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=== 自然和社会现象 ===

=== 自然和社会现象 ===

[[文件:蚊群-杨明哲-202409011.png|无框]][[文件:集智公众号图片 20240901071124.gif|无框|344x344像素]] [[文件:真实生物群落图片-计算力学词条 2024090612.jpg|替代=生物群落图片-计算力学词条|无框|238x238像素]]

[[文件:蚊群-杨明哲-202409011.png|无框]][[文件:集智公众号图片 20240901071124.gif|无框|344x344像素]]  

[[复杂系统]]的涌现问题由来已久<ref name=":0">James P. Crutchfield, Karl Young. Inferring Statistical Complexity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, VOLUME 63, NUMBER 2. 10 JULY 1989</ref><ref name=":1">James P. Crutchfield. The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction. SFI 94-03-016. 1994</ref><ref name=":2">James E. Hanson, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics of Cellular Automata: An Example. SFI WORKING PAPER: 1995-10-095</ref><ref name=":3">Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics: Pattern and Prediction, Structure and Simplicity. February 1, 2008</ref>。鸟群以步调一致地形式飞行，鱼儿在没有领头带领以连贯的序列群组流转并突然共同转向的方式游动。蚊群形成复杂的社会，生存继承自特异化的社会分工。几个世纪前，木星大气中五彩斑斓的混沌运动形成了被称之为“大红斑”的巨大漩涡，至少已存在二百到三百五十年，期间还在不断地改变颜色和形状。

[[复杂系统]]的涌现问题由来已久<ref name=":0">James P. Crutchfield, Karl Young. Inferring Statistical Complexity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, VOLUME 63, NUMBER 2. 10 JULY 1989</ref><ref name=":1">James P. Crutchfield. The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction. SFI 94-03-016. 1994</ref><ref name=":2">James E. Hanson, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics of Cellular Automata: An Example. SFI WORKING PAPER: 1995-10-095</ref><ref name=":3">Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics: Pattern and Prediction, Structure and Simplicity. February 1, 2008</ref>。鸟群以步调一致地形式飞行，鱼儿在没有领头带领以连贯的序列群组流转并突然共同转向的方式游动。蚊群形成复杂的社会，生存继承自特异化的社会分工。几个世纪前，木星大气中五彩斑斓的混沌运动形成了被称之为“大红斑”的巨大漩涡，至少已存在二百到三百五十年，期间还在不断地改变颜色和形状。