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Causal Emergence
Causal emergence refers to a special kind of emergence phenomenon in dynamical systems, that is, the system will exhibit stronger causal characteristics on a macroscopic scale. In particular, for a class of Markov dynamical systems, after appropriate coarse-graining of its state space, the formed macroscopic dynamics will exhibit stronger causal characteristics than the microscopic ones. Then it is said that causal emergence occurs in this system [1][2]. At the same time, the causal emergence theory is also a theory that uses causal effect measures to quantify emergence phenomena in complex systems.
== 1. History ==