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==早期生活和教育==

==早期生活和教育==

[[File:Wolfram.jpg|300px|缩略图|右|1978 年的沃尔夫勒姆。1979 年，年仅 20 岁的他拿到了加州理工学院理论物理博士学位]]

[[File:Wolfram.jpg|300px|缩略图|右|1978 年的沃尔夫勒姆。1979 年，年仅 20 岁的他拿到了加州理工学院理论物理博士学位]]

童年时期，沃尔夫勒姆学业上并不顺利。在很小的时候，Wolfram 就有学习算术的困难。 “当我第一次去上学的时候，他们认为我落后了，”他说，“因为我不想读他们给我们的那些愚蠢的书。而且我从来不会算术。”1976年他从伊顿中学肄业。<ref>[http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2014/06/a-speech-for-high-school-graduates/ A Speech for (High-School) Graduates] by Stephen Wolfram a commencement speech for Stanford Online High School, StephenWolfram.com, 9 June 2014: "You know, as it happens, I myself never officially graduated from high school, and this is actually the first high school graduation I've ever been to."</ref> 12岁时，他编写了一部关于物理的字典。 13岁至14岁之间，他编写了3本关于粒子物理的书籍。<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/books/unpublished/PhysicsOfSubatomicParticles.pdf|title=The Physics of Subatomic Particles|year=1973|author=S. Wolfram}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/books/unpublished/IntroductionToTheWeakInteractionVolumeOne.pdf|title=Introduction to the Weak Interaction|volume=1|year=1974|author=S. Wolfram}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/books/unpublished/IntroductionToTheWeakInteractionVolumeTwo.pdf|title=Introduction to the Weak Interaction|volume=2|year=1974|author=S. Wolfram}}</ref>但它们没有发表。15岁时，发表了第一篇科学论文《Hadronic Electrons?》，此时他也开始在应用量子场论与粒子物理方面的研究和发表科学论文。课题包括物质产生和湮灭的基本相互作用、基本粒子和电流、强子和轻子物理、部分子模型，<ref>[http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/articles/particle/ Stephen Wolfram: Articles on Particle Physics]</ref> 发表在专业的同行评议的科学期刊，包括Nuclear Physics B、Australian Journal of Physics、Nuovo Cimento 和 Physical Review D。17岁进入牛津大学学习但他觉得学校课程糟糕透顶，于是在1978年肄业。<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bbN-6aDFrrAC&lpg=PA151&ots=BhcxLgDQ8v&dq=murray%20Stephen%20wolfram&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q=murray%20gelman%20STephen%20wolfram&f=false Complexity: A Guided Tour]'' by Melanie Mitchell, 2009, p. 151: "In the early 1980s, Stephen Wolfram, a physicist working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, became fascinated by cellular automata and the patterns they make. Wolfram is one of those legendary child prodigies people like to tell stories about. Born in London in 1959, Wolfram published his first physics paper at 15. Two years later, in the summer after his first year at Oxford, . . .  Wolfram wrote a paper in the field of "quantum chromodynamics" that attracted the attention of Nobel-Prize-winning physicist Murray Gell-Mann, who invited Wolfram to join his group at Caltech…"</ref>沃尔夫勒姆展现出“不适合教育体制”的才华。沃尔夫勒姆18岁时独立在重夸克产生方面展开研究，发表了一篇引用率很高的论文以及另外九篇论文，并继续研究。<ref name="bio">{{Cite journal |last1 = Giles|first1 = J.|title = Stephen Wolfram: What kind of science is this?|journal = Nature|volume = 417|issue = 6886|pages = 216–218|year = 2002|pmid = 12015565|pmc = |bibcode = 2002Natur.417..216G }}</ref>

童年时期，沃尔夫勒姆学业上并不顺利。在很小的时候，Wolfram 就有学习算术的困难。 “当我第一次去上学的时候，他们认为我落后了，”他说，“因为我不想读他们给我们的那些愚蠢的书。而且我从来不会算术。”1976年他从伊顿中学肄业。<ref>[http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2014/06/a-speech-for-high-school-graduates/ A Speech for (High-School) Graduates] by Stephen Wolfram a commencement speech for Stanford Online High School, StephenWolfram.com, 9 June 2014: "You know, as it happens, I myself never officially graduated from high school, and this is actually the first high school graduation I've ever been to."</ref> 12岁时，他编写了一部关于物理的字典。 13岁至14岁之间，他编写了3本关于粒子物理的书籍。<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/books/unpublished/PhysicsOfSubatomicParticles.pdf|title=The Physics of Subatomic Particles|year=1973|author=S. Wolfram}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/books/unpublished/IntroductionToTheWeakInteractionVolumeOne.pdf|title=Introduction to the Weak Interaction|volume=1|year=1974|author=S. Wolfram}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/books/unpublished/IntroductionToTheWeakInteractionVolumeTwo.pdf|title=Introduction to the Weak Interaction|volume=2|year=1974|author=S. Wolfram}}</ref>但它们没有发表。15岁时，发表了第一篇科学论文[https://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/academic/hadronic-electrons.pdf《Hadronic Electrons?》]，此时他也开始在应用量子场论与粒子物理方面的研究和发表科学论文。课题包括物质产生和湮灭的基本相互作用、基本粒子和电流、强子和轻子物理、部分子模型，<ref>[http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/articles/particle/ Stephen Wolfram: Articles on Particle Physics]</ref> 发表在专业的同行评议的科学期刊，包括Nuclear Physics B、Australian Journal of Physics、Nuovo Cimento 和 Physical Review D。17岁进入牛津大学学习但他觉得学校课程糟糕透顶，于是在1978年肄业。<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bbN-6aDFrrAC&lpg=PA151&ots=BhcxLgDQ8v&dq=murray%20Stephen%20wolfram&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q=murray%20gelman%20STephen%20wolfram&f=false Complexity: A Guided Tour]'' by Melanie Mitchell, 2009, p. 151: "In the early 1980s, Stephen Wolfram, a physicist working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, became fascinated by cellular automata and the patterns they make. Wolfram is one of those legendary child prodigies people like to tell stories about. Born in London in 1959, Wolfram published his first physics paper at 15. Two years later, in the summer after his first year at Oxford, . . .  Wolfram wrote a paper in the field of "quantum chromodynamics" that attracted the attention of Nobel-Prize-winning physicist Murray Gell-Mann, who invited Wolfram to join his group at Caltech…"</ref>沃尔夫勒姆展现出“不适合教育体制”的才华。沃尔夫勒姆18岁时独立在重夸克产生方面展开研究，发表了一篇引用率很高的论文以及另外九篇论文，并继续研究。<ref name="bio">{{Cite journal |last1 = Giles|first1 = J.|title = Stephen Wolfram: What kind of science is this?|journal = Nature|volume = 417|issue = 6886|pages = 216–218|year = 2002|pmid = 12015565|pmc = |bibcode = 2002Natur.417..216G }}</ref>

20岁时即获得加州理工学院粒子物理学 particle physics博士学位，在他获得博士后，沃尔夫勒姆在加州理工留校任教，在他22岁时，通过Feynman的推荐，获得第一届麦克阿瑟奖（MacArthur Fellowship），他也因此成为麦克阿瑟奖学金最年轻的获得者，没有之一。麦克阿瑟奖被视为美国跨领域最高奖项之一，颁发给“在各个领域内具有非凡创造性的杰出人士”，在我们熟知的杰出华人代表中，获得过该奖项的有陶哲轩、丘成桐、贺琳等。

20岁时即获得加州理工学院粒子物理学 particle physics博士学位，在他获得博士后，沃尔夫勒姆在加州理工留校任教，在他22岁时，通过Feynman的推荐，获得第一届麦克阿瑟奖（MacArthur Fellowship），他也因此成为麦克阿瑟奖学金最年轻的获得者，没有之一。麦克阿瑟奖被视为美国跨领域最高奖项之一，颁发给“在各个领域内具有非凡创造性的杰出人士”，在我们熟知的杰出华人代表中，获得过该奖项的有陶哲轩、丘成桐、贺琳等。