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1913年，恩斯特·泽梅罗  Ernst Zermelo 发表了'''《关于集合论在国际象棋博弈理论中的应用  On a Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of the Chess》''' ，证明了最优的国际象棋策略是严格确定的。这为定理的一般化铺平了道路。ref>{{cite conference |url=https://socio.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/chair-of-sociology-dam/documents/articles/Zermelo_Uber_eine_Anwendung_der_Mengenlehre_auf_die_Theorie_des_Schachspiels.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023075458/http://www.socio.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/chair-of-sociology-dam/documents/articles/Zermelo_Uber_eine_Anwendung_der_Mengenlehre_auf_die_Theorie_des_Schachspiels.pdf |archivedate=23 October 2015 |first=Ernst |last=Zermelo |date=1913 |title=Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels |trans-title=On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess |language=de |pages=501-504 |author-link=Ernst Zermelo |conference=Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians (1912) |editor-first1=E. W. |editor-last1=Hobson |editor-first2=A. E. H. |editor-last2=Love |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all |access-date=29 August 2019 }}</ref>

1913年，恩斯特·泽梅罗  Ernst Zermelo 发表了'''《关于集合论在国际象棋博弈理论中的应用  On a Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of the Chess》''' ，证明了最优的国际象棋策略是严格确定的。这为定理的一般化铺平了道路。<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://socio.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/chair-of-sociology-dam/documents/articles/Zermelo_Uber_eine_Anwendung_der_Mengenlehre_auf_die_Theorie_des_Schachspiels.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023075458/http://www.socio.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/chair-of-sociology-dam/documents/articles/Zermelo_Uber_eine_Anwendung_der_Mengenlehre_auf_die_Theorie_des_Schachspiels.pdf |archivedate=23 October 2015 |first=Ernst |last=Zermelo |date=1913 |title=Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels |trans-title=On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess |language=de |pages=501-504 |author-link=Ernst Zermelo |conference=Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians (1912) |editor-first1=E. W. |editor-last1=Hobson |editor-first2=A. E. H. |editor-last2=Love |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all |access-date=29 August 2019 }}</ref>