dt_ds_chapter8.pdf Participation, Organization, and Mind: Toward a Participatory Worldview], ch. 8, Doctoral Thesis, Centre for Action Research in Professional Practice, School of Management, University of Bath: England</ref>，该概念源自柏拉图的<font color="#ff8000"> 泛心论 Panpsychism</font>（即思想或意识无所不在，并存在于所有事物中）。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在<font color=“#ff8000”> 利维坦</font>中表达的“群体意识 collective consciousness”的概念<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er3lCAAAQBAJ&q=david+skrbina+durkheim&pg=PP1|title=Authenticity, Autonomy and Multiculturalism|last=Levey|first=Geoffrey Brahm|date=2015-05-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317535928}}</ref>，以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他认为Durkheim是“集体意识”最著名的拥护者，并且认为Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家，曾提出了<font color="#ff8000"> 群体心智（Group mind）</font>的哲学含义<ref>{{Cite book|title=Panpsychism in the West|last=Skrbina|first=David F.|date=2007-01-26|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=9780262693516|edition=1}}</ref>。
 
大卫·斯科宾纳 David Skrbina 引用了<font color="#ff8000"> 群体心智（Group mind）</font>的概念<ref>Skrbina, D., 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164440/http://www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/publications/doc_theses_links/pdf/dt_ds_chapter8.pdf Participation, Organization, and Mind: Toward a Participatory Worldview], ch. 8, Doctoral Thesis, Centre for Action Research in Professional Practice, School of Management, University of Bath: England</ref>，该概念源自柏拉图的<font color="#ff8000"> 泛心论 Panpsychism</font>（即思想或意识无所不在，并存在于所有事物中）。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在<font color=“#ff8000”> 利维坦</font>中表达的“群体意识 collective consciousness”的概念<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er3lCAAAQBAJ&q=david+skrbina+durkheim&pg=PP1|title=Authenticity, Autonomy and Multiculturalism|last=Levey|first=Geoffrey Brahm|date=2015-05-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317535928}}</ref>，以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他认为Durkheim是“集体意识”最著名的拥护者，并且认为Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家，曾提出了<font color="#ff8000"> 群体心智（Group mind）</font>的哲学含义<ref>{{Cite book|title=Panpsychism in the West|last=Skrbina|first=David F.|date=2007-01-26|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=9780262693516|edition=1}}</ref>。
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Tom Atlee则主要关注人类，以及如何提升Howard Bloom所说的<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>。Atlee认为，可以鼓励集体智能去“克服‘群体思维'和个人的认知偏见，以使集体在一个过程中进行合作，同时产生更高的智力表现。”乔治·珀尔George Pór将集体智能现象定义为一种能力，即“人类社区通过差异化，融合，竞争和协作等创新机制，向更高层次复杂性协调发展”<ref>George Pór, [http://www.community-intelligence.com/blogs/public Blog of Collective Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040802231025/http://www.community-intelligence.com/blogs/public |date=2 August 2004 }}</ref>。 Atlee和Pór指出“集体智能还涉及实现<font color="#32CD32">注意力集中</font>和度量标准的统一，从而提供适当的行动阈值”<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。 <font color="#32CD32">他们的方法植根于科学共同体的隐喻<ref name=":202">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref></font>。
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Tom Atlee则主要关注人类，以及如何提升Howard Bloom所说的<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>。Atlee认为，可以鼓励集体智能去“克服‘群体思维'和个人的认知偏见，以使集体在一个过程中进行合作，同时产生更高的智力表现。”乔治·珀尔George Pór将集体智能现象定义为一种能力，即“人类社区通过差异化，融合，竞争和协作等创新机制，向更高层次复杂性协调发展”<ref>George Pór, [http://www.community-intelligence.com/blogs/public Blog of Collective Intelligence] </ref>。 Atlee和Pór指出“集体智能还涉及实现<font color="#32CD32">注意力集中</font>和度量标准的统一，从而提供适当的行动阈值”<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。 <font color="#32CD32">他们的方法植根于科学共同体的隐喻<ref name=":202">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref></font>。
    
术语<font color="#ff8000"> 团体智慧Collective intelligence</font>有时可以与<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智能Collective intelligence</font>一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能，可以衡量集体智慧和创造力<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Woolley|first1=Anita Williams|last2=Chabris|first2=Christopher F.|last3=Pentland|first3=Alex|last4=Hashmi|first4=Nada|last5=Malone|first5=Thomas W.|s2cid=74579|date=2010-10-29|title=Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups|journal=Science|volume=330|issue=6004|pages=686–688|doi=10.1126/science.1193147|pmid=20929725|bibcode=2010Sci...330..686W}}</ref>。即集体智能的度量能涵盖群体的广泛特征，主要包括群体组成和群体互动<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Woolley|first1=Anita Williams|last2=Aggarwal|first2=Ishani|last3=Malone|first3=Thomas W.|date=2015-12-01|title=Collective Intelligence and Group Performance|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=24|issue=6|pages=420–424|doi=10.1177/0963721415599543|s2cid=146673541}}</ref>。导致群体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括：群体中女性人数增加以及群体内多样性增加等<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal|last1=Woolley|first1=Anita Williams|last2=Aggarwal|first2=Ishani|last3=Malone|first3=Thomas W.|date=2015-12-01|title=Collective Intelligence and Group Performance|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=24|issue=6|pages=420–424|doi=10.1177/0963721415599543|s2cid=146673541}}</ref>。
 
术语<font color="#ff8000"> 团体智慧Collective intelligence</font>有时可以与<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智能Collective intelligence</font>一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能，可以衡量集体智慧和创造力<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Woolley|first1=Anita Williams|last2=Chabris|first2=Christopher F.|last3=Pentland|first3=Alex|last4=Hashmi|first4=Nada|last5=Malone|first5=Thomas W.|s2cid=74579|date=2010-10-29|title=Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups|journal=Science|volume=330|issue=6004|pages=686–688|doi=10.1126/science.1193147|pmid=20929725|bibcode=2010Sci...330..686W}}</ref>。即集体智能的度量能涵盖群体的广泛特征，主要包括群体组成和群体互动<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Woolley|first1=Anita Williams|last2=Aggarwal|first2=Ishani|last3=Malone|first3=Thomas W.|date=2015-12-01|title=Collective Intelligence and Group Performance|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=24|issue=6|pages=420–424|doi=10.1177/0963721415599543|s2cid=146673541}}</ref>。导致群体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括：群体中女性人数增加以及群体内多样性增加等<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal|last1=Woolley|first1=Anita Williams|last2=Aggarwal|first2=Ishani|last3=Malone|first3=Thomas W.|date=2015-12-01|title=Collective Intelligence and Group Performance|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=24|issue=6|pages=420–424|doi=10.1177/0963721415599543|s2cid=146673541}}</ref>。
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Atlee和Pór还认为，集体智能领域应首先被视为是全体人类的事业。尽管群体理论和人工智能可以提供一些帮助，但是当我们在这个巨大的公司内协作时，为了共同利益，观念模式、分享意愿，以及对分布式智能的开明尤为重要<ref name=":203">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。尊重集体智能的个体对自己的能力充满信心，并承认整体确实大于任何单个部分的总和<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leimeister|first=Jan Marco|date=2010-06-24|title=Collective Intelligence|journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering|volume=2|issue=4|pages=245–248|doi=10.1007/s12599-010-0114-8|s2cid=7575575|url=http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/export/DL/221423.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>。最大化集体智能取决于组织接受和发展“黄金建议”的能力，即任何成员都可能提供有用的信息<ref name=":21">Atlee, T. (2008). [http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm Reflections on the evolution of choice and collective intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522033150/http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm |date=22 May 2008 }}, Retrieved 26 August 2008</ref>。然而，若将输入限制为少数几个人，或过滤掉潜在的“黄金建议”，团体思考通常阻碍集体智能的发展和实施<ref name=":204">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。
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Atlee和Pór还认为，集体智能领域应首先被视为是全体人类的事业。尽管群体理论和人工智能可以提供一些帮助，但是当我们在这个巨大的公司内协作时，为了共同利益，观念模式、分享意愿，以及对分布式智能的开明尤为重要<ref name=":203">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。尊重集体智能的个体对自己的能力充满信心，并承认整体确实大于任何单个部分的总和<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leimeister|first=Jan Marco|date=2010-06-24|title=Collective Intelligence|journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering|volume=2|issue=4|pages=245–248|doi=10.1007/s12599-010-0114-8|s2cid=7575575|url=http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/export/DL/221423.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>。最大化集体智能取决于组织接受和发展“黄金建议”的能力，即任何成员都可能提供有用的信息<ref name=":21">Atlee, T. (2008). [http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm Reflections on the evolution of choice and collective intelligence] , Retrieved 26 August 2008</ref>。然而，若将输入限制为少数几个人，或过滤掉潜在的“黄金建议”，团体思考通常阻碍集体智能的发展和实施<ref name=":204">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。
    
罗伯特·戴维·斯蒂尔·维瓦斯Robert David Steele Vivas在《智慧前沿The New Craft of Intelligence》中将所有公民描绘为“情报干事”，描绘了仅利用法律和道德信息，就能够创造出使公共官员和公司经理保持诚信的“公共情报”，从而改变高层的“国家情报”（以前涉及间谍和保密系统）<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Craft of Intelligence: Personal, Public, & Political—Citizen's Action Handbook for Fighting Terrorism, Genocide, Disease, Toxic Bombs, & Corruption|last=Steele|first=Robert David|date=2002-04-08|publisher=Oss Pr|isbn=9780971566118|location=Oakton, Va.}}</ref>。[[文件:多智能系统协作Stigmergic Collaboration：大规模协作的理论框架.jpg|thumb|多智能系统协作Stigmergic Collaboration：大规模协作的理论框架]]
 
罗伯特·戴维·斯蒂尔·维瓦斯Robert David Steele Vivas在《智慧前沿The New Craft of Intelligence》中将所有公民描绘为“情报干事”，描绘了仅利用法律和道德信息，就能够创造出使公共官员和公司经理保持诚信的“公共情报”，从而改变高层的“国家情报”（以前涉及间谍和保密系统）<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Craft of Intelligence: Personal, Public, & Political—Citizen's Action Handbook for Fighting Terrorism, Genocide, Disease, Toxic Bombs, & Corruption|last=Steele|first=Robert David|date=2002-04-08|publisher=Oss Pr|isbn=9780971566118|location=Oakton, Va.}}</ref>。[[文件:多智能系统协作Stigmergic Collaboration：大规模协作的理论框架.jpg|thumb|多智能系统协作Stigmergic Collaboration：大规模协作的理论框架]]
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根据唐·塔普斯科特Don Tapscott和安东尼·威廉姆斯Anthony D. Williams的说法，集体智能就是大规模协作。为了使这个概念成立，需要满足以下四个原则<ref name="Tapscott, D. 2008">Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DVomiOeBg_YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22collective%20intelligence%22&f=false Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110041604/http://books.google.com/books?id=DVomiOeBg_YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22collective%20intelligence%22&f=false |date=10 November 2011 }}'', USA: Penguin Group</ref>：
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根据唐·塔普斯科特Don Tapscott和安东尼·威廉姆斯Anthony D. Williams的说法，集体智能就是大规模协作。为了使这个概念成立，需要满足以下四个原则<ref name="Tapscott, D. 2008">Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DVomiOeBg_YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22collective%20intelligence%22&f=false Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything]'' , USA: Penguin Group</ref>：
    
  Openness: Sharing ideas and intellectual property: though these resources provide the edge over competitors more benefits accrue from allowing others to share ideas and gain significant improvement and scrutiny through collaboration.
 
  Openness: Sharing ideas and intellectual property: though these resources provide the edge over competitors more benefits accrue from allowing others to share ideas and gain significant improvement and scrutiny through collaboration.
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弗朗西斯·海里格森Francis Heylighen，瓦伦丁·图尔钦Valentin Turchin和Gottfried Mayer-Kress都是通过计算机科学和控制论的视角看待集体智能。他们认为，互联网可以在最广泛的地球尺度上实现集体智能，从而促进全球大脑的出现<ref>[http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611041615/http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html |date=11 June 2010 }}. Cci.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-13.</ref>。
 
弗朗西斯·海里格森Francis Heylighen，瓦伦丁·图尔钦Valentin Turchin和Gottfried Mayer-Kress都是通过计算机科学和控制论的视角看待集体智能。他们认为，互联网可以在最广泛的地球尺度上实现集体智能，从而促进全球大脑的出现<ref>[http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611041615/http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html |date=11 June 2010 }}. Cci.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-13.</ref>。
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万维网创始人蒂姆·伯纳斯·李Tim Berners-Lee，曾以促进全球信息共享和发作为目标开发了万维网。后来，他的雇主开放了该技术以供大家免费使用。在90年代初期，互联网的潜力一直没有得到开发，直到1990年代中期，高级研究计划局（ARPA）负责人J.C.R. Licklider博士将其称为“临界质量”，并要求其具有更强的可访问性和实用性<ref name="Weiss, A. 2005 pp. 19-232">Weiss, A. (2005). The Power of Collective Intelligence. Collective Intelligence, pp. 19–23</ref>。这种基于互联网的集体智能驱动力是信息和通信的数字化。研究新媒体出现和媒体融合的关键理论家Henry Jenkins借鉴了其概念，认为集体智能可以归因于媒体融合和参与性文化（Flew 2008）。他批判当代教育未能将集体智能理念的趋势纳入课堂，比如说可以通过在线集群智慧解决问题这一思想。并指出“通过集体智能社区鼓励以集体为单位进行工作学习，而学校则需要对个人评分”。詹金斯认为，知识社区内的互动为年轻人创造了至关重要的技能，而通过集体智能社区的团队合作则有助于此类技能的发展。集体智能不仅是来自所有文化信息的定量贡献，同样也是定性存在<ref name=":252">{{Cite web|url=http://labweb.education.wisc.edu/curric606/readings/Jenkins2002.pdf|title=INTERACTIVE AUDIENCES? THE 'COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE' OF MEDIA FANS|last=Henry|first=Jenkins|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426232104/https://labweb.education.wisc.edu/curric606/readings/Jenkins2002.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>。
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万维网创始人蒂姆·伯纳斯·李Tim Berners-Lee，曾以促进全球信息共享和发作为目标开发了万维网。后来，他的雇主开放了该技术以供大家免费使用。在90年代初期，互联网的潜力一直没有得到开发，直到1990年代中期，高级研究计划局（ARPA）负责人J.C.R. Licklider博士将其称为“临界质量”，并要求其具有更强的可访问性和实用性<ref name="Weiss, A. 2005 pp. 19-232">Weiss, A. (2005). The Power of Collective Intelligence. Collective Intelligence, pp. 19–23</ref>。这种基于互联网的集体智能驱动力是信息和通信的数字化。研究新媒体出现和媒体融合的关键理论家Henry Jenkins借鉴了其概念，认为集体智能可以归因于媒体融合和参与性文化（Flew 2008）。他批判当代教育未能将集体智能理念的趋势纳入课堂，比如说可以通过在线集群智慧解决问题这一思想。并指出“通过集体智能社区鼓励以集体为单位进行工作学习，而学校则需要对个人评分”。詹金斯认为，知识社区内的互动为年轻人创造了至关重要的技能，而通过集体智能社区的团队合作则有助于此类技能的发展。集体智能不仅是来自所有文化信息的定量贡献，同样也是定性存在。
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莱维Lévy和德克霍夫de Kerckhove从大众传播的角度考虑了CI，特别是专注用网络信息和通信技术来增强社区知识库的能力。他们认为，这些通信工具可以使人们能够轻松快捷地进行交互，共享和协作（Flew 2008）。随着互联网的发展及其广泛使用，为诸如Wikipedia之类的知识社区做出贡献的机会比以往任何时候都要大。这些计算机网络使参与活动的用户有机会通过对这些数据库的集体式访问来存储和检索知识，同时还允许他们“驾驭蜂巢”，这是麻省理工学院集体智能中心的研究人员的任务，它们一直在探索人和计算机群体的集体智能<ref>[http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611041615/http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html |date=11 June 2010 }}. Cci.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-13.</ref>。
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莱维Lévy和德克霍夫de Kerckhove从大众传播的角度考虑了CI，特别是专注用网络信息和通信技术来增强社区知识库的能力。他们认为，这些通信工具可以使人们能够轻松快捷地进行交互，共享和协作（Flew 2008）。随着互联网的发展及其广泛使用，为诸如Wikipedia之类的知识社区做出贡献的机会比以往任何时候都要大。这些计算机网络使参与活动的用户有机会通过对这些数据库的集体式访问来存储和检索知识，同时还允许他们“驾驭蜂巢”，这是麻省理工学院集体智能中心的研究人员的任务，它们一直在探索人和计算机群体的集体智能<ref>[http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] . Cci.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-13.</ref>。
    
在这种情况下，集体智能常常与共享知识相混淆。前者是社区成员单独持有的信息的总和，而后者是社区所有成员都认为是真实且已知的信息<ref>Jenkins, H. 2006. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814742815 Convergence Culture]''. New York: New York University Press.</ref>。以Web 2.0为代表的集体智能比协作智能具有更少的用户参与度。使用Web 2.0平台的艺术项目“共享银河”，是一个由匿名艺术家开发的实验，目的是创建一个集体身份，并在MySpace，Facebook，YouTube和Second Life等多个平台上以这个集体身份出现。密码将写在配置文件中，并且名为“ Shared Galaxy”的帐户开放给任何人使用。通过这种方式，许多人成为一体<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scardamalia|first1=Marlene|last2=Bereiter|first2=Carl|date=1994-07-01|title=Computer Support for Knowledge-Building Communities|journal=Journal of the Learning Sciences|volume=3|issue=3|pages=265–283|doi=10.1207/s15327809jls0303_3|citeseerx=10.1.1.600.463}}</ref>。Curatron是另一个利用集体智能创作艺术作品的艺术项目，其中一大批艺术家共同决定建立一个较小的团队，他们对其团队的协作表现非常自信。该项目基于一种计算集体偏好的算法<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/art-culture/math-takes-guessing-art-curation/|title=Math Takes the Guessing Out of Artistic Collaboration|date=9 July 2014|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001052839/http://www.vocativ.com/culture/art-culture/math-takes-guessing-art-curation/|archive-date=1 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>。在创建他所谓的“ CI艺术”时，新斯科舍省的艺术家马修·阿尔德雷德Mathew Aldred遵循了皮耶·列维对集体智能的定义<ref>Mathew Aldred, May 2016. {{cite web|title=What is Collective Intelligence Art?|year=2016|url=http://www.collectiveintelligenceart.ca/collective-intelligence-art.html|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024912/http://www.collectiveintelligenceart.ca/collective-intelligence-art.html|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。2016年3月，奥尔德雷德的CI-Art活动吸引了来自牛津，新斯科舍省和全球的400多人参加。奥尔德雷德后来开发的工作使用联合国大学群体智能系统来创建数字绘图。牛津河畔画廊（新斯科舍省）于2016年5月举办了一次公共CI艺术活动，与国际在线参与者建立联系<ref>Oxford Riverside Gallery News, May 2016. {{cite web|title=CI-Art event at Oxford Riverside Gallery 'Nexus' opening|year=2016|url=http://www.oxfordriversidegallery.ca/news/ci-art-event-at-oxford-riverside-gallery-nexus-opening|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104037/http://www.oxfordriversidegallery.ca/news/ci-art-event-at-oxford-riverside-gallery-nexus-opening|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。[[文件:Collaborative tagging.png|缩略图|左|育儿社交网络和协作标签是自动IPTV内容阻止系统的基础|317x317像素]]
 
在这种情况下，集体智能常常与共享知识相混淆。前者是社区成员单独持有的信息的总和，而后者是社区所有成员都认为是真实且已知的信息<ref>Jenkins, H. 2006. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814742815 Convergence Culture]''. New York: New York University Press.</ref>。以Web 2.0为代表的集体智能比协作智能具有更少的用户参与度。使用Web 2.0平台的艺术项目“共享银河”，是一个由匿名艺术家开发的实验，目的是创建一个集体身份，并在MySpace，Facebook，YouTube和Second Life等多个平台上以这个集体身份出现。密码将写在配置文件中，并且名为“ Shared Galaxy”的帐户开放给任何人使用。通过这种方式，许多人成为一体<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scardamalia|first1=Marlene|last2=Bereiter|first2=Carl|date=1994-07-01|title=Computer Support for Knowledge-Building Communities|journal=Journal of the Learning Sciences|volume=3|issue=3|pages=265–283|doi=10.1207/s15327809jls0303_3|citeseerx=10.1.1.600.463}}</ref>。Curatron是另一个利用集体智能创作艺术作品的艺术项目，其中一大批艺术家共同决定建立一个较小的团队，他们对其团队的协作表现非常自信。该项目基于一种计算集体偏好的算法<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/art-culture/math-takes-guessing-art-curation/|title=Math Takes the Guessing Out of Artistic Collaboration|date=9 July 2014|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001052839/http://www.vocativ.com/culture/art-culture/math-takes-guessing-art-curation/|archive-date=1 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>。在创建他所谓的“ CI艺术”时，新斯科舍省的艺术家马修·阿尔德雷德Mathew Aldred遵循了皮耶·列维对集体智能的定义<ref>Mathew Aldred, May 2016. {{cite web|title=What is Collective Intelligence Art?|year=2016|url=http://www.collectiveintelligenceart.ca/collective-intelligence-art.html|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024912/http://www.collectiveintelligenceart.ca/collective-intelligence-art.html|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>。2016年3月，奥尔德雷德的CI-Art活动吸引了来自牛津，新斯科舍省和全球的400多人参加。奥尔德雷德后来开发的工作使用联合国大学群体智能系统来创建数字绘图。牛津河畔画廊（新斯科舍省）于2016年5月举办了一次公共CI艺术活动，与国际在线参与者建立联系<ref>Oxford Riverside Gallery News, May 2016. {{cite web|title=CI-Art event at Oxford Riverside Gallery 'Nexus' opening|year=2016|url=http://www.oxfordriversidegallery.ca/news/ci-art-event-at-oxford-riverside-gallery-nexus-opening|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104037/http://www.oxfordriversidegallery.ca/news/ci-art-event-at-oxford-riverside-gallery-nexus-opening|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。[[文件:Collaborative tagging.png|缩略图|左|育儿社交网络和协作标签是自动IPTV内容阻止系统的基础|317x317像素]]
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企业可以通过参与开放源代码社区来创建互补商品的新市场。即使没有社区的资源和协作，企业也可以扩展到以前无法实现的新领域。如前所述，这为所述新领域中商品的互补产品创造了新市场。
 
企业可以通过参与开放源代码社区来创建互补商品的新市场。即使没有社区的资源和协作，企业也可以扩展到以前无法实现的新领域。如前所述，这为所述新领域中商品的互补产品创造了新市场。
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;降低成本
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:Mass collaboration can help to reduce costs dramatically. Firms can release a specific software or product to be evaluated or debugged by online communities. The results will be more personal, robust and error-free products created in a short amount of time and costs. New ideas can also be generated and explored by collaboration of online communities creating opportunities for free R&D outside the confines of the company.<ref name="Tapscott, D. 2008" />
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Mass collaboration can help to reduce costs dramatically. Firms can release a specific software or product to be evaluated or debugged by online communities. The results will be more personal, robust and error-free products created in a short amount of time and costs. New ideas can also be generated and explored by collaboration of online communities creating opportunities for free R&D outside the confines of the company.
      
大规模协作可以帮助大幅降低成本。公司可以发布特定软件或产品，以供在线社区进行评估或调试。最终将会在较短的时间和成本下生产出更具个性化，功能强大且无失误的产品。在线社区的协作也可以产生和探索新的想法，从而为公司范围之外的免费研发创造机会。
 
大规模协作可以帮助大幅降低成本。公司可以发布特定软件或产品，以供在线社区进行评估或调试。最终将会在较短的时间和成本下生产出更具个性化，功能强大且无失误的产品。在线社区的协作也可以产生和探索新的想法，从而为公司范围之外的免费研发创造机会。
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==== 开源软件 ====
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==== Open source software 开源软件 ====
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Cultural theorist and online community developer, John Banks considered the contribution of online fan communities in the creation of the [[Trainz]] product. He argued that its commercial success was fundamentally dependent upon "the formation and growth of an active and vibrant online fan community that would both actively promote the product and create content- extensions and additions to the game software".
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Cultural theorist and online community developer, John Banks considered the contribution of online fan communities in the creation of the Trainz product. He argued that its commercial success was fundamentally dependent upon "the formation and growth of an active and vibrant online fan community that would both actively promote the product and create content- extensions and additions to the game software".
      
文化理论家和在线社区开发人员约翰·班克斯John Banks考虑在线粉丝社区对Trainz产品创作的贡献。他认为，其商业上的成功从根本上取决于“一个活跃在线粉丝社区的形成和发展，既可以积极地推广该产品，也可以为游戏软件创建内容扩展”<ref name="jbanks">John A.L. Banks. ''Negotiating Participatory Culture in the New Media Environment: Auran and the Trainz Online Community&nbsp;– An (Im)possible Relation'', The University of Queensland. School of English, Media Studies and Art History. MelbourneDAC2003</ref>。
 
文化理论家和在线社区开发人员约翰·班克斯John Banks考虑在线粉丝社区对Trainz产品创作的贡献。他认为，其商业上的成功从根本上取决于“一个活跃在线粉丝社区的形成和发展，既可以积极地推广该产品，也可以为游戏软件创建内容扩展”<ref name="jbanks">John A.L. Banks. ''Negotiating Participatory Culture in the New Media Environment: Auran and the Trainz Online Community&nbsp;– An (Im)possible Relation'', The University of Queensland. School of English, Media Studies and Art History. MelbourneDAC2003</ref>。
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The increase in user created content and interactivity gives rise to issues of control over the game itself and ownership of the player-created content. This gives rise to fundamental legal issues, highlighted by Lessig and Bray and Konsynski, such as [[intellectual property]] and property ownership rights.
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The increase in user created content and interactivity gives rise to issues of control over the game itself and ownership of the player-created content. This gives rise to fundamental legal issues, highlighted by Lessig and Bray and Konsynski, such as intellectual property and property ownership rights.
      
随着用户创建的内容和用户之间的交互性持续增加，会引发了对游戏自身和玩家的控制权问题，因为大量内容是由玩家创造。lessig<ref>L, Lessig,(2006)Code Version 2.0 (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.</ref>，Bray和Konsynski<ref>Bray, DA & Konsynski, BR, 2007, ''Virtual Worlds, Virtual Economies, Virtual Institutions'', viewed 10 October 2008, p. 1-27 <http://ssrn.com/abstract=962501></ref>对此列出一系列相关法律问题，例如知识产权和财产所有权。
 
随着用户创建的内容和用户之间的交互性持续增加，会引发了对游戏自身和玩家的控制权问题，因为大量内容是由玩家创造。lessig<ref>L, Lessig,(2006)Code Version 2.0 (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.</ref>，Bray和Konsynski<ref>Bray, DA & Konsynski, BR, 2007, ''Virtual Worlds, Virtual Economies, Virtual Institutions'', viewed 10 October 2008, p. 1-27 <http://ssrn.com/abstract=962501></ref>对此列出一系列相关法律问题，例如知识产权和财产所有权。
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Gosney extends this issue of Collective Intelligence in videogames one step further in his discussion of [[alternate reality gaming]]. This genre, he describes as an "across-media game that deliberately blurs the line between the in-game and out-of-game experiences" as events that happen outside the game reality "reach out" into the player's lives in order to bring them together. Solving the game requires "the collective and collaborative efforts of multiple players"; thus the issue of collective and collaborative team play is essential to ARG. Gosney argues that the Alternate Reality genre of gaming dictates an unprecedented level of collaboration and "collective intelligence" in order to solve the mystery of the game.
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Gosney extends this issue of Collective Intelligence in videogames one step further in his discussion of alternate reality gaming. This genre, he describes as an "across-media game that deliberately blurs the line between the in-game and out-of-game experiences" as events that happen outside the game reality "reach out" into the player's lives in order to bring them together. Solving the game requires "the collective and collaborative efforts of multiple players"; thus the issue of collective and collaborative team play is essential to ARG. Gosney argues that the Alternate Reality genre of gaming dictates an unprecedented level of collaboration and "collective intelligence" in order to solve the mystery of the game.
      
戈斯尼Gosney在他对替代现实游戏的讨论中，将集体智能扩展到了电子游戏中。他将这种类型描述为“一种跨媒体游戏，故意模糊游戏内体验与游戏外体验之间的界线”<ref name=":27">Gosney, J.W, 2005, ''Beyond Reality: A Guide to Alternate Reality Gaming'', Thomson Course Technology, Boston.</ref>，因为发生在游戏现实之外的事件会“渗透”到玩家的生活中。为了使他们在一起。游戏需要“多个玩家的集体和协作”；因此，集体和协作团队合作的问题对于ARG至关重要。戈斯尼认为，游戏的替代现实类型要求了前所未有的协作水平和“集体智慧”，以解决游戏的奥秘。
 
戈斯尼Gosney在他对替代现实游戏的讨论中，将集体智能扩展到了电子游戏中。他将这种类型描述为“一种跨媒体游戏，故意模糊游戏内体验与游戏外体验之间的界线”<ref name=":27">Gosney, J.W, 2005, ''Beyond Reality: A Guide to Alternate Reality Gaming'', Thomson Course Technology, Boston.</ref>，因为发生在游戏现实之外的事件会“渗透”到玩家的生活中。为了使他们在一起。游戏需要“多个玩家的集体和协作”；因此，集体和协作团队合作的问题对于ARG至关重要。戈斯尼认为，游戏的替代现实类型要求了前所未有的协作水平和“集体智慧”，以解决游戏的奥秘。
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==== 合作受益 ====
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==== Benefits of co-operation 合作受益 ====
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Co-operation helps to solve most important and most interesting multi-science problems. In his book, James Surowiecki mentioned that most scientists think that benefits of co-operation have much more value when compared to potential costs. Co-operation works also because at best it guarantees number of different viewpoints. Because of the possibilities of technology global co-operation is nowadays much easier and productive than before. It is clear that, when co-operation goes from university level to global it has significant benefits.
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Co-operation helps to solve most important and most interesting multi-science problems. In his book, James Surowiecki mentioned that most scientists think that benefits of co-operation have much more value when compared to potential costs. Co-operation works also because at best it guarantees number of different viewpoints. Because of the possibilities of technology global co-operation is nowadays much easier and productive than before. It is clear that, when co-operation goes from university level to global it has significant benefits.
      
合作有助于解决最重要且最有趣的多学科问题。詹姆斯·苏洛维奇James Surowiecki在他的书中提到，大多数科学家认为与潜在成本相比，合作带来的益处具有更大的价值。合作之所以有效，是因为它保证许多不同观点的存在。如今由于技术带来的可能性越来越大，全球合作比以往更加容易而且富有成效。显然，合作从学术研究延申到了全球合作实践，此时它会带来的收益将越来越重要。
 
合作有助于解决最重要且最有趣的多学科问题。詹姆斯·苏洛维奇James Surowiecki在他的书中提到，大多数科学家认为与潜在成本相比，合作带来的益处具有更大的价值。合作之所以有效，是因为它保证许多不同观点的存在。如今由于技术带来的可能性越来越大，全球合作比以往更加容易而且富有成效。显然，合作从学术研究延申到了全球合作实践，此时它会带来的收益将越来越重要。
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For example, why do scientists co-operate? Science has become more and more isolated and each science field has spread even more and it is impossible for one person to be aware of all developments. This is true especially in experimental research where highly advanced equipment requires special skills. With co-operation scientists can use information from different fields and use it effectively instead of gathering all the information just by reading by themselves."
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For example, why do scientists co-operate? Science has become more and more isolated and each science field has spread even more and it is impossible for one person to be aware of all developments. This is true especially in experimental research where highly advanced equipment requires special skills. With co-operation scientists can use information from different fields and use it effectively instead of gathering all the information just by reading by themselves."
      
例如，科学家为什么要合作？科学变得越来越孤立，因为每个科学领域的传播越来越广泛，一个人不可能意识到所有的发展。尤其是需要特殊技能的实验研究，因为高度先进的设备操作需要一定的知识背景。通过合作，科学家们可以利用不同领域的信息并有效地利用它，而不仅仅是靠自己阅读来收集所有信息<ref name="Surowiecki2">Surowiecki, J., 2007 'The Wisdom of crowds. Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few'</ref>。
 
例如，科学家为什么要合作？科学变得越来越孤立，因为每个科学领域的传播越来越广泛，一个人不可能意识到所有的发展。尤其是需要特殊技能的实验研究，因为高度先进的设备操作需要一定的知识背景。通过合作，科学家们可以利用不同领域的信息并有效地利用它，而不仅仅是靠自己阅读来收集所有信息<ref name="Surowiecki2">Surowiecki, J., 2007 'The Wisdom of crowds. Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few'</ref>。
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=== 协调 ===
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=== Coordination 协调 ===
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Military, trade unions, and corporations satisfy some definitions of CI – the most rigorous definition would require a capacity to respond to very arbitrary conditions without orders or guidance from "law" or "customers" to constrain actions. Online advertising companies are using collective intelligence to bypass traditional marketing and creative agencies.
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Military, trade unions, and corporations satisfy some definitions of CI – the most rigorous definition would require a capacity to respond to very arbitrary conditions without orders or guidance from "law" or "customers" to constrain actions. Online advertising companies are using collective intelligence to bypass traditional marketing and creative agencies.
      
军事，贸易协会和公司一定程度上都满足CI的某些定义，其最严格的定义是要求能够对任意条件做出响应反馈，而不须要“法律”或“客户”的命令或指导来限制行动。在线广告公司正在利用集体智能绕过传统的营销和创意代理<ref>Lee, Sang M., et al. "Success factors of platform leadership in web 2.0 service business." Service Business 4.2 (2010): 89–103.</ref>。
 
军事，贸易协会和公司一定程度上都满足CI的某些定义，其最严格的定义是要求能够对任意条件做出响应反馈，而不须要“法律”或“客户”的命令或指导来限制行动。在线广告公司正在利用集体智能绕过传统的营销和创意代理<ref>Lee, Sang M., et al. "Success factors of platform leadership in web 2.0 service business." Service Business 4.2 (2010): 89–103.</ref>。
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The UNU open platform for "human swarming" (or "social swarming") establishes real-time closed-loop systems around groups of networked users molded after biological swarms, enabling human participants to behave as a unified collective intelligence. When connected to UNU, groups of distributed users collectively answer questions and make predictions in real-time. Early testing shows that human swarms can out-predict individuals. In 2016, an UNU swarm was challenged by a reporter to predict the winners of the Kentucky Derby, and successfully picked the first four horses, in order, beating 540 to 1 odds.
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The UNU open platform for "human swarming" (or "social swarming") establishes real-time closed-loop systems around groups of networked users molded after biological swarms, enabling human participants to behave as a unified collective intelligence. When connected to UNU, groups of distributed users collectively answer questions and make predictions in real-time.  Early testing shows that human swarms can out-predict individuals.
      
联合国大学的“人类集群”（或“社会集群）开放平台，围绕生物集群网络用户建立了实时闭环系统，使人类参与者能够模拟集体智能一样行动.<ref name="Human Swarms">{{cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/human/life/swarms-of-humans-power-a-i-platform-150603.htm|title=Swarms of Humans Power A.I. Platform|last=DNews|date=3 June 2015|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621165834/http://news.discovery.com/human/life/swarms-of-humans-power-a-i-platform-150603.htm|archive-date=21 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/ecal2015/ch117.html|first1=Louis B.|title=07/20/2015-07/24/2015|last1=Rosenberg|first2=Unanimous|last2=A.I.|first3=San|last3=Francisco|last4=California|last5=USA|date=1 January 2016|volume=13|pages=658–659|doi=10.7551/978-0-262-33027-5-ch117|isbn=9780262330275|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027132802/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/ecal2015/ch117.html|archive-date=27 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>。当连接到联合国大学后，成群的散户共同回答问题并实时做出预测<ref>Rosenberg, L.B., "Human swarming, a real-time method for parallel distributed intelligence," in Swarm/Human Blended Intelligence Workshop (SHBI), 2015, vol., no., pp.1–7, 28–29 Sept. 2015 doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SHBI.2015.7321685 10.1109/SHBI.2015.7321685]</ref>。早期测试表明，人类集群可以预测个体。2016年，一名记者向联合国大学群发起挑战，以预测肯塔基德比的获胜者，并成功选出了前四匹马，以540比1的优势胜出<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/artificial-intelligence-turns-20-11000-kentucky-derby-bet-457783|title=Artificial intelligence turns $20 into $11,000 in Kentucky Derby bet|date=10 May 2016|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604063846/http://www.newsweek.com/artificial-intelligence-turns-20-11000-kentucky-derby-bet-457783|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/02/what-happened-when-an-ai-hive-mind-answered-reddits-burning-politics-questions/|title=What happened when an A.I. hive mind answered Reddit's burning politics questions|first=Abby|last=Ohlheiser|date=2 June 2016|via=washingtonpost.com|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604022928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/02/what-happened-when-an-ai-hive-mind-answered-reddits-burning-politics-questions/|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。
 
联合国大学的“人类集群”（或“社会集群）开放平台，围绕生物集群网络用户建立了实时闭环系统，使人类参与者能够模拟集体智能一样行动.<ref name="Human Swarms">{{cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/human/life/swarms-of-humans-power-a-i-platform-150603.htm|title=Swarms of Humans Power A.I. Platform|last=DNews|date=3 June 2015|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621165834/http://news.discovery.com/human/life/swarms-of-humans-power-a-i-platform-150603.htm|archive-date=21 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/ecal2015/ch117.html|first1=Louis B.|title=07/20/2015-07/24/2015|last1=Rosenberg|first2=Unanimous|last2=A.I.|first3=San|last3=Francisco|last4=California|last5=USA|date=1 January 2016|volume=13|pages=658–659|doi=10.7551/978-0-262-33027-5-ch117|isbn=9780262330275|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027132802/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/ecal2015/ch117.html|archive-date=27 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>。当连接到联合国大学后，成群的散户共同回答问题并实时做出预测<ref>Rosenberg, L.B., "Human swarming, a real-time method for parallel distributed intelligence," in Swarm/Human Blended Intelligence Workshop (SHBI), 2015, vol., no., pp.1–7, 28–29 Sept. 2015 doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SHBI.2015.7321685 10.1109/SHBI.2015.7321685]</ref>。早期测试表明，人类集群可以预测个体。2016年，一名记者向联合国大学群发起挑战，以预测肯塔基德比的获胜者，并成功选出了前四匹马，以540比1的优势胜出<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/artificial-intelligence-turns-20-11000-kentucky-derby-bet-457783|title=Artificial intelligence turns $20 into $11,000 in Kentucky Derby bet|date=10 May 2016|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604063846/http://www.newsweek.com/artificial-intelligence-turns-20-11000-kentucky-derby-bet-457783|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/02/what-happened-when-an-ai-hive-mind-answered-reddits-burning-politics-questions/|title=What happened when an A.I. hive mind answered Reddit's burning politics questions|first=Abby|last=Ohlheiser|date=2 June 2016|via=washingtonpost.com|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604022928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/02/what-happened-when-an-ai-hive-mind-answered-reddits-burning-politics-questions/|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。
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Specialized information sites such as Digital Photography Review or Camera Labs is an example of collective intelligence. Anyone who has an access to the internet can contribute to distributing their knowledge over the world through the specialized information sites.
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Specialized information sites such as Digital Photography Review or Camera Labs is an example of collective intelligence. Anyone who has an access to the internet can contribute to distributing their knowledge over the world through the specialized information sites.
      
诸如Digital Photography Review<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpreview.com/|title=Digital Photography Review|website=www.dpreview.com|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209013719/https://www.dpreview.com/|archive-date=9 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>或Camera Labs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cameralabs.com/|title=Camera reviews, DSLR reviews, lens reviews, photography guides {{!}} Cameralabs|website=www.cameralabs.com|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210142203/http://cameralabs.com/|archive-date=10 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>之类的专业信息网站就是集体智能的一个例子。任何可以访问互联网的人都可以通过专门的信息站点为世界范围内传播知识做出贡献。
 
诸如Digital Photography Review<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpreview.com/|title=Digital Photography Review|website=www.dpreview.com|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209013719/https://www.dpreview.com/|archive-date=9 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>或Camera Labs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cameralabs.com/|title=Camera reviews, DSLR reviews, lens reviews, photography guides {{!}} Cameralabs|website=www.cameralabs.com|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210142203/http://cameralabs.com/|archive-date=10 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>之类的专业信息网站就是集体智能的一个例子。任何可以访问互联网的人都可以通过专门的信息站点为世界范围内传播知识做出贡献。
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In [[learner-generated context]] a group of users marshal resources to create an ecology that meets their needs often (but not only) in relation to the co-configuration, co-creation and co-design of a particular learning space that allows learners to create their own context. Learner-generated contexts represent an ''ad hoc'' community that facilitates coordination of collective action in a network of trust. An example of learner-generated context is found on the Internet when collaborative users pool knowledge in a "[[shared intelligence]] space". As the Internet has developed so has the concept of CI as a shared public forum. The global accessibility and availability of the Internet has allowed more people than ever to contribute and access ideas. (Flew 2008)
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In learner-generated context a group of users marshal resources to create an ecology that meets their needs often (but not only) in relation to the co-configuration, co-creation and co-design of a particular learning space that allows learners to create their own context. Learner-generated contexts represent an ad hoc community that facilitates coordination of collective action in a network of trust. An example of learner-generated context is found on the Internet when collaborative users pool knowledge in a "shared intelligence space". As the Internet has developed so has the concept of CI as a shared public forum. The global accessibility and availability of the Internet has allowed more people than ever to contribute and access ideas. (Flew 2008)
      
在“学以创用环境 Learner-generated contexts”下，一组用户调配资源以创建其生态来满足它们的需求（但不仅如此），即特定学习空间的共同配置，创造和设计。它们允许学习者创建自己的环境<ref>Luckin, R., du Boulay, B., Smith, H., Underwood, J., Fitzpatrick, G., Holmberg, J., Kerawalla, L., Tunley, H., Brewster, D. and Pearce, D. (2005), '[http://srodev.sussex.ac.uk/403/1/jime.pdf Using Mobile Technology to Create Flexible Learning Contexts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200742/http://srodev.sussex.ac.uk/403/1/jime.pdf |date=8 January 2019 }} '. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 22.</ref><ref>Luckin, R. (2006), Understanding Learning Contexts as Ecologies of Resources: From the Zone of Proximal Development to Learner Generated Contexts. Paper presented at the Proceedings of World Conference on Elearning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2006.</ref><ref>Luckin, R., Shurville, S. and Browne, T. (2007), '[https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/13334/blankfile.xxxx?sequence=1 Initiating e-learning by stealth, participation and consultation in a late majority institution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826191959/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/13334/blankfile.xxxx?sequence=1 |date=26 August 2019 }}'. {{open access}} ''Journal of Organisational Transformation and Social Change'', '''3''' (3), 317–332. {{doi|10.1386/jots.3.3.317_1}}</ref>。“学以创用环境”代表一个特设社区，可促进在信任网络中协调集体行动。当协作用户在“共享智能空间”中的汇总知识时，可以在互联网上找到学习者生成的具有上下文的一个示例。随着互联网的发展，CI作为共享论坛的概念也不断发展。互联网的全球可访问性和可使用性比以往任何时候都更欢迎群众贡献和获取想法。（2008年Flew）
 
在“学以创用环境 Learner-generated contexts”下，一组用户调配资源以创建其生态来满足它们的需求（但不仅如此），即特定学习空间的共同配置，创造和设计。它们允许学习者创建自己的环境<ref>Luckin, R., du Boulay, B., Smith, H., Underwood, J., Fitzpatrick, G., Holmberg, J., Kerawalla, L., Tunley, H., Brewster, D. and Pearce, D. (2005), '[http://srodev.sussex.ac.uk/403/1/jime.pdf Using Mobile Technology to Create Flexible Learning Contexts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200742/http://srodev.sussex.ac.uk/403/1/jime.pdf |date=8 January 2019 }} '. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 22.</ref><ref>Luckin, R. (2006), Understanding Learning Contexts as Ecologies of Resources: From the Zone of Proximal Development to Learner Generated Contexts. Paper presented at the Proceedings of World Conference on Elearning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2006.</ref><ref>Luckin, R., Shurville, S. and Browne, T. (2007), '[https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/13334/blankfile.xxxx?sequence=1 Initiating e-learning by stealth, participation and consultation in a late majority institution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826191959/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/13334/blankfile.xxxx?sequence=1 |date=26 August 2019 }}'. {{open access}} ''Journal of Organisational Transformation and Social Change'', '''3''' (3), 317–332. {{doi|10.1386/jots.3.3.317_1}}</ref>。“学以创用环境”代表一个特设社区，可促进在信任网络中协调集体行动。当协作用户在“共享智能空间”中的汇总知识时，可以在互联网上找到学习者生成的具有上下文的一个示例。随着互联网的发展，CI作为共享论坛的概念也不断发展。互联网的全球可访问性和可使用性比以往任何时候都更欢迎群众贡献和获取想法。（2008年Flew）
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- RIcky：不明白为什么Learner-generated contexts 翻译成 学以创用环境
 
- RIcky：不明白为什么Learner-generated contexts 翻译成 学以创用环境
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Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations.[128] For them, collective intelligence has become a norm. In Terry Flew's discussion of 'interactivity' in the online games environment, the ongoing interactive dialogue between users and game developers,[161] he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence (Lévy 1998) and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends.[162] Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.
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Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations. he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence  and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends. Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.
      
《模拟人生》系列和《第二人生》等游戏的设计是非线性的，并依靠集体智能进行扩展。这种共享方式会自我进化，并同步影响当前及未来新生代产品的思维方式。对于他们来说，集体智能已经成为了一种常态<ref name="Weiss, A. 2005 pp. 19-233">Weiss, A. (2005). The Power of Collective Intelligence. Collective Intelligence, pp. 19–23</ref>。在特里·弗尔Terry Flew关于对网络游戏环境“交互性”的讨论中（即用户与游戏开发人员之间的交互对话）<ref>Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101–114.</ref>，他提到了Pierre Lévy的“集体智能”概念（Lévy 1998），并认为这在电子游戏中非常活跃，就像是MMORPG中的部族或公会一样，会不断努力去实现目标。Henry Jenkins提出，游戏生产商，媒体公司和终端用户之间形成的参与式文化，标志着媒体的生产消费性质在根本性转变。詹金斯认为，这种新的参与式文化源于三大新媒体趋势的交融<ref>Henry Jenkins (2002) in Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) ''Games: Technology, Industry, Culture'' in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101–114.</ref>。首先，开发的新媒体工具/技术促使内容的创建。然后亚文化的兴起促进了这种创造，最后，增值媒体集团壮大了形象，思想和叙事的传播。
 
《模拟人生》系列和《第二人生》等游戏的设计是非线性的，并依靠集体智能进行扩展。这种共享方式会自我进化，并同步影响当前及未来新生代产品的思维方式。对于他们来说，集体智能已经成为了一种常态<ref name="Weiss, A. 2005 pp. 19-233">Weiss, A. (2005). The Power of Collective Intelligence. Collective Intelligence, pp. 19–23</ref>。在特里·弗尔Terry Flew关于对网络游戏环境“交互性”的讨论中（即用户与游戏开发人员之间的交互对话）<ref>Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101–114.</ref>，他提到了Pierre Lévy的“集体智能”概念（Lévy 1998），并认为这在电子游戏中非常活跃，就像是MMORPG中的部族或公会一样，会不断努力去实现目标。Henry Jenkins提出，游戏生产商，媒体公司和终端用户之间形成的参与式文化，标志着媒体的生产消费性质在根本性转变。詹金斯认为，这种新的参与式文化源于三大新媒体趋势的交融<ref>Henry Jenkins (2002) in Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) ''Games: Technology, Industry, Culture'' in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101–114.</ref>。首先，开发的新媒体工具/技术促使内容的创建。然后亚文化的兴起促进了这种创造，最后，增值媒体集团壮大了形象，思想和叙事的传播。
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==== 协调集体行动 ====
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==== Coordinating collective actions 协调集体行动 ====
      
[[文件:Improvisational actors.jpg|缩略图|右|After School Improv的演员学习了有关即兴创作和表演的重要课程]]
 
[[文件:Improvisational actors.jpg|缩略图|右|After School Improv的演员学习了有关即兴创作和表演的重要课程]]
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Improvisational actors also experience a type of collective intelligence which they term "group mind", as theatrical improvisation relies on mutual cooperation and agreement, leading to the unity of "group mind".
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Improvisational actors also experience a type of collective intelligence which they term "group mind", as theatrical improvisation relies on mutual cooperation and agreement, leading to the unity of "group mind".
      
即兴表演也相当于一种集体智能，他们称之为“集体思维”，因为戏剧即兴表演依靠演员相互合作并达成共识，从而导致“集体思维”的统一<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last1=Vera|first1=Dusya|last2=Crossan|first2=Mary|date=2004-06-01|title=Theatrical Improvisation: Lessons for Organizations|journal=Organization Studies|volume=25|issue=5|pages=727–749|doi=10.1177/0170840604042412|s2cid=144386272}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=R. Keith |last=Sawyer|date=2004-06-01|title=Improvised lessons: collaborative discussion in the constructivist classroom|journal=Teaching Education|volume=15|issue=2|pages=189–201|doi=10.1080/1047621042000213610}}</ref>。
 
即兴表演也相当于一种集体智能，他们称之为“集体思维”，因为戏剧即兴表演依靠演员相互合作并达成共识，从而导致“集体思维”的统一<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last1=Vera|first1=Dusya|last2=Crossan|first2=Mary|date=2004-06-01|title=Theatrical Improvisation: Lessons for Organizations|journal=Organization Studies|volume=25|issue=5|pages=727–749|doi=10.1177/0170840604042412|s2cid=144386272}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=R. Keith |last=Sawyer|date=2004-06-01|title=Improvised lessons: collaborative discussion in the constructivist classroom|journal=Teaching Education|volume=15|issue=2|pages=189–201|doi=10.1080/1047621042000213610}}</ref>。
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Growth of the Internet and mobile telecom has also produced "swarming" or "rendezvous" events that enable meetings or even dates on demand. The full impact has yet to be felt but the [[anti-globalization movement]], for example, relies heavily on e-mail, cell phones, pagers, SMS and other means of organizing. Such resources could combine into a form of collective intelligence accountable only to the current participants yet with some strong moral or linguistic guidance from generations of contributors – or even take on a more obviously democratic form to advance shared goal.
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Growth of the Internet and mobile telecom has also produced "swarming" or "rendezvous" events that enable meetings or even dates on demand. The Indymedia organization does this in a more journalistic way. Such resources could combine into a form of collective intelligence accountable only to the current participants yet with some strong moral or linguistic guidance from generations of contributors – or even take on a more obviously democratic form to advance shared goal.
      
互联网和移动电信的发展也产生了“聚集”或“约会”的事件，这些事件使即时会议甚至约会成为可能<ref name="Wolpert arXiv:cs/99050042">{{Cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=David H.|last2=Tumer|first2=Kagan|last3=Frank|first3=Jeremy|date=1999-05-10|chapter=Using Collective Intelligence to Route Internet Traffic|title=Advances in Information Processing Systems |editor1=M. Kearns |editor2=S. Solla |editor3=D. Cohn |publisher=MIT Press|volume=11|arxiv=cs/9905004|bibcode=1999cs........5004W}}</ref>。反全球化运动目前尚未产生全面的影响，但是它在很大程度上依赖于电子邮件，手机，传呼机，SMS和其他组织方式<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vskz1poDuvoC&q=anti+globalization+collective+intelligence&pg=PR7|title=Globalization / Anti-Globalization: Beyond the Great Divide|last1=Held|first1=David|last2=McGrew|first2=Anthony|date=2007-11-19|publisher=Polity|isbn=9780745639116}}</ref>。Indymedia组织以更具新闻性的方式进行此操作。这些资源可以合并为仅对当前参与者负责的集体智能形式，但需要几代贡献者提供强有力的道德或语言指导，甚至可以采取更为明显的民主形式来推进共同目标。
 
互联网和移动电信的发展也产生了“聚集”或“约会”的事件，这些事件使即时会议甚至约会成为可能<ref name="Wolpert arXiv:cs/99050042">{{Cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=David H.|last2=Tumer|first2=Kagan|last3=Frank|first3=Jeremy|date=1999-05-10|chapter=Using Collective Intelligence to Route Internet Traffic|title=Advances in Information Processing Systems |editor1=M. Kearns |editor2=S. Solla |editor3=D. Cohn |publisher=MIT Press|volume=11|arxiv=cs/9905004|bibcode=1999cs........5004W}}</ref>。反全球化运动目前尚未产生全面的影响，但是它在很大程度上依赖于电子邮件，手机，传呼机，SMS和其他组织方式<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vskz1poDuvoC&q=anti+globalization+collective+intelligence&pg=PR7|title=Globalization / Anti-Globalization: Beyond the Great Divide|last1=Held|first1=David|last2=McGrew|first2=Anthony|date=2007-11-19|publisher=Polity|isbn=9780745639116}}</ref>。Indymedia组织以更具新闻性的方式进行此操作。这些资源可以合并为仅对当前参与者负责的集体智能形式，但需要几代贡献者提供强有力的道德或语言指导，甚至可以采取更为明显的民主形式来推进共同目标。
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A further application of collective intelligence is found in the "Community Engineering for Innovations". In such an integrated framework proposed by Ebner et al., idea competitions and virtual communities are combined to better realize the potential of the collective intelligence of the participants, particularly in open-source R&D. In management theory the use of collective intelligence and crowd sourcing leads to innovations and very robust answers to quantitative issues. Therefore, collective intelligence and crowd sourcing is not necessaryly leading to the best solution to economic problems, but to a stable, good solution.
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A further application of collective intelligence is found in the "Community Engineering for Innovations". In such an integrated framework proposed by Ebner et al., idea competitions and virtual communities are combined to better realize the potential of the collective intelligence of the participants, particularly in open-source R&D. In management theory the use of collective intelligence and crowd sourcing leads to innovations and very robust answers to quantitative issues. Therefore, collective intelligence and crowd sourcing is not necessaryly leading to the best solution to economic problems, but to a stable, good solution.
      
在“创新的社区工程”中可以找到集体智能的进一步应用<ref name="Idea Competitions">Jan Marco Leimeister, Michael Huber, Ulrich Bretschneider, Helmut Krcmar (2009): Leveraging Crowdsourcing: Activation-Supporting Components for IT-Based Ideas Competition. In: Journal of Management Information Systems (2009), Volume: 26, Issue: 1, Publisher: M.E. Sharpe Inc., Pages: 197–224, {{ISSN|0742-1222}}, {{doi|10.2753/MIS0742-1222260108}} [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1653890], Winfried Ebner; Jan Marco Leimeister; Helmut Krcmar (2009): Community Engineering for Innovations&nbsp;– The Ideas Competition as a method to nurture a Virtual Community for Innovations. In: R&D Management, 39 (4), pp 342–356 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x}} [https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/219672/1/JML_145.pdf]</ref>。在埃布纳Ebner等人提出的这种集成框架中，将创意竞赛和虚拟社区相结合，可以更好地实现参与者集体智能的潜力，尤其是在开源研发中<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ebner|first1=Winfried|last2=Leimeister|first2=Jan Marco|last3=Krcmar|first3=Helmut|date=2009-09-01|title=Community engineering for innovations: the ideas competition as a method to nurture a virtual community for innovations|journal=R&D Management|volume=39|issue=4|pages=342–356|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x|s2cid=16316321|url=https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/219699/1/JML_173.pdf|access-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922012931/https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/219699/1/JML_173.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>。在管理理论中，集体智能和众包带来了创新，并为定量问题提供了非常有力的答案<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fladerer |first1=Johannes-Paul |last2=Kurzmann |first2=Ernst |title=WISDOM OF THE MANY : how to create self -organisation and how to use collective... intelligence in companies and in society from mana. |date=November 2019 |publisher=BOOKS ON DEMAND |isbn=9783750422421 |url=https://www.bod.de/buchshop/the-wisdom-of-the-many-johannes-paul-fladerer-9783750422421 |language=de |access-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223093505/https://www.bod.de/buchshop/the-wisdom-of-the-many-johannes-paul-fladerer-9783750422421 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>。因此，集体智能和众包并不一定会创造出一系列针对经济问题的最佳解决方案，但是会提供一种稳定而良好的解决方案。
 
在“创新的社区工程”中可以找到集体智能的进一步应用<ref name="Idea Competitions">Jan Marco Leimeister, Michael Huber, Ulrich Bretschneider, Helmut Krcmar (2009): Leveraging Crowdsourcing: Activation-Supporting Components for IT-Based Ideas Competition. In: Journal of Management Information Systems (2009), Volume: 26, Issue: 1, Publisher: M.E. Sharpe Inc., Pages: 197–224, {{ISSN|0742-1222}}, {{doi|10.2753/MIS0742-1222260108}} [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1653890], Winfried Ebner; Jan Marco Leimeister; Helmut Krcmar (2009): Community Engineering for Innovations&nbsp;– The Ideas Competition as a method to nurture a Virtual Community for Innovations. In: R&D Management, 39 (4), pp 342–356 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x}} [https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/219672/1/JML_145.pdf]</ref>。在埃布纳Ebner等人提出的这种集成框架中，将创意竞赛和虚拟社区相结合，可以更好地实现参与者集体智能的潜力，尤其是在开源研发中<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ebner|first1=Winfried|last2=Leimeister|first2=Jan Marco|last3=Krcmar|first3=Helmut|date=2009-09-01|title=Community engineering for innovations: the ideas competition as a method to nurture a virtual community for innovations|journal=R&D Management|volume=39|issue=4|pages=342–356|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x|s2cid=16316321|url=https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/219699/1/JML_173.pdf|access-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922012931/https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/219699/1/JML_173.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>。在管理理论中，集体智能和众包带来了创新，并为定量问题提供了非常有力的答案<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fladerer |first1=Johannes-Paul |last2=Kurzmann |first2=Ernst |title=WISDOM OF THE MANY : how to create self -organisation and how to use collective... intelligence in companies and in society from mana. |date=November 2019 |publisher=BOOKS ON DEMAND |isbn=9783750422421 |url=https://www.bod.de/buchshop/the-wisdom-of-the-many-johannes-paul-fladerer-9783750422421 |language=de |access-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223093505/https://www.bod.de/buchshop/the-wisdom-of-the-many-johannes-paul-fladerer-9783750422421 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>。因此，集体智能和众包并不一定会创造出一系列针对经济问题的最佳解决方案，但是会提供一种稳定而良好的解决方案。
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==== 协调不同类型的任务 ====
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==== Coordination in different types of tasks 协调不同类型的任务 ====
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Collective actions or tasks require different amounts of coordination depending on the complexity of the task. Tasks vary from being highly independent simple tasks that require very little coordination to complex interdependent tasks that are built by many individuals and require a lot of coordination. In the article written by Kittur, Lee and Kraut the writers introduce a problem in cooperation: "When tasks require high coordination because the work is highly interdependent, having more contributors can increase process losses, reducing the effectiveness of the group below what individual members could optimally accomplish". Having a team too large the overall effectiveness may suffer even when the extra contributors increase the resources. In the end the overall costs from coordination might overwhelm other costs.
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Collective actions or tasks require different amounts of coordination depending on the complexity of the task. Tasks vary from being highly independent simple tasks that require very little coordination to complex interdependent tasks that are built by many individuals and require a lot of coordination. In the article written by Kittur, Lee and Kraut the writers introduce a problem in cooperation: "When tasks require high coordination because the work is highly interdependent, having more contributors can increase process losses, reducing the effectiveness of the group below what individual members could optimally accomplish". Having a team too large the overall effectiveness may suffer even when the extra contributors increase the resources. In the end the overall costs from coordination might overwhelm other costs.
      
当进行集体行动时，需要根据任务内容的复杂程度进行相应的协调。从独立的简单任务（几乎不需要协调）到复杂的互助任务（由多人构建且需要大量协调）。在Kittur，Lee和Kraut撰写的文章中，作者引出了合作中的一个问题：“当处理复杂任务需要高度协调时，安排更多的贡献者会造成过程损失增加，降低团队的效率，反而不如单个成员完成任务理想”。如果团队规模太大，即使额外的贡献者增加了资源，总体效率也会受到影响。最后，协调产生的总成本可能超过其他成本<ref>Kittur, A., Lee, B. and Kraut, R. E. (2009) '[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1518928 Coordination in collective intelligence: The role of team structure and task interdependence]', Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 1495–1504.</ref>。
 
当进行集体行动时，需要根据任务内容的复杂程度进行相应的协调。从独立的简单任务（几乎不需要协调）到复杂的互助任务（由多人构建且需要大量协调）。在Kittur，Lee和Kraut撰写的文章中，作者引出了合作中的一个问题：“当处理复杂任务需要高度协调时，安排更多的贡献者会造成过程损失增加，降低团队的效率，反而不如单个成员完成任务理想”。如果团队规模太大，即使额外的贡献者增加了资源，总体效率也会受到影响。最后，协调产生的总成本可能超过其他成本<ref>Kittur, A., Lee, B. and Kraut, R. E. (2009) '[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1518928 Coordination in collective intelligence: The role of team structure and task interdependence]', Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 1495–1504.</ref>。
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Group collective intelligence is a property that emerges through coordination from both bottom-up and top-down processes. In a bottom-up process the different characteristics of each member are involved in contributing and enhancing coordination. Top-down processes are more strict and fixed with norms, group structures and routines that in their own way enhance the group's collective work.
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Group collective intelligence is a property that emerges through coordination from both bottom-up and top-down processes. In a bottom-up process the different characteristics of each member are involved in contributing and enhancing coordination. Top-down processes are more strict and fixed with norms, group structures and routines that in their own way enhance the group's collective work.
      
团队集体智能是通过自下而上和自上而下的过程的协调而出现的一种特性。在自下而上的过程中，每个不同特性的成员都参与了贡献并加强整体协调能力。而自上而下的过程更加严格，并根据规范，结构和例行程序加以巩固，以自身特有的方式加强小组的集体工作效率<ref>[18] Woolley, A. W., Aggarwal, I. and Malone, T. W. (2015) 'Collective Intelligence and Group Performance', Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), pp. 420–424.</ref>。
 
团队集体智能是通过自下而上和自上而下的过程的协调而出现的一种特性。在自下而上的过程中，每个不同特性的成员都参与了贡献并加强整体协调能力。而自上而下的过程更加严格，并根据规范，结构和例行程序加以巩固，以自身特有的方式加强小组的集体工作效率<ref>[18] Woolley, A. W., Aggarwal, I. and Malone, T. W. (2015) 'Collective Intelligence and Group Performance', Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), pp. 420–424.</ref>。
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== 其他观点==
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=== 打击自我保护的工具===
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== Alternative views 其他观点==
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=== A tool for combating self-preservation 打击自我保护的工具===
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Tom Atlee reflects that, although humans have an innate ability to gather and analyze data, they are affected by culture, education and social institutions.A single person tends to make decisions motivated by self-preservation. Therefore, without collective intelligence, humans may drive themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs.
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Tom Atlee reflects that, although humans have an innate ability to gather and analyze data, they are affected by culture, education and social institutions. A single person tends to make decisions motivated by self-preservation. Therefore, without collective intelligence, humans may drive themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs.
      
汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee反映，尽管人类具有天生的收集和分析数据的能力，但他们同时也受到文化，教育和社会制度的影响<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YV4dCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|title=In Search of The Black Seed|last=Abdul-Karim|first=Kashif|date=2015-11-23|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781329694897|page=140}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>。一个人会倾向于自我保护而做出决策。因此，在没有集体智慧的情况下，人类可能会基于自私的需求而使自己灭绝<ref name=":212">Atlee, T. (2008). [http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm Reflections on the evolution of choice and collective intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522033150/http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm |date=22 May 2008 }}, Retrieved 26 August 2008</ref>。
 
汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee反映，尽管人类具有天生的收集和分析数据的能力，但他们同时也受到文化，教育和社会制度的影响<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YV4dCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|title=In Search of The Black Seed|last=Abdul-Karim|first=Kashif|date=2015-11-23|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781329694897|page=140}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>。一个人会倾向于自我保护而做出决策。因此，在没有集体智慧的情况下，人类可能会基于自私的需求而使自己灭绝<ref name=":212">Atlee, T. (2008). [http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm Reflections on the evolution of choice and collective intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522033150/http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm |date=22 May 2008 }}, Retrieved 26 August 2008</ref>。
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=== 区别于智商主义===
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=== Separation from IQism 区别于智商主义===
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Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder quotes Bowles and [[Herbert Gintis|Gintis]] (1976) that in order to truly define collective intelligence, it is crucial to separate 'intelligence' from IQism. They go on to argue that intelligence is an achievement and can only be developed if allowed to. For example, earlier on, groups from the lower levels of society are severely restricted from aggregating and pooling their intelligence. This is because the elites fear that the collective intelligence would convince the people to rebel. If there is no such capacity and relations, there would be no infrastructure on which collective intelligence is built. This reflects how powerful collective intelligence can be if left to develop.
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Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder quotes Bowles and Gintis (1976) that in order to truly define collective intelligence, it is crucial to separate 'intelligence' from IQism. They go on to argue that intelligence is an achievement and can only be developed if allowed to. For example, earlier on, groups from the lower levels of society are severely restricted from aggregating and pooling their intelligence. This is because the elites fear that the collective intelligence would convince the people to rebel. If there is no such capacity and relations, there would be no infrastructure on which collective intelligence is built . This reflects how powerful collective intelligence can be if left to develop.
      
菲利普·布朗Phillip Brown和休·劳德Hugh Lauder引述鲍尔斯Bowles和金蒂斯Gintis（1976）的观点<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/18/socialsciences.highereducation1|title=Capitalism and Social Progress by Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder (cont... )|date=2001-06-18|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221073908/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/18/socialsciences.highereducation1|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>，为了真正定义集体智能，它们认为将“智能”和智商主义分开是至关重要的。他们争辩说，智力其实是需要经过允许才能够得到发展的成就。例如，早期来自社会底层的群体受到严格限制，它们无法聚集头脑风暴提高它们的智力。这是因为精英们担心集体智能会造成人民叛乱。如果没有这样的资格和关系，就不会有建立集体智能的基础设施（Brown＆Lauder 2000，第230页）。很明显如果任其发展，集体智能将会变得异常强大。
 
菲利普·布朗Phillip Brown和休·劳德Hugh Lauder引述鲍尔斯Bowles和金蒂斯Gintis（1976）的观点<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/18/socialsciences.highereducation1|title=Capitalism and Social Progress by Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder (cont... )|date=2001-06-18|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221073908/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/18/socialsciences.highereducation1|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>，为了真正定义集体智能，它们认为将“智能”和智商主义分开是至关重要的。他们争辩说，智力其实是需要经过允许才能够得到发展的成就。例如，早期来自社会底层的群体受到严格限制，它们无法聚集头脑风暴提高它们的智力。这是因为精英们担心集体智能会造成人民叛乱。如果没有这样的资格和关系，就不会有建立集体智能的基础设施（Brown＆Lauder 2000，第230页）。很明显如果任其发展，集体智能将会变得异常强大。
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=== 人工智能观点===
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=== Artificial intelligence views 人工智能观点===
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Skeptics, especially those critical of artificial intelligence and more inclined to believe that risk of [[bodily harm]] and bodily action are the basis of all unity between people, are more likely to emphasize the capacity of a group to take action and withstand harm as one fluid [[mass mobilization]], shrugging off harms the way a body shrugs off the loss of a few cells. This strain of thought is most obvious in the [[anti-globalization movement]] and characterized by the works of [[John Zerzan]], [[Carol Moore]], and [[Starhawk]], who typically shun academics. These theorists are more likely to refer to ecological and [[collective wisdom]] and to the role of [[consensus process]] in making ontological distinctions than to any form of "intelligence" as such, which they often argue does not exist, or is mere "cleverness".
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Skeptics, especially those critical of artificial intelligence and more inclined to believe that risk of bodily harm and bodily action are the basis of all unity between people, are more likely to emphasize the capacity of a group to take action and withstand harm as one fluid mass mobilization, shrugging off harms the way a body shrugs off the loss of a few cells. This strain of thought is most obvious in the anti-globalization movement and characterized by the works of John Zerzan, Carol Moore, and Starhawk, who typically shun academics. These theorists are more likely to refer to ecological and collective wisdom and to the role of consensus process in making ontological distinctions than to any form of "intelligence" as such, which they often argue does not exist, or is mere "cleverness".
      
怀疑论者，特别是那些对人工智能持批评态度的人，更倾向于相信人身体上的行为和伤害是人与人之间一切团结的基础，他们更倾向于强调一个群体采取行动和承受伤害的能力是一种流动物质，就像耸耸肩甩掉细胞一样甩掉所有伤害他们的东西<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnzerzan.net/radio/|title=John Zerzan: anti-civilization theorist, writer and speaker|website=www.johnzerzan.net|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204210421/http://johnzerzan.net/radio/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":31">{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Jason W.|date=2001-01-01|editor-last=Arrighi|editor-first=Giovanni|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Beverly J.|title=Globalization in Historical Perspective|journal=Science & Society|volume=65|issue=3|pages=386–397|doi=10.1521/siso.65.3.386.17767|jstor=40403938}}</ref>。这种思想张力在反全球化运动中最为明显，约翰·泽赞John Zerzan，卡罗尔·摩尔Carol Moore和星鹰Starhawk的作品强调了这个属性，他们通常会避开学术方面的思考。这些理论家更倾向于提及生态和集体智慧，以及共识过程中进行本体论区分，他们通常认为不存在仅仅是“聪明”的任何形式的“智能”。
 
怀疑论者，特别是那些对人工智能持批评态度的人，更倾向于相信人身体上的行为和伤害是人与人之间一切团结的基础，他们更倾向于强调一个群体采取行动和承受伤害的能力是一种流动物质，就像耸耸肩甩掉细胞一样甩掉所有伤害他们的东西<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnzerzan.net/radio/|title=John Zerzan: anti-civilization theorist, writer and speaker|website=www.johnzerzan.net|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204210421/http://johnzerzan.net/radio/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":31">{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Jason W.|date=2001-01-01|editor-last=Arrighi|editor-first=Giovanni|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Beverly J.|title=Globalization in Historical Perspective|journal=Science & Society|volume=65|issue=3|pages=386–397|doi=10.1521/siso.65.3.386.17767|jstor=40403938}}</ref>。这种思想张力在反全球化运动中最为明显，约翰·泽赞John Zerzan，卡罗尔·摩尔Carol Moore和星鹰Starhawk的作品强调了这个属性，他们通常会避开学术方面的思考。这些理论家更倾向于提及生态和集体智慧，以及共识过程中进行本体论区分，他们通常认为不存在仅仅是“聪明”的任何形式的“智能”。
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Harsh critics of artificial intelligence on ethical grounds are likely to promote collective wisdom-building methods, such as the [[new tribalists]] and the [[Gaianism|Gaians]]. Whether these can be said to be collective intelligence systems is an open question. Some, e.g. [[Bill Joy]], simply wish to avoid any form of autonomous artificial intelligence and seem willing to work on rigorous collective intelligence in order to remove any possible niche for AI.
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Harsh critics of artificial intelligence on ethical grounds are likely to promote collective wisdom-building methods, such as the new tribalists and the Gaians. Whether these can be said to be collective intelligence systems is an open question. Some, e.g. Bill Joy, simply wish to avoid any form of autonomous artificial intelligence and seem willing to work on rigorous collective intelligence in order to remove any possible niche for AI.
      
出于道德考虑，对人工智能的严厉批评很可能会促使集体智慧的方法建立，例如新部落主义者New tribalists和盖亚主义者Gaians。这些是否可以说是集体智能系统是一个待解决的问题。例如比尔·乔伊Bill Joy等学者希望能避免使用任何形式的自主人工智能，并且似乎愿意研究严格的集体智能，以消除AI的任何潜在利基<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/|title=Why the Future Doesn't Need Us|last=Joy|first=Bill|newspaper=WIRED|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204003455/https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。
 
出于道德考虑，对人工智能的严厉批评很可能会促使集体智慧的方法建立，例如新部落主义者New tribalists和盖亚主义者Gaians。这些是否可以说是集体智能系统是一个待解决的问题。例如比尔·乔伊Bill Joy等学者希望能避免使用任何形式的自主人工智能，并且似乎愿意研究严格的集体智能，以消除AI的任何潜在利基<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/|title=Why the Future Doesn't Need Us|last=Joy|first=Bill|newspaper=WIRED|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204003455/https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>。
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In contrast to these views, Artificial Intelligence companies such as [[Amazon Mechanical Turk]] and [[CrowdFlower]] are using collective intelligence and [[crowdsourcing]] or [[consensus-based assessment]] to collect the enormous amounts of data for [[machine learning]] algorithms such as [[Keras]] and [[IBM Watson]].
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In contrast to these views, Artificial Intelligence companies such as Amazon Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower are using collective intelligence and crowdsourcing or consensus-based assessment to collect the enormous amounts of data for machine learning algorithms such as Keras and IBM Watson.
      
与这些观点相反，Amazon Mechanical Turk和CrowdFlower等公司正在使用集体智能和众包或基于共识的评估系统来收集用于机器学习算法的大量数据。
 
与这些观点相反，Amazon Mechanical Turk和CrowdFlower等公司正在使用集体智能和众包或基于共识的评估系统来收集用于机器学习算法的大量数据。
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=== 解决气候变化 ===
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=== Solving climate change 解决气候变化 ===
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Global collective intelligence is seen as the key in solving the challenges humankind faces now and in the future. [[Climate change]] is an example of a global issue which collective intelligence is currently trying to tackle. With the help of collective intelligence applications such as online [[crowdsourcing]], people across the globe are collaborating in developing solutions to climate change.
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Global collective intelligence is seen as the key in solving the challenges humankind faces now and in the future. Climate change is an example of a global issue which collective intelligence is currently trying to tackle. With the help of collective intelligence applications such as online crowdsourcing, people across the globe are collaborating in developing solutions to climate change.
      
全球集体智能被认为是解决人类现在和将来面临挑战的关键。气候变化就是这个全球性问题的例子，目前集体智能正在努力解决这一问题<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/earth/crowdsourcing-climate-change-solutions/|title=How Millions of People Can Help Solve Climate Change – NOVA Next {{!}} PBS|date=2014-01-15|work=NOVA Next|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022051814/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/earth/crowdsourcing-climate-change-solutions/|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>。
 
全球集体智能被认为是解决人类现在和将来面临挑战的关键。气候变化就是这个全球性问题的例子，目前集体智能正在努力解决这一问题<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/earth/crowdsourcing-climate-change-solutions/|title=How Millions of People Can Help Solve Climate Change – NOVA Next {{!}} PBS|date=2014-01-15|work=NOVA Next|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022051814/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/earth/crowdsourcing-climate-change-solutions/|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>。
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== 其他参考资料 ==
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=== 相似概念及应用 ===
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== See also 其他参考资料 ==
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=== Similar concepts and applications 相似概念及应用 ===
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* [[Citizen science]]
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* [[Civic intelligence]]
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* [[Collaborative filtering]]
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* [[Collaborative innovation network]]
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* [[Collective decision-making]]
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* [[Collective effervescence]]
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* [[Collective memory]]
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* [[Collective problem solving]]
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* [[Crowd psychology]]
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* [[Global Consciousness Project]]
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* [[Group behaviour]]
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* [[Group mind (science fiction)]]
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* [[Knowledge ecosystem]]
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* {{annotated link|Noogenesis}}
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* [[Open source intelligence]]
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* [[Recommendation system]]
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* [[Smart mob]]
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* [[Social commerce]]
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* [[Social information processing]]
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* [[Stigmergy]]
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* [[Raymond Cattell#Innovations and accomplishments|Syntality]]
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* ''[[The Wisdom of Crowds]]''
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* [[Think tank]]
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* [[Wiki]]
      
* <font color="#ff8000"> 全民科学</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 全民科学</font>
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 智囊团</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 智囊团</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 维基百科</font><br />
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 维基百科</font><br />
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=== Computation and computer science 计算与计算机科学 ===
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=== 计算与计算机科学 ===
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* [[Bees algorithm]]
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* [[Cellular automaton]]
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* [[Collaborative human interpreter]]
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* [[Collaborative software]]
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* [[Connectivity (graph theory)]]
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* [[Enterprise bookmarking]]
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* [[Human-based computation]]
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* [[Open-source software]]
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* [[Organismic computing]]
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* [[Preference elicitation]]
      
* <font color="#ff8000"> 蜂群算法</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 蜂群算法</font>
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 偏好诱导</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 偏好诱导</font>
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=== Others 其他 ===
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=== 其他 ===
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* [[Customer engagement]]
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* [[Dispersed knowledge]]
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* [[Distributed cognition]]
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* [[Facilitation (business)]]
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* [[Facilitator]]
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* [[Hundredth monkey effect]]
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* [[Keeping up with the Joneses]]
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* [[Library]]
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* [[Library of Alexandria]]
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* [[Meme]]
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* [[Open-space meeting]]
      
* <font color="#ff8000"> 客户参与</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 客户参与</font>
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 模因（模仿传递行为）</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 模因（模仿传递行为）</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 开放空间会议</font>
 
* <font color="#ff8000"> 开放空间会议</font>
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== 参考文献 ==
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{{Div col end}}
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== Notes and references 参考文献 ==
   
<references />
 
<references />
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* {{cite book |first1=S.R. |last1=Diasio |first2=N. |last2=Agell |chapter=The evolution of expertise in decision support technologies: A challenge for organizations |title=13th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design |date=2009 |pages=692–7 |doi=10.1109/CSCWD.2009.4968139|isbn=978-1-4244-3534-0 |s2cid=14678705 }}
 
* {{cite book |first1=S.R. |last1=Diasio |first2=N. |last2=Agell |chapter=The evolution of expertise in decision support technologies: A challenge for organizations |title=13th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design |date=2009 |pages=692–7 |doi=10.1109/CSCWD.2009.4968139|isbn=978-1-4244-3534-0 |s2cid=14678705 }}
 
*{{cite book |last1=Kaiser |first1=C. |last2=Kröckel |first2=J. |last3=Bodendorf |first3=F. |chapter=Swarm Intelligence for Analyzing Opinions in Online Communities |title=Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |date=2010 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/HICSS.2010.356 |isbn=978-1-4244-5509-6 |s2cid=10383747 }}
 
*{{cite book |last1=Kaiser |first1=C. |last2=Kröckel |first2=J. |last3=Bodendorf |first3=F. |chapter=Swarm Intelligence for Analyzing Opinions in Online Communities |title=Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |date=2010 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/HICSS.2010.356 |isbn=978-1-4244-5509-6 |s2cid=10383747 }}
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{{refend}}
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== 相关链接 ==
 
== 相关链接 ==
   第699行： 第452行：  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925233103/http://collectiveintel.net/ 集体智能框架], 一个利用集体智能的开源框架
 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925233103/http://collectiveintel.net/ 集体智能框架], 一个利用集体智能的开源框架
 
* Raimund Minichbauer (2012). [http://eipcp.net/transversal/0112/minichbauer/en 零散的集体：关于电子网络中的“集体情报”政治]
 
* Raimund Minichbauer (2012). [http://eipcp.net/transversal/0112/minichbauer/en 零散的集体：关于电子网络中的“集体情报”政治]
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