1,592
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更改
Moved page from wikipedia:en:Boids (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
{{short description|Artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates the flocking behaviour of birds}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{for|the reptilian family|Boidae}}
[[File:Boids OpenGL example.webm|thumb|A Boids example created in [[OpenGL]]]]
A Boids example created in [[OpenGL]]
在[[[ OpenGL ]]中创建的 Boids 示例
'''Boids''' is an [[artificial life]] program, developed by [[Craig Reynolds (computer graphics)|Craig Reynolds]] in 1986, which simulates the [[Flocking (behavior)|flocking]] behaviour of [[Bird|birds]]. His paper on this topic was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[SIGGRAPH]] conference. <ref>{{Cite book
Boids is an artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates the flocking behaviour of birds. His paper on this topic was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH conference. <ref>{{Cite book
Boids 是一个人工生命程序，由克雷格 · 雷诺兹于1986年开发，模拟鸟类的群集行为。他关于这个主题的论文发表在1987年的 ACM SIGGRAPH 会议记录上。引用{ Cite book
| last1=Reynolds
| last1=Reynolds
最后1雷诺
| first1=Craig
| first1=Craig
第一名: 克雷格
| author1-link=Craig Reynolds (computer_graphics)
| author1-link=Craig Reynolds (computer_graphics)
| author1-link Craig Reynolds (计算机图形学)
| title=Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model.
| title=Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model.
羊群、畜群和学校: 一个分布式的行为模型。
| year=1987
| year=1987
1987年
| number=
| number=
数字
| journal=SIGGRAPH '87: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
| journal=SIGGRAPH '87: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
87: 第14届计算机图形学与互动技术年度会议论文集
| publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]
| publisher=Association for Computing Machinery
| 出版商计算机协会
| pages=25–34
| pages=25–34
第25-34页
| isbn=978-0-89791-227-3
| isbn=978-0-89791-227-3
[国际标准图书编号978-0-89791-227-3]
| doi=10.1145/37401.37406
| doi=10.1145/37401.37406
10.1145 / 37401.37406
| citeseerx=10.1.1.103.7187
| citeseerx=10.1.1.103.7187
10.1.1.103.7187
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
The name "boid" corresponds to a shortened version of "bird-oid object", which refers to a bird-like object.<ref>{{Cite journal
The name "boid" corresponds to a shortened version of "bird-oid object", which refers to a bird-like object.<ref>{{Cite journal
名称“ boid”对应于一个缩短版的“ bird-oid object” ，它指的是一个类似鸟的对象
| last1=Banks
| last1=Banks
1 Banks
| first1=Alec
| first1=Alec
首先 Alec
| last2=Vincent
| last2=Vincent
最后2文森特
| first2=Jonathan
| first2=Jonathan
第二名: 乔纳森
| last3=Anyakoha
| last3=Anyakoha
3 / lastanyakoha
| first3=Chukwudi
| first3=Chukwudi
| first3 Chukwudi
| title=A review of particle swarm optimization. Part I: background and development
| title=A review of particle swarm optimization. Part I: background and development
2012年10月12日 | 标题: 粒子群优化的回顾。第一部分: 背景与发展
|date=July 2007
|date=July 2007
2007年7月
| journal=Natural Computing
| journal=Natural Computing
自然计算杂志
| volume=6
| volume=6
第六卷
| issue=4
| issue=4
第四期
| pages=467–484
| pages=467–484
第467-484页
| doi=10.1007/s11047-007-9049-5
| doi=10.1007/s11047-007-9049-5
10.1007 / s11047-007-9049-5
| citeseerx=10.1.1.605.5879
| citeseerx=10.1.1.605.5879
10.1.1.605.5879
}}</ref> Incidentally, "boid" is also a New York Metropolitan dialect pronunciation for "bird".
}}</ref> Incidentally, "boid" is also a New York Metropolitan dialect pronunciation for "bird".
} / ref 顺便说一句，“ boid”也是纽约都市方言中“ bird”的发音。
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=Rule separation.gif|caption1=Separation|image2=Rule alignment.gif|caption2=Alignment|image3=Rule cohesion.gif|caption3=Cohesion|header=Rules applied in simple Boids}}
As with most artificial life simulations, Boids is an example of [[emergence|emergent]] behavior; that is, the complexity of Boids arises from the interaction of individual agents (the boids, in this case) adhering to a set of simple rules. The rules applied in the simplest Boids world are as follows:
As with most artificial life simulations, Boids is an example of emergent behavior; that is, the complexity of Boids arises from the interaction of individual agents (the boids, in this case) adhering to a set of simple rules. The rules applied in the simplest Boids world are as follows:
与大多数人工生命模拟一样，Boids 是突发行为的一个例子; 也就是说，Boids 的复杂性来自于个体代理(这里是 Boids)遵循一系列简单规则的相互作用。在最简单的博伊德世界中适用的规则如下:
* '''separation''': [[wikt:steer#Verb 2|steer]] to avoid crowding local flockmates
* '''alignment''': steer towards the average heading of local flockmates
* '''cohesion''': steer to move towards the average position (center of mass) of local flockmates
More complex rules can be added, such as obstacle avoidance and goal seeking.
More complex rules can be added, such as obstacle avoidance and goal seeking.
可以添加更复杂的规则，如避障和寻找目标。
The basic model has been extended in several different ways since Reynolds proposed it. For instance, Delgado-Mata et al.<ref>
The basic model has been extended in several different ways since Reynolds proposed it. For instance, Delgado-Mata et al.<ref>
自雷诺兹提出这个基本模型以来，它已经被扩展到几个不同的方面。例如，Delgado-Mata et al. ref
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
|first1= Carlos | last1= Delgado-Mata
|first1= Carlos | last1= Delgado-Mata
卡洛斯，德尔加多，马塔
|first2= Jesus Ibanez | last2= Martinez
|first2= Jesus Ibanez | last2= Martinez
2 Jesus Ibanez | last 2 Martinez
|first3= Simon | last3= Bee
|first3= Simon | last3= Bee
| first3 Simon | last3 Bee
|first4= Rocio | last4= Ruiz-Rodarte
|first4= Rocio | last4= Ruiz-Rodarte
4 Rocio | last 4 Ruiz-Rodarte
|first5= Ruth | last5= Aylett
|first5= Ruth | last5= Aylett
| first5 Ruth | last 5 Aylett
|title= On the use of Virtual Animals with Artificial Fear in Virtual Environments
|title= On the use of Virtual Animals with Artificial Fear in Virtual Environments
论虚拟动物在虚拟环境中的人为恐惧
|journal= New Generation Computing
|journal= New Generation Computing
| 杂志新一代计算
|volume=25 |issue=2 |pages= 145–169
|volume=25 |issue=2 |pages= 145–169
第25卷，第2期，第145-169页
|date=2007
|date=2007
2007年
|doi= 10.1007/s00354-007-0009-5}}</ref>
|doi= 10.1007/s00354-007-0009-5}}</ref>
| doi 10.1007 / s00354-007-0009-5} / ref
extended the basic model to incorporate the effects of fear. Olfaction was used to transmit emotion between animals, through pheromones modelled as particles in a free expansion gas. Hartman and Benes<ref>
extended the basic model to incorporate the effects of fear. Olfaction was used to transmit emotion between animals, through pheromones modelled as particles in a free expansion gas. Hartman and Benes<ref>
扩展了基本模型，加入了恐惧的影响。嗅觉被用来在动物之间传递情感，通过一种自由膨胀气体中的粒子模拟信息素。哈特曼和贝内斯裁判
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
|first1= Christopher | last1= Hartman
|first1= Christopher | last1= Hartman
1 Christopher | last 1 Hartman
|first2= Bedr̆ich |last2= Benes̆
|first2= Bedr̆ich |last2= Benes̆
|first2= Bedr̆ich |last2= Benes̆
|title= Autonomous boids
|title= Autonomous boids
标题自主 boids
|journal= Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
|journal= Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
计算机动画与虚拟世界
|volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages= 199–206
|volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages= 199–206
第17卷第3-4期，第199-206页
|date=July 2006
|date=July 2006
2006年7月
|doi= 10.1002/cav.123}}</ref>
|doi= 10.1002/cav.123}}</ref>
10.1002 / cav. 123} / ref
introduced a complementary force to the alignment that they call the change of leadership. This steer defines the chance of the boid to become a leader and try to escape.
introduced a complementary force to the alignment that they call the change of leadership. This steer defines the chance of the boid to become a leader and try to escape.
引入了一种补充力量，他们称之为领导权的更迭。这头牛决定了它成为领导者并试图逃跑的机会。
The movement of Boids can be characterized as either chaotic (splitting groups and wild behaviour) or orderly. Unexpected behaviours, such as splitting flocks and reuniting after avoiding obstacles, can be considered emergent.
The movement of Boids can be characterized as either chaotic (splitting groups and wild behaviour) or orderly. Unexpected behaviours, such as splitting flocks and reuniting after avoiding obstacles, can be considered emergent.
Boids 的运动可以表现为混乱(分裂的群体和野生行为)或有序。意想不到的行为，比如分散羊群和避开障碍后的团聚，可以被认为是紧急的。
The boids framework is often used in computer graphics, providing realistic-looking representations of flocks of birds and other creatures, such as schools of fish or herds of animals. It was for instance used in the 1998 video game ''[[Half-Life (video game)|Half-Life]]'' for the flying bird-like creatures seen at the end of the game on [[Locations of Half-Life#Xen|Xen]], named "boid" in the game files.
The boids framework is often used in computer graphics, providing realistic-looking representations of flocks of birds and other creatures, such as schools of fish or herds of animals. It was for instance used in the 1998 video game Half-Life for the flying bird-like creatures seen at the end of the game on Xen, named "boid" in the game files.
Boids 框架通常用于计算机图形学，提供鸟群和其他生物的逼真表现，比如鱼群或动物群。例如，在1998年的视频游戏《半条命》中，在游戏结束时，在游戏文件中被命名为“ boid”的类似鸟类的飞行生物就使用了这个名字。
The Boids model can be used for direct control and stabilization of teams of simple Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV)<ref>{{cite conference |title= Design and analysis of Group Escape Behavior for distributed autonomous mobile robots |first1= Hongkyu |last1= Min |first2= Zhidong |last2= Wang |year= 2011 |conference= IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)|doi= 10.1109/ICRA.2011.5980123 }}</ref> or [[Micro air vehicle|Micro Aerial Vehicles]] (MAV)<ref>{{cite conference |title= Swarms of micro aerial vehicles stabilized under a visual relative localization |first1= Martin |last1= Saska |first2= Vakula |last2= Jan |first3= Preucil |last3= Libor |year= 2014 |conference= IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)|doi= 10.1109/ICRA.2014.6907374 }}</ref> in [[swarm robotics]]. For stabilization of heterogeneous UAV-UGV teams, the model was adapted for using onboard relative localization by Saska et al.<ref>{{cite conference |title= Coordination and Navigation of Heterogeneous UAVs-UGVs Teams Localized by a Hawk-Eye Approach |first1= Martin |last1= Saska |first2= Vonasek |last2= Vojtech |first3= Krajnik |last3= Tomas |first4= Preucil |last4= Libor |year= 2012 |conference= IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)|url=http://labe.felk.cvut.cz/~tkrajnik/ardrone/articles/formace.pdf}}</ref>
The Boids model can be used for direct control and stabilization of teams of simple Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) or Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAV) in swarm robotics. For stabilization of heterogeneous UAV-UGV teams, the model was adapted for using onboard relative localization by Saska et al.
Boids 模型可以用于群机器人中简单的无人地面车辆(UGV)或微型飞行器(MAV)团队的直接控制和稳定。为了稳定异质 UAV-UGV 团队，Saska 等人将该模型用于板载相对定位。
At the time of proposal, Reynolds' approach represented a giant step forward compared to the traditional techniques used in computer animation for motion pictures. The first animation created with the model was ''[[Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice]]'' (1987), followed by a feature film debut in [[Tim Burton]]'s film ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992) with computer generated bat swarms and armies of penguins marching through the streets of Gotham City.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://lrss.fri.uni-lj.si/people/ilbajec/papers/ilb_ab09.pdf | last1=Lebar Bajec |first1= Iztok |first2= Frank H. |last2= Heppner | date=2009 | title=Organized flight in birds | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 777–789 | doi = 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.007 }}</ref>
At the time of proposal, Reynolds' approach represented a giant step forward compared to the traditional techniques used in computer animation for motion pictures. The first animation created with the model was Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice (1987), followed by a feature film debut in Tim Burton's film Batman Returns (1992) with computer generated bat swarms and armies of penguins marching through the streets of Gotham City.
在提议的时候，雷诺兹的方法代表了一个巨大的进步相比，传统的技术用于电脑动画电影。第一部与模特合作的动画片是1987年的《史丹利和斯特拉: 破冰》(Stanley and Stella in: Breaking The Ice，1987) ，之后是1992年蒂姆 · 伯顿(Tim Burton)的电影《蝙蝠侠归来》(Batman Returns，1992) ，电脑合成的蝙蝠群和成群的企鹅穿过哥谭市。
The boids model has been used for other interesting applications. It has been applied to automatically program Internet multi-channel radio stations.<ref>
The boids model has been used for other interesting applications. It has been applied to automatically program Internet multi-channel radio stations.<ref>
Boids 模型已经被用于其他有趣的应用程序。该系统已应用于互联网多频道广播电台的自动节目编排
{{cite conference
{{cite conference
{引用会议
| title = DJ-boids: emergent collective behavior as multichannel radio station programming
| title = DJ-boids: emergent collective behavior as multichannel radio station programming
多频道电台节目中的紧急集体行为
| first1 = Jesús | last1 = Ibáñez
| first1 = Jesús | last1 = Ibáñez
| first1 = Jesús | last1 = Ibáñez
| first2 = Antonio F. | last2 = Gómez-Skarmeta
| first2 = Antonio F. | last2 = Gómez-Skarmeta
| first2 = Antonio F. | last2 = Gómez-Skarmeta
| first3 = Josep | last3 = Blat
| first3 = Josep | last3 = Blat
| first3 = Josep | last3 = Blat
| date = 2003
| date = 2003
2003年
| booktitle = Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
| booktitle = Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
第八届智能用户界面国际会议论文集
| pages = 248–250
| pages = 248–250
第248-250页
| doi = 10.1145/604045.604089
| doi = 10.1145/604045.604089
10.1145 / 604045.604089
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
It has also been used for visualizing information<ref>
It has also been used for visualizing information<ref>
它也被用于可视化信息参考
{{cite conference
{{cite conference
{引用会议
| title = Time-Varying Data Visualization Using Information Flocking Boids
| title = Time-Varying Data Visualization Using Information Flocking Boids
使用信息植群的时变数据可视化
| last = Moere | first = A V
| last = Moere | first = A V
最后一个 Moere | 第一个 a v
| date = 2004
| date = 2004
2004年
| booktitle = Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
| booktitle = Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
美国电气和电子工程师学会信息可视化研讨会论文集
| pages = 97–104
| pages = 97–104
第97-104页
| doi = 10.1109/INFVIS.2004.65
| doi = 10.1109/INFVIS.2004.65
10.1109 / INFVIS. 2004.65
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
and for optimization tasks.<ref>
and for optimization tasks.<ref>
还有优化任务，裁判
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
|first1 = Zhihua | last1 = Cui
|first1 = Zhihua | last1 = Cui
最新一期崔
|first2 = Zhongzhi | last2 = Shi
|first2 = Zhongzhi | last2 = Shi
|first2 = Zhongzhi | last2 = Shi
|title= Boid particle swarm optimisation
|title= Boid particle swarm optimisation
博伊德粒子群优化
|journal= International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications
|journal= International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications
国际创新计算与应用杂志
|volume=2 |issue=2 |pages= 77–85
|volume=2 |issue=2 |pages= 77–85
第二期，第77-85页
|date=2009
|date=2009
2009年
|doi= 10.1504/IJICA.2009.031778}}</ref>
|doi= 10.1504/IJICA.2009.031778}}</ref>
| doi 10.1504 / IJICA. 2009.031778} / ref
==See also==
*[[Swarm intelligence]]
*[[Collective cell migration]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/ Craig Reynolds' Boids page]
* [http://www.vergenet.net/~conrad/boids/pseudocode.html Explanation of algorithm in pseudocode]
* [https://gpolo.github.com/birdflocking JavaScript implementation]
*[https://lufemas.github.io/boid-ai-implementation/ JavaScript implementation with Phaser Framework]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080205014305/http://www.navgen.com/3d_boids/ 3D Boids Simulation using OpenGL, used by the BBC's Natural History Unit]
*[https://black-square.github.io/BirdFlock/ Live In-Browser 3D Simulation of Bird Flocking Behavior in Unity3D] – Open Source implementation for Windows, Linux and Mac
* [https://github.com/piskvorky/PredatorPrey UNIX+Windows open source implementation in C++, using OpenGL and simulation controls]
* [https://github.com/tofti/javafx-boids A java implementation using the javafx API]
*GLSchool - part of [[XScreenSaver]] software
{{collective animal behaviour}}
[[Category:Artificial life]]
Category:Artificial life
类别: 人工生命
[[Category:1986 software]]
Category:1986 software
类别: 1986软件
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Boids]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[鸟群算法/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{short description|Artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates the flocking behaviour of birds}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{for|the reptilian family|Boidae}}
[[File:Boids OpenGL example.webm|thumb|A Boids example created in [[OpenGL]]]]
A Boids example created in [[OpenGL]]
在[[[ OpenGL ]]中创建的 Boids 示例
'''Boids''' is an [[artificial life]] program, developed by [[Craig Reynolds (computer graphics)|Craig Reynolds]] in 1986, which simulates the [[Flocking (behavior)|flocking]] behaviour of [[Bird|birds]]. His paper on this topic was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[SIGGRAPH]] conference. <ref>{{Cite book
Boids is an artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates the flocking behaviour of birds. His paper on this topic was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH conference. <ref>{{Cite book
Boids 是一个人工生命程序，由克雷格 · 雷诺兹于1986年开发，模拟鸟类的群集行为。他关于这个主题的论文发表在1987年的 ACM SIGGRAPH 会议记录上。引用{ Cite book
| last1=Reynolds
| last1=Reynolds
最后1雷诺
| first1=Craig
| first1=Craig
第一名: 克雷格
| author1-link=Craig Reynolds (computer_graphics)
| author1-link=Craig Reynolds (computer_graphics)
| author1-link Craig Reynolds (计算机图形学)
| title=Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model.
| title=Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model.
羊群、畜群和学校: 一个分布式的行为模型。
| year=1987
| year=1987
1987年
| number=
| number=
数字
| journal=SIGGRAPH '87: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
| journal=SIGGRAPH '87: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
87: 第14届计算机图形学与互动技术年度会议论文集
| publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]
| publisher=Association for Computing Machinery
| 出版商计算机协会
| pages=25–34
| pages=25–34
第25-34页
| isbn=978-0-89791-227-3
| isbn=978-0-89791-227-3
[国际标准图书编号978-0-89791-227-3]
| doi=10.1145/37401.37406
| doi=10.1145/37401.37406
10.1145 / 37401.37406
| citeseerx=10.1.1.103.7187
| citeseerx=10.1.1.103.7187
10.1.1.103.7187
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
The name "boid" corresponds to a shortened version of "bird-oid object", which refers to a bird-like object.<ref>{{Cite journal
The name "boid" corresponds to a shortened version of "bird-oid object", which refers to a bird-like object.<ref>{{Cite journal
名称“ boid”对应于一个缩短版的“ bird-oid object” ，它指的是一个类似鸟的对象
| last1=Banks
| last1=Banks
1 Banks
| first1=Alec
| first1=Alec
首先 Alec
| last2=Vincent
| last2=Vincent
最后2文森特
| first2=Jonathan
| first2=Jonathan
第二名: 乔纳森
| last3=Anyakoha
| last3=Anyakoha
3 / lastanyakoha
| first3=Chukwudi
| first3=Chukwudi
| first3 Chukwudi
| title=A review of particle swarm optimization. Part I: background and development
| title=A review of particle swarm optimization. Part I: background and development
2012年10月12日 | 标题: 粒子群优化的回顾。第一部分: 背景与发展
|date=July 2007
|date=July 2007
2007年7月
| journal=Natural Computing
| journal=Natural Computing
自然计算杂志
| volume=6
| volume=6
第六卷
| issue=4
| issue=4
第四期
| pages=467–484
| pages=467–484
第467-484页
| doi=10.1007/s11047-007-9049-5
| doi=10.1007/s11047-007-9049-5
10.1007 / s11047-007-9049-5
| citeseerx=10.1.1.605.5879
| citeseerx=10.1.1.605.5879
10.1.1.605.5879
}}</ref> Incidentally, "boid" is also a New York Metropolitan dialect pronunciation for "bird".
}}</ref> Incidentally, "boid" is also a New York Metropolitan dialect pronunciation for "bird".
} / ref 顺便说一句，“ boid”也是纽约都市方言中“ bird”的发音。
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=Rule separation.gif|caption1=Separation|image2=Rule alignment.gif|caption2=Alignment|image3=Rule cohesion.gif|caption3=Cohesion|header=Rules applied in simple Boids}}
As with most artificial life simulations, Boids is an example of [[emergence|emergent]] behavior; that is, the complexity of Boids arises from the interaction of individual agents (the boids, in this case) adhering to a set of simple rules. The rules applied in the simplest Boids world are as follows:
As with most artificial life simulations, Boids is an example of emergent behavior; that is, the complexity of Boids arises from the interaction of individual agents (the boids, in this case) adhering to a set of simple rules. The rules applied in the simplest Boids world are as follows:
与大多数人工生命模拟一样，Boids 是突发行为的一个例子; 也就是说，Boids 的复杂性来自于个体代理(这里是 Boids)遵循一系列简单规则的相互作用。在最简单的博伊德世界中适用的规则如下:
* '''separation''': [[wikt:steer#Verb 2|steer]] to avoid crowding local flockmates
* '''alignment''': steer towards the average heading of local flockmates
* '''cohesion''': steer to move towards the average position (center of mass) of local flockmates
More complex rules can be added, such as obstacle avoidance and goal seeking.
More complex rules can be added, such as obstacle avoidance and goal seeking.
可以添加更复杂的规则，如避障和寻找目标。
The basic model has been extended in several different ways since Reynolds proposed it. For instance, Delgado-Mata et al.<ref>
The basic model has been extended in several different ways since Reynolds proposed it. For instance, Delgado-Mata et al.<ref>
自雷诺兹提出这个基本模型以来，它已经被扩展到几个不同的方面。例如，Delgado-Mata et al. ref
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
|first1= Carlos | last1= Delgado-Mata
|first1= Carlos | last1= Delgado-Mata
卡洛斯，德尔加多，马塔
|first2= Jesus Ibanez | last2= Martinez
|first2= Jesus Ibanez | last2= Martinez
2 Jesus Ibanez | last 2 Martinez
|first3= Simon | last3= Bee
|first3= Simon | last3= Bee
| first3 Simon | last3 Bee
|first4= Rocio | last4= Ruiz-Rodarte
|first4= Rocio | last4= Ruiz-Rodarte
4 Rocio | last 4 Ruiz-Rodarte
|first5= Ruth | last5= Aylett
|first5= Ruth | last5= Aylett
| first5 Ruth | last 5 Aylett
|title= On the use of Virtual Animals with Artificial Fear in Virtual Environments
|title= On the use of Virtual Animals with Artificial Fear in Virtual Environments
论虚拟动物在虚拟环境中的人为恐惧
|journal= New Generation Computing
|journal= New Generation Computing
| 杂志新一代计算
|volume=25 |issue=2 |pages= 145–169
|volume=25 |issue=2 |pages= 145–169
第25卷，第2期，第145-169页
|date=2007
|date=2007
2007年
|doi= 10.1007/s00354-007-0009-5}}</ref>
|doi= 10.1007/s00354-007-0009-5}}</ref>
| doi 10.1007 / s00354-007-0009-5} / ref
extended the basic model to incorporate the effects of fear. Olfaction was used to transmit emotion between animals, through pheromones modelled as particles in a free expansion gas. Hartman and Benes<ref>
extended the basic model to incorporate the effects of fear. Olfaction was used to transmit emotion between animals, through pheromones modelled as particles in a free expansion gas. Hartman and Benes<ref>
扩展了基本模型，加入了恐惧的影响。嗅觉被用来在动物之间传递情感，通过一种自由膨胀气体中的粒子模拟信息素。哈特曼和贝内斯裁判
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
|first1= Christopher | last1= Hartman
|first1= Christopher | last1= Hartman
1 Christopher | last 1 Hartman
|first2= Bedr̆ich |last2= Benes̆
|first2= Bedr̆ich |last2= Benes̆
|first2= Bedr̆ich |last2= Benes̆
|title= Autonomous boids
|title= Autonomous boids
标题自主 boids
|journal= Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
|journal= Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
计算机动画与虚拟世界
|volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages= 199–206
|volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages= 199–206
第17卷第3-4期，第199-206页
|date=July 2006
|date=July 2006
2006年7月
|doi= 10.1002/cav.123}}</ref>
|doi= 10.1002/cav.123}}</ref>
10.1002 / cav. 123} / ref
introduced a complementary force to the alignment that they call the change of leadership. This steer defines the chance of the boid to become a leader and try to escape.
introduced a complementary force to the alignment that they call the change of leadership. This steer defines the chance of the boid to become a leader and try to escape.
引入了一种补充力量，他们称之为领导权的更迭。这头牛决定了它成为领导者并试图逃跑的机会。
The movement of Boids can be characterized as either chaotic (splitting groups and wild behaviour) or orderly. Unexpected behaviours, such as splitting flocks and reuniting after avoiding obstacles, can be considered emergent.
The movement of Boids can be characterized as either chaotic (splitting groups and wild behaviour) or orderly. Unexpected behaviours, such as splitting flocks and reuniting after avoiding obstacles, can be considered emergent.
Boids 的运动可以表现为混乱(分裂的群体和野生行为)或有序。意想不到的行为，比如分散羊群和避开障碍后的团聚，可以被认为是紧急的。
The boids framework is often used in computer graphics, providing realistic-looking representations of flocks of birds and other creatures, such as schools of fish or herds of animals. It was for instance used in the 1998 video game ''[[Half-Life (video game)|Half-Life]]'' for the flying bird-like creatures seen at the end of the game on [[Locations of Half-Life#Xen|Xen]], named "boid" in the game files.
The boids framework is often used in computer graphics, providing realistic-looking representations of flocks of birds and other creatures, such as schools of fish or herds of animals. It was for instance used in the 1998 video game Half-Life for the flying bird-like creatures seen at the end of the game on Xen, named "boid" in the game files.
Boids 框架通常用于计算机图形学，提供鸟群和其他生物的逼真表现，比如鱼群或动物群。例如，在1998年的视频游戏《半条命》中，在游戏结束时，在游戏文件中被命名为“ boid”的类似鸟类的飞行生物就使用了这个名字。
The Boids model can be used for direct control and stabilization of teams of simple Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV)<ref>{{cite conference |title= Design and analysis of Group Escape Behavior for distributed autonomous mobile robots |first1= Hongkyu |last1= Min |first2= Zhidong |last2= Wang |year= 2011 |conference= IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)|doi= 10.1109/ICRA.2011.5980123 }}</ref> or [[Micro air vehicle|Micro Aerial Vehicles]] (MAV)<ref>{{cite conference |title= Swarms of micro aerial vehicles stabilized under a visual relative localization |first1= Martin |last1= Saska |first2= Vakula |last2= Jan |first3= Preucil |last3= Libor |year= 2014 |conference= IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)|doi= 10.1109/ICRA.2014.6907374 }}</ref> in [[swarm robotics]]. For stabilization of heterogeneous UAV-UGV teams, the model was adapted for using onboard relative localization by Saska et al.<ref>{{cite conference |title= Coordination and Navigation of Heterogeneous UAVs-UGVs Teams Localized by a Hawk-Eye Approach |first1= Martin |last1= Saska |first2= Vonasek |last2= Vojtech |first3= Krajnik |last3= Tomas |first4= Preucil |last4= Libor |year= 2012 |conference= IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)|url=http://labe.felk.cvut.cz/~tkrajnik/ardrone/articles/formace.pdf}}</ref>
The Boids model can be used for direct control and stabilization of teams of simple Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) or Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAV) in swarm robotics. For stabilization of heterogeneous UAV-UGV teams, the model was adapted for using onboard relative localization by Saska et al.
Boids 模型可以用于群机器人中简单的无人地面车辆(UGV)或微型飞行器(MAV)团队的直接控制和稳定。为了稳定异质 UAV-UGV 团队，Saska 等人将该模型用于板载相对定位。
At the time of proposal, Reynolds' approach represented a giant step forward compared to the traditional techniques used in computer animation for motion pictures. The first animation created with the model was ''[[Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice]]'' (1987), followed by a feature film debut in [[Tim Burton]]'s film ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992) with computer generated bat swarms and armies of penguins marching through the streets of Gotham City.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://lrss.fri.uni-lj.si/people/ilbajec/papers/ilb_ab09.pdf | last1=Lebar Bajec |first1= Iztok |first2= Frank H. |last2= Heppner | date=2009 | title=Organized flight in birds | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 777–789 | doi = 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.007 }}</ref>
At the time of proposal, Reynolds' approach represented a giant step forward compared to the traditional techniques used in computer animation for motion pictures. The first animation created with the model was Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice (1987), followed by a feature film debut in Tim Burton's film Batman Returns (1992) with computer generated bat swarms and armies of penguins marching through the streets of Gotham City.
在提议的时候，雷诺兹的方法代表了一个巨大的进步相比，传统的技术用于电脑动画电影。第一部与模特合作的动画片是1987年的《史丹利和斯特拉: 破冰》(Stanley and Stella in: Breaking The Ice，1987) ，之后是1992年蒂姆 · 伯顿(Tim Burton)的电影《蝙蝠侠归来》(Batman Returns，1992) ，电脑合成的蝙蝠群和成群的企鹅穿过哥谭市。
The boids model has been used for other interesting applications. It has been applied to automatically program Internet multi-channel radio stations.<ref>
The boids model has been used for other interesting applications. It has been applied to automatically program Internet multi-channel radio stations.<ref>
Boids 模型已经被用于其他有趣的应用程序。该系统已应用于互联网多频道广播电台的自动节目编排
{{cite conference
{{cite conference
{引用会议
| title = DJ-boids: emergent collective behavior as multichannel radio station programming
| title = DJ-boids: emergent collective behavior as multichannel radio station programming
多频道电台节目中的紧急集体行为
| first1 = Jesús | last1 = Ibáñez
| first1 = Jesús | last1 = Ibáñez
| first1 = Jesús | last1 = Ibáñez
| first2 = Antonio F. | last2 = Gómez-Skarmeta
| first2 = Antonio F. | last2 = Gómez-Skarmeta
| first2 = Antonio F. | last2 = Gómez-Skarmeta
| first3 = Josep | last3 = Blat
| first3 = Josep | last3 = Blat
| first3 = Josep | last3 = Blat
| date = 2003
| date = 2003
2003年
| booktitle = Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
| booktitle = Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
第八届智能用户界面国际会议论文集
| pages = 248–250
| pages = 248–250
第248-250页
| doi = 10.1145/604045.604089
| doi = 10.1145/604045.604089
10.1145 / 604045.604089
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
It has also been used for visualizing information<ref>
It has also been used for visualizing information<ref>
它也被用于可视化信息参考
{{cite conference
{{cite conference
{引用会议
| title = Time-Varying Data Visualization Using Information Flocking Boids
| title = Time-Varying Data Visualization Using Information Flocking Boids
使用信息植群的时变数据可视化
| last = Moere | first = A V
| last = Moere | first = A V
最后一个 Moere | 第一个 a v
| date = 2004
| date = 2004
2004年
| booktitle = Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
| booktitle = Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
美国电气和电子工程师学会信息可视化研讨会论文集
| pages = 97–104
| pages = 97–104
第97-104页
| doi = 10.1109/INFVIS.2004.65
| doi = 10.1109/INFVIS.2004.65
10.1109 / INFVIS. 2004.65
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
{} / ref
and for optimization tasks.<ref>
and for optimization tasks.<ref>
还有优化任务，裁判
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
|first1 = Zhihua | last1 = Cui
|first1 = Zhihua | last1 = Cui
最新一期崔
|first2 = Zhongzhi | last2 = Shi
|first2 = Zhongzhi | last2 = Shi
|first2 = Zhongzhi | last2 = Shi
|title= Boid particle swarm optimisation
|title= Boid particle swarm optimisation
博伊德粒子群优化
|journal= International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications
|journal= International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications
国际创新计算与应用杂志
|volume=2 |issue=2 |pages= 77–85
|volume=2 |issue=2 |pages= 77–85
第二期，第77-85页
|date=2009
|date=2009
2009年
|doi= 10.1504/IJICA.2009.031778}}</ref>
|doi= 10.1504/IJICA.2009.031778}}</ref>
| doi 10.1504 / IJICA. 2009.031778} / ref
==See also==
*[[Swarm intelligence]]
*[[Collective cell migration]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/ Craig Reynolds' Boids page]
* [http://www.vergenet.net/~conrad/boids/pseudocode.html Explanation of algorithm in pseudocode]
* [https://gpolo.github.com/birdflocking JavaScript implementation]
*[https://lufemas.github.io/boid-ai-implementation/ JavaScript implementation with Phaser Framework]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080205014305/http://www.navgen.com/3d_boids/ 3D Boids Simulation using OpenGL, used by the BBC's Natural History Unit]
*[https://black-square.github.io/BirdFlock/ Live In-Browser 3D Simulation of Bird Flocking Behavior in Unity3D] – Open Source implementation for Windows, Linux and Mac
* [https://github.com/piskvorky/PredatorPrey UNIX+Windows open source implementation in C++, using OpenGL and simulation controls]
* [https://github.com/tofti/javafx-boids A java implementation using the javafx API]
*GLSchool - part of [[XScreenSaver]] software
{{collective animal behaviour}}
[[Category:Artificial life]]
Category:Artificial life
类别: 人工生命
[[Category:1986 software]]
Category:1986 software
类别: 1986软件
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Boids]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[鸟群算法/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
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