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Secondly, causal emergence, as an important concept in complex systems, also plays an important role in the research of consciousness science. A core question in consciousness research is whether consciousness is a macroscopic or a microscopic phenomenon? So far, there is no direct evidence to show the scale at which consciousness occurs. In-depth research on causal emergence, especially combined with experimental data of the brain nerve, may answer the scale at which consciousness occurs.

Secondly, causal emergence, as an important concept in complex systems, also plays an important role in the research of consciousness science. A core question in consciousness research is whether consciousness is a macroscopic or a microscopic phenomenon? So far, there is no direct evidence to show the scale at which consciousness occurs. In-depth research on causal emergence, especially combined with experimental data of the brain nerve, may answer the scale at which consciousness occurs.

Thirdly, causal emergence may answer the question of free will. Questions about whether free will is real or an illusion are central to this discussion. In fact, if we accept the concept of causal emergence and admit that macroscopic variables will have [[causal force]] on microscopic variables, then all our decisions are actually made spontaneously by the brain system. Consciousness, in this view, is merely a certain level of explanation of this complex decision-making process. Therefore, free will is an emergent [[downward causation]]. The answers to these questions await further research of the causal emergence theory.

Thirdly, causal emergence may answer the question of free will. Questions about whether free will is real or an illusion are central to this discussion. In fact, if we accept the concept of causal emergence and admit that macroscopic variables will have [[causal power]] on microscopic variables, then all our decisions are actually made spontaneously by the brain system. Consciousness, in this view, is merely a certain level of explanation of this complex decision-making process. Therefore, free will is an emergent [[downward causation]]. The answers to these questions await further research of the causal emergence theory.

====Chinese classical philosophy====

====Chinese classical philosophy====