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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Spontaneous order (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{short description|Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
'''Spontaneous order''', also named [[self-organization]] in the [[Hard and soft science|hard sciences]], is the spontaneous [[emergence]] of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in [[social network]]s including [[economics]], though the term "self-organization" is more often used for [[physical change]]s and [[biological process]]es, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through [[planning]]. The [[Evolutionary history of life|evolution of life on Earth]], [[language]], [[crystal structure]], the [[Internet]] and a [[free market]] [[economy]] have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.<ref name=Barry1982>{{cite journal |last=Barry |first=Norman |authorlink=Norman P. Barry |title=The Tradition of Spontaneous Order |journal=Literature of Liberty |year=1982 |volume=5 |issue=2}}</ref>
Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.
自发秩序，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，尽管“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”一般用于描述各种社会秩序的出现，这些秩序来自于一群自私自利的个人，他们并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=|via=}}</ref>
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being scale-free networks, while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, and controllable by no one. In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".
自发秩序与组织是有区别的。自发秩序的特征是无标度网络，而组织则是等级网络。此外，组织可以并且经常是自发的社会秩序的一部分，但是反过来就不正确了。此外，虽然组织是由人类创造和控制的，但是自发的秩序是由任何人创造、控制和控制的。在经济学和社会科学中，自发秩序被定义为“人类行为的结果，而不是人类设计的结果”。
Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".<ref name="springer1"> Yong Tao, Spontaneous economic order, Journal of Evolutionary Economics (2016) 26 (3): 467-500 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00191-015-0432-6</ref>
Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".
自发秩序是自利个体之间的一种均衡行为，它最有可能进化和生存，服从“最有可能生存”的自然选择过程。
==History==
==History==
历史
According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>
According to Murray Rothbard, Zhuangzi (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of Confucianism, writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by Proudhon in the nineteenth [century]".
根据穆瑞 · 罗斯巴德，庄子(公元前369-286年)是第一个提出自发秩序思想的人。这位哲学家拒绝接受儒家的威权主义，他写道: “存在着让人类自由的东西，从来没有这样一种东西能够[成功地]统治人类。”他阐述了自发秩序的早期形式，声称”当事物被放任自流时，良好的秩序就会自发产生” ，这一概念后来”特别是由蒲鲁东在十九世纪发展出来的”。
The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] were the first to seriously develop and inquire into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described the phenomenon of spontaneous order in society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
The thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment were the first to seriously develop and inquire into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian Adam Ferguson described the phenomenon of spontaneous order in society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
苏格兰启蒙运动的思想家们首先认真地发展和探讨了市场作为一种自发秩序的理念。1767年，社会学家和历史学家亚当 · 弗格森将社会自发秩序现象描述为“人类行为的结果，而不是任何人类设计的执行”。 弗格森1767“{ cite book
| last = Ferguson
| last = Ferguson
去年弗格森
| first = Adam
| first = Adam
首先是亚当
| title = An Essay on the History of Civil Society
| title = An Essay on the History of Civil Society
公民社会历史论文
| publisher = T. Cadell, London
| publisher = T. Cadell, London
出版商 t. Cadell，伦敦
| year = 1767
| year = 1767
1767年
| location = The Online Library of Liberty
| location = The Online Library of Liberty
| 位置自由在线图书馆
| page = 205
| page = 205
205页
| url = http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1428&Itemid=28
| url = http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1428&Itemid=28
Http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3ftitle=1428&itemid=28
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]], would later refine the concept and make it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought.
The Austrian School of Economics, led by Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, would later refine the concept and make it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought.
由 Carl Menger，路德维希·冯·米塞斯和 Friedrich Hayek 领导的奥地利经济学派后来完善了这一概念，并使之成为其社会和经济思想的核心。
==Examples==
==Examples==
例子
===Markets===
===Markets===
街市
Many economic classical liberals, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>
Many economic classical liberals, such as Hayek, have argued that market economies are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve." They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the extended order in Hayek's The Fatal Conceit) is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required. Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.
许多经济古典自由主义者，如哈耶克，认为市场经济是一种自发秩序，“比任何设计都更有效地分配社会资源。”他们声称这种自发秩序(在哈耶克的致命的自负中称为扩展秩序)优于人类大脑根据所需信息的细节而设计的任何秩序。他们认为，集中化的统计数据不能传达这种信息，因为统计数据是通过抽象处理具体情况而创建的。
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their individual knowledge. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
哈耶克认为，市场经济中的价格是当拥有资源的人可以自由使用其个人知识时获得的信息的总和。然后，价格允许每个交易商品或其替代品的人根据自己无法获得的更多信息做出决定，这些信息在统计上无法传递给中央权威机构。来自中央当局的影响价格的干预将产生他们无法预见的后果，因为他们不知道所有的细节。
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
巴里认为，亚当 · 斯密在《国富论》中提出的“看不见的手”的概念就说明了这一点。因此，按照这种观点，通过比任何中央权力机构更为详细和准确地处理信息，创造了更为有效的经济，造福于整个社会。
[[Lawrence Reed]], president of the [[Foundation for Economic Education]], describes spontaneous order as follows:
Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:
经济教育基金会(Foundation for Economic Education)主席劳伦斯•里德(Lawrence Reed)对自发秩序的描述如下:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
块引号
Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候---- 当企业家... ... 看到别人的欲望... ... 然后提供给他们的时候。
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.<ref>[[John Stossel|Stossel, John]] (2011-02-10) [http://reason.com/archives/2011/02/10/spontaneous-order/singlepage Spontaneous Order], ''[[Reason magazine|Reason]]''</ref>
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.
它们对市场信号和价格做出反应。价格告诉他们需要什么，如何紧急，在哪里。而且这比依赖一小撮偏远官僚机构的精英要好得多，效率也高得多。
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
/ blockquote
===Game studies===
===Game studies===
游戏研究
The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern [[game studies]]. As early as the 1940s, historian [[Johan Huizinga]] wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'', Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."
The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern game studies. As early as the 1940s, historian Johan Huizinga wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book The Fatal Conceit, Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."
自发秩序的概念与现代博弈研究密切相关。早在20世纪40年代，历史学家约翰 · 胡伊青加就写道: ”在神话和仪式中，文明生活的伟大本能力量有其起源: 法律和秩序、商业和利润、工艺和艺术、诗歌、智慧和科学。一切都植根于游戏的原始土壤。”在他的著作《致命的自负，Hayek 特别写道: “一个游戏确实是一个过程的明显例子，在这个过程中，追求不同甚至冲突目的的因素对共同规则的服从导致了整体秩序。”
===Anarchism===
===Anarchism===
无政府主义
{{also|Self-organization#Principles|Anarchist symbolism#Circle-A}}
[[Anarchism|Anarchists]] argue that the [[state (polity)|state]] is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by [[anarchist law]]. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the ''Oxford Dictionary of Sociology'', "the work of many [[symbolic interactionism|symbolic interactionists]] is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Gordon |title=Oxford Dictionary of Sociology |origyear=1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 |edition=2 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |isbn=978-0-19-280081-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 19–20] |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration }}</ref>
Anarchists argue that the state is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by anarchist law. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, "the work of many symbolic interactionists is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."
无政府主义者认为，国家实际上是统治精英人为创造的，如果消灭了它，真正的自发秩序就会出现。被无政府主义者法律解释为组织的开始，但不是全部。在无政府主义者看来，这种自发秩序包括个人的自愿合作。根据《牛津社会学词典》 ，“许多象征性互动主义者的作品在很大程度上符合无政府主义者的愿景，因为它包含了一种社会自发秩序的观点。”
===Sobornost===
===Sobornost===
===Sobornost===
The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian [[Slavophile]] movements and specifically in the works of [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]. The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of [[sobornost]]. Sobornost was also used by [[Leo Tolstoy]] as an underpinning to the ideology of [[Christian anarchism]]. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf [[Obshchina]] in pre-Soviet Russia.<ref>''Faith and Order: The Reconciliation of Law and Religion'' By Harold Joseph p. 388 Berman Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Religion and law {{ISBN|0-8028-4852-4}} https://books.google.com/books?id=j1208xA7F_0C&lpg=PA388&ots=p0N6U4zWbf&pg=PA388</ref>
The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian Slavophile movements and specifically in the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of sobornost. Sobornost was also used by Leo Tolstoy as an underpinning to the ideology of Christian anarchism. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf Obshchina in pre-Soviet Russia.
自发秩序的概念也可以在俄罗斯亲斯拉夫运动的作品中看到，特别是在费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品中。有机社会表现形式的概念作为一个概念在俄罗斯表达的思想下的 sobornost。索博诺斯特也被列夫 · 托尔斯泰用作基督教无政府主义思想的支柱。这个概念被用来描述前苏联时期 Obshchina 农民或农奴背后的团结力量。
===Recent developments===
===Recent developments===
近期事态发展
Perhaps the most famous theorist of social spontaneous orders is [[Friedrich Hayek]]. In addition to arguing the economy is a spontaneous order, which he termed a [[catallaxy]], he argued that common law<ref>The Constitution of Liberty; Law, Legislation and Liberty</ref> and the brain<ref>The Sensory Order</ref> are also types of spontaneous orders. In "The Republic of Science,"<ref>http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~gsd/595e/docs/41.%20Polanyi_Republic_of_Science.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Michael Polanyi]] also argued that science is a spontaneous order, a theory further developed by Bill Butos and Thomas McQuade in a variety of papers. Gus DiZerega has argued that [[democracy]] is the spontaneous order form of government,<ref>Persuasion, Power, and Polity</ref> David Emmanuel Andersson has argued that religion in places like the United States is a spontaneous order,<ref>{{cite book|title=Persuasion, Power and Polity: A Theory of Democratic Self-Organization (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences) (9781572732575): Gus Dizerega, Alfonso Montuori: Books |date=2001-02-10 |isbn = 978-1572732575|last1 = Dizerega|first1 = Gus}}</ref> and Troy Camplin argues that artistic and literary production are spontaneous orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studiesinemergentorder.org/current-issue/sieo3-195/ |title=pp.195-211: Troy Earl Camplin |publisher=Studies in Emergent Order |date= 2010-08-20|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> [[Paul Krugman]] too has contributed to spontaneous order theory in his book ''The Self-Organizing Economy'',<ref>The Self-Organizing Economy</ref> in which he claims that cities are self-organizing systems. [[Credibility thesis]] suggests that the credibility of social institutions is the driving factor behind the endogenous self-organization of institutions and their persistence.<ref name=Grabel>{{cite journal |last= Grabel |first= Ilene |title= The political economy of 'policy credibility': the new-classical macroeconomics and the remaking of emerging economies |url= http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/1.abstract |journal= Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi= 10.1093/cje/24.1.1|access-date= 20 October 2016|year= 2000 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.366.5380 }}</ref>
Perhaps the most famous theorist of social spontaneous orders is Friedrich Hayek. In addition to arguing the economy is a spontaneous order, which he termed a catallaxy, he argued that common law and the brain are also types of spontaneous orders. In "The Republic of Science," Michael Polanyi also argued that science is a spontaneous order, a theory further developed by Bill Butos and Thomas McQuade in a variety of papers. Gus DiZerega has argued that democracy is the spontaneous order form of government, David Emmanuel Andersson has argued that religion in places like the United States is a spontaneous order, and Troy Camplin argues that artistic and literary production are spontaneous orders. Paul Krugman too has contributed to spontaneous order theory in his book The Self-Organizing Economy, in which he claims that cities are self-organizing systems. Credibility thesis suggests that the credibility of social institutions is the driving factor behind the endogenous self-organization of institutions and their persistence.
也许最著名的社会自发秩序理论家是弗里德里希 · 哈耶克。除了论证经济是一种自发秩序，他称之为自发秩序，他还认为普通法和大脑也是自发秩序的类型。在《科学共和国》一书中，迈克尔 · 波兰尼还认为，科学是一种自发秩序，这一理论由比尔 · 布托斯和托马斯 · 麦奎德在多篇论文中进一步发展。格斯 · 迪泽雷加认为民主是政府的自发秩序形式，大卫 · 伊曼纽尔 · 安德森认为宗教在像美国这样的地方是自发秩序，特洛伊 · 坎普林认为艺术和文学作品是自发秩序。保罗•克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman)在他的著作《自组织经济》(The Self-Organizing Economy)中也对自发秩序理论做出了贡献。他在书中声称，城市是自组织系统。可信性理论认为，社会制度的可信性是制度内生自我组织及其持续性的驱动因素。
The competitions between huge numbers of self-interested individuals will lead to many possible income distributions. Among all possible income distributions, exponential income distribution will occur with the highest probability. Following the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest", the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive, and hence is called the "Spontaneous Order" by Tao.<ref name="springer1"/>
The competitions between huge numbers of self-interested individuals will lead to many possible income distributions. Among all possible income distributions, exponential income distribution will occur with the highest probability. Following the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest", the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive, and hence is called the "Spontaneous Order" by Tao.
大量自私自利者之间的竞争将导致许多可能的收入分配。在所有可能的收入分配中，指数型收入分配的发生概率最高。遵循“最有可能生存”的自然选择过程，指数型收入分配最有可能进化和生存，因此被道称为“自发秩序”。
By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.<ref> Yong Tao et al. Exponential structure of income inequality: evidence from 67 countries. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination (2017) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11403-017-0211-6 </ref>
By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.
通过分析来自66个国家和香港特别行政区(从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲)的家庭收入数据，陶等人发现，对于所有这些国家，绝大多数人口(低收入和中等收入阶层)的收入分布遵循指数分布。
==See also==
==See also==
参见
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}
* [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]]
* [[Deregulation]]
* [[Free price system]]
* "[[I, Pencil]]" by [[Leonard Read]]
* [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|Mutual aid]]
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Natural order (philosophy)|Natural order]]
* [[Revolutionary spontaneity]]
* [[Stigmergy]]
* [[Tragedy of the commons]]
* [[Wu wei|Wu wei (Effortless Action)]]
{{colend}}
==References==
==References==
参考资料
{{reflist|2}}
{{Anarcho-capitalism}}
{{Friedrich Hayek}}
{{Anarchism}}
{{Evolutionary psychology}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spontaneous Order}}
[[Category:Anarcho-capitalism]]
Category:Anarcho-capitalism
类别: 无政府资本主义
[[Category:Systems theory]]
Category:Systems theory
范畴: 系统论
[[Category:Self-organization]]
Category:Self-organization
类别: 自我组织
[[Category:Austrian School]]
Category:Austrian School
类别: 奥地利学派
[[Category:Anarchist theory]]
Category:Anarchist theory
类别: 无政府主义理论
[[Category:Libertarian theory]]
Category:Libertarian theory
范畴: 自由意志主义理论
[[Category:Pattern formation]]
Category:Pattern formation
类别: 模式形成
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Spontaneous order]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[自发秩序/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
'''Spontaneous order''', also named [[self-organization]] in the [[Hard and soft science|hard sciences]], is the spontaneous [[emergence]] of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in [[social network]]s including [[economics]], though the term "self-organization" is more often used for [[physical change]]s and [[biological process]]es, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through [[planning]]. The [[Evolutionary history of life|evolution of life on Earth]], [[language]], [[crystal structure]], the [[Internet]] and a [[free market]] [[economy]] have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.<ref name=Barry1982>{{cite journal |last=Barry |first=Norman |authorlink=Norman P. Barry |title=The Tradition of Spontaneous Order |journal=Literature of Liberty |year=1982 |volume=5 |issue=2}}</ref>
Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.
自发秩序，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，尽管“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”一般用于描述各种社会秩序的出现，这些秩序来自于一群自私自利的个人，他们并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=|via=}}</ref>
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being scale-free networks, while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, and controllable by no one. In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".
自发秩序与组织是有区别的。自发秩序的特征是无标度网络，而组织则是等级网络。此外，组织可以并且经常是自发的社会秩序的一部分，但是反过来就不正确了。此外，虽然组织是由人类创造和控制的，但是自发的秩序是由任何人创造、控制和控制的。在经济学和社会科学中，自发秩序被定义为“人类行为的结果，而不是人类设计的结果”。
Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".<ref name="springer1"> Yong Tao, Spontaneous economic order, Journal of Evolutionary Economics (2016) 26 (3): 467-500 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00191-015-0432-6</ref>
Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".
自发秩序是自利个体之间的一种均衡行为，它最有可能进化和生存，服从“最有可能生存”的自然选择过程。
==History==
==History==
历史
According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>
According to Murray Rothbard, Zhuangzi (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of Confucianism, writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by Proudhon in the nineteenth [century]".
根据穆瑞 · 罗斯巴德，庄子(公元前369-286年)是第一个提出自发秩序思想的人。这位哲学家拒绝接受儒家的威权主义，他写道: “存在着让人类自由的东西，从来没有这样一种东西能够[成功地]统治人类。”他阐述了自发秩序的早期形式，声称”当事物被放任自流时，良好的秩序就会自发产生” ，这一概念后来”特别是由蒲鲁东在十九世纪发展出来的”。
The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] were the first to seriously develop and inquire into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described the phenomenon of spontaneous order in society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
The thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment were the first to seriously develop and inquire into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian Adam Ferguson described the phenomenon of spontaneous order in society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
苏格兰启蒙运动的思想家们首先认真地发展和探讨了市场作为一种自发秩序的理念。1767年，社会学家和历史学家亚当 · 弗格森将社会自发秩序现象描述为“人类行为的结果，而不是任何人类设计的执行”。 弗格森1767“{ cite book
| last = Ferguson
| last = Ferguson
去年弗格森
| first = Adam
| first = Adam
首先是亚当
| title = An Essay on the History of Civil Society
| title = An Essay on the History of Civil Society
公民社会历史论文
| publisher = T. Cadell, London
| publisher = T. Cadell, London
出版商 t. Cadell，伦敦
| year = 1767
| year = 1767
1767年
| location = The Online Library of Liberty
| location = The Online Library of Liberty
| 位置自由在线图书馆
| page = 205
| page = 205
205页
| url = http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1428&Itemid=28
| url = http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1428&Itemid=28
Http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3ftitle=1428&itemid=28
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]], would later refine the concept and make it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought.
The Austrian School of Economics, led by Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, would later refine the concept and make it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought.
由 Carl Menger，路德维希·冯·米塞斯和 Friedrich Hayek 领导的奥地利经济学派后来完善了这一概念，并使之成为其社会和经济思想的核心。
==Examples==
==Examples==
例子
===Markets===
===Markets===
街市
Many economic classical liberals, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>
Many economic classical liberals, such as Hayek, have argued that market economies are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve." They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the extended order in Hayek's The Fatal Conceit) is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required. Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.
许多经济古典自由主义者，如哈耶克，认为市场经济是一种自发秩序，“比任何设计都更有效地分配社会资源。”他们声称这种自发秩序(在哈耶克的致命的自负中称为扩展秩序)优于人类大脑根据所需信息的细节而设计的任何秩序。他们认为，集中化的统计数据不能传达这种信息，因为统计数据是通过抽象处理具体情况而创建的。
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their individual knowledge. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
哈耶克认为，市场经济中的价格是当拥有资源的人可以自由使用其个人知识时获得的信息的总和。然后，价格允许每个交易商品或其替代品的人根据自己无法获得的更多信息做出决定，这些信息在统计上无法传递给中央权威机构。来自中央当局的影响价格的干预将产生他们无法预见的后果，因为他们不知道所有的细节。
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
巴里认为，亚当 · 斯密在《国富论》中提出的“看不见的手”的概念就说明了这一点。因此，按照这种观点，通过比任何中央权力机构更为详细和准确地处理信息，创造了更为有效的经济，造福于整个社会。
[[Lawrence Reed]], president of the [[Foundation for Economic Education]], describes spontaneous order as follows:
Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:
经济教育基金会(Foundation for Economic Education)主席劳伦斯•里德(Lawrence Reed)对自发秩序的描述如下:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
块引号
Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候---- 当企业家... ... 看到别人的欲望... ... 然后提供给他们的时候。
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.<ref>[[John Stossel|Stossel, John]] (2011-02-10) [http://reason.com/archives/2011/02/10/spontaneous-order/singlepage Spontaneous Order], ''[[Reason magazine|Reason]]''</ref>
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.
它们对市场信号和价格做出反应。价格告诉他们需要什么，如何紧急，在哪里。而且这比依赖一小撮偏远官僚机构的精英要好得多，效率也高得多。
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
/ blockquote
===Game studies===
===Game studies===
游戏研究
The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern [[game studies]]. As early as the 1940s, historian [[Johan Huizinga]] wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'', Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."
The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern game studies. As early as the 1940s, historian Johan Huizinga wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book The Fatal Conceit, Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."
自发秩序的概念与现代博弈研究密切相关。早在20世纪40年代，历史学家约翰 · 胡伊青加就写道: ”在神话和仪式中，文明生活的伟大本能力量有其起源: 法律和秩序、商业和利润、工艺和艺术、诗歌、智慧和科学。一切都植根于游戏的原始土壤。”在他的著作《致命的自负，Hayek 特别写道: “一个游戏确实是一个过程的明显例子，在这个过程中，追求不同甚至冲突目的的因素对共同规则的服从导致了整体秩序。”
===Anarchism===
===Anarchism===
无政府主义
{{also|Self-organization#Principles|Anarchist symbolism#Circle-A}}
[[Anarchism|Anarchists]] argue that the [[state (polity)|state]] is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by [[anarchist law]]. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the ''Oxford Dictionary of Sociology'', "the work of many [[symbolic interactionism|symbolic interactionists]] is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Gordon |title=Oxford Dictionary of Sociology |origyear=1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 |edition=2 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |isbn=978-0-19-280081-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 19–20] |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration }}</ref>
Anarchists argue that the state is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by anarchist law. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, "the work of many symbolic interactionists is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."
无政府主义者认为，国家实际上是统治精英人为创造的，如果消灭了它，真正的自发秩序就会出现。被无政府主义者法律解释为组织的开始，但不是全部。在无政府主义者看来，这种自发秩序包括个人的自愿合作。根据《牛津社会学词典》 ，“许多象征性互动主义者的作品在很大程度上符合无政府主义者的愿景，因为它包含了一种社会自发秩序的观点。”
===Sobornost===
===Sobornost===
===Sobornost===
The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian [[Slavophile]] movements and specifically in the works of [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]. The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of [[sobornost]]. Sobornost was also used by [[Leo Tolstoy]] as an underpinning to the ideology of [[Christian anarchism]]. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf [[Obshchina]] in pre-Soviet Russia.<ref>''Faith and Order: The Reconciliation of Law and Religion'' By Harold Joseph p. 388 Berman Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Religion and law {{ISBN|0-8028-4852-4}} https://books.google.com/books?id=j1208xA7F_0C&lpg=PA388&ots=p0N6U4zWbf&pg=PA388</ref>
The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian Slavophile movements and specifically in the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of sobornost. Sobornost was also used by Leo Tolstoy as an underpinning to the ideology of Christian anarchism. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf Obshchina in pre-Soviet Russia.
自发秩序的概念也可以在俄罗斯亲斯拉夫运动的作品中看到，特别是在费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品中。有机社会表现形式的概念作为一个概念在俄罗斯表达的思想下的 sobornost。索博诺斯特也被列夫 · 托尔斯泰用作基督教无政府主义思想的支柱。这个概念被用来描述前苏联时期 Obshchina 农民或农奴背后的团结力量。
===Recent developments===
===Recent developments===
近期事态发展
Perhaps the most famous theorist of social spontaneous orders is [[Friedrich Hayek]]. In addition to arguing the economy is a spontaneous order, which he termed a [[catallaxy]], he argued that common law<ref>The Constitution of Liberty; Law, Legislation and Liberty</ref> and the brain<ref>The Sensory Order</ref> are also types of spontaneous orders. In "The Republic of Science,"<ref>http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~gsd/595e/docs/41.%20Polanyi_Republic_of_Science.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Michael Polanyi]] also argued that science is a spontaneous order, a theory further developed by Bill Butos and Thomas McQuade in a variety of papers. Gus DiZerega has argued that [[democracy]] is the spontaneous order form of government,<ref>Persuasion, Power, and Polity</ref> David Emmanuel Andersson has argued that religion in places like the United States is a spontaneous order,<ref>{{cite book|title=Persuasion, Power and Polity: A Theory of Democratic Self-Organization (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences) (9781572732575): Gus Dizerega, Alfonso Montuori: Books |date=2001-02-10 |isbn = 978-1572732575|last1 = Dizerega|first1 = Gus}}</ref> and Troy Camplin argues that artistic and literary production are spontaneous orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studiesinemergentorder.org/current-issue/sieo3-195/ |title=pp.195-211: Troy Earl Camplin |publisher=Studies in Emergent Order |date= 2010-08-20|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> [[Paul Krugman]] too has contributed to spontaneous order theory in his book ''The Self-Organizing Economy'',<ref>The Self-Organizing Economy</ref> in which he claims that cities are self-organizing systems. [[Credibility thesis]] suggests that the credibility of social institutions is the driving factor behind the endogenous self-organization of institutions and their persistence.<ref name=Grabel>{{cite journal |last= Grabel |first= Ilene |title= The political economy of 'policy credibility': the new-classical macroeconomics and the remaking of emerging economies |url= http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/1.abstract |journal= Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi= 10.1093/cje/24.1.1|access-date= 20 October 2016|year= 2000 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.366.5380 }}</ref>
Perhaps the most famous theorist of social spontaneous orders is Friedrich Hayek. In addition to arguing the economy is a spontaneous order, which he termed a catallaxy, he argued that common law and the brain are also types of spontaneous orders. In "The Republic of Science," Michael Polanyi also argued that science is a spontaneous order, a theory further developed by Bill Butos and Thomas McQuade in a variety of papers. Gus DiZerega has argued that democracy is the spontaneous order form of government, David Emmanuel Andersson has argued that religion in places like the United States is a spontaneous order, and Troy Camplin argues that artistic and literary production are spontaneous orders. Paul Krugman too has contributed to spontaneous order theory in his book The Self-Organizing Economy, in which he claims that cities are self-organizing systems. Credibility thesis suggests that the credibility of social institutions is the driving factor behind the endogenous self-organization of institutions and their persistence.
也许最著名的社会自发秩序理论家是弗里德里希 · 哈耶克。除了论证经济是一种自发秩序，他称之为自发秩序，他还认为普通法和大脑也是自发秩序的类型。在《科学共和国》一书中，迈克尔 · 波兰尼还认为，科学是一种自发秩序，这一理论由比尔 · 布托斯和托马斯 · 麦奎德在多篇论文中进一步发展。格斯 · 迪泽雷加认为民主是政府的自发秩序形式，大卫 · 伊曼纽尔 · 安德森认为宗教在像美国这样的地方是自发秩序，特洛伊 · 坎普林认为艺术和文学作品是自发秩序。保罗•克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman)在他的著作《自组织经济》(The Self-Organizing Economy)中也对自发秩序理论做出了贡献。他在书中声称，城市是自组织系统。可信性理论认为，社会制度的可信性是制度内生自我组织及其持续性的驱动因素。
The competitions between huge numbers of self-interested individuals will lead to many possible income distributions. Among all possible income distributions, exponential income distribution will occur with the highest probability. Following the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest", the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive, and hence is called the "Spontaneous Order" by Tao.<ref name="springer1"/>
The competitions between huge numbers of self-interested individuals will lead to many possible income distributions. Among all possible income distributions, exponential income distribution will occur with the highest probability. Following the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest", the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive, and hence is called the "Spontaneous Order" by Tao.
大量自私自利者之间的竞争将导致许多可能的收入分配。在所有可能的收入分配中，指数型收入分配的发生概率最高。遵循“最有可能生存”的自然选择过程，指数型收入分配最有可能进化和生存，因此被道称为“自发秩序”。
By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.<ref> Yong Tao et al. Exponential structure of income inequality: evidence from 67 countries. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination (2017) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11403-017-0211-6 </ref>
By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.
通过分析来自66个国家和香港特别行政区(从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲)的家庭收入数据，陶等人发现，对于所有这些国家，绝大多数人口(低收入和中等收入阶层)的收入分布遵循指数分布。
==See also==
==See also==
参见
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}
* [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]]
* [[Deregulation]]
* [[Free price system]]
* "[[I, Pencil]]" by [[Leonard Read]]
* [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|Mutual aid]]
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Natural order (philosophy)|Natural order]]
* [[Revolutionary spontaneity]]
* [[Stigmergy]]
* [[Tragedy of the commons]]
* [[Wu wei|Wu wei (Effortless Action)]]
{{colend}}
==References==
==References==
参考资料
{{reflist|2}}
{{Anarcho-capitalism}}
{{Friedrich Hayek}}
{{Anarchism}}
{{Evolutionary psychology}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spontaneous Order}}
[[Category:Anarcho-capitalism]]
Category:Anarcho-capitalism
类别: 无政府资本主义
[[Category:Systems theory]]
Category:Systems theory
范畴: 系统论
[[Category:Self-organization]]
Category:Self-organization
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[[Category:Austrian School]]
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Category:Libertarian theory
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[[Category:Pattern formation]]
Category:Pattern formation
类别: 模式形成
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Spontaneous order]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[自发秩序/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
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