经济复杂性指
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理解经济复杂性指数需要在理解产品空间为基础。以里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann 的话来说：产品空间要解决的是“鸡生蛋，蛋生鸡”的问题。试想，一个地区本来以种植玉米为主要经济来源，如果这时当地的人们想去改种植高粱似乎并不是一件困难的事情，但如果说，当地人想改行去做钟表这就是一件困难的事情了。 “没有钟表匠，你就做不出来钟表；但是钟表匠也不可能存在于一个不生产钟表的地方。”
因为有工程诀窍，管理经验等隐性知识的存在，所以即便当地的庄稼汉们获得了制作钟表的图纸也无法立刻投入生产。研究者把这种“隐性知识”称之为：Know-how。正是这样的隐形知识使得不同的产品生产之间存在了距离的差异。农夫不会在获得图纸后立刻变成钟表匠；流水线工人也不会在买到电脑后立刻变成程序员。在上面的例子中，“玉米-高粱”这两个产品之间的距离比“玉米-钟表”要更近一些。
产品空间 Product Space 就是用来刻画不同产品间距离的图网络。两样产品共同出口的可能性决定了这二者在产品空间中的距离远近。
研究者设定了一个显示性比较优势指数 Revealed Comparative Advantage Index，RCA阈值，借用相关国家的进出口数据以及产品名录，当某一国家出口的产品超过该阈值时，即可在国家-产品网络中为这两个节点链接对应的边。由此研究者刻画出的国家-产品网络图像（部分）如下：
在得到这样的网络图像后，就可以进一步通过反射方法 Method of Reflections 来计算一个国家生产产品的多样性和普遍性——即经济复杂性。这一过程类似于计算机领域的PageRank 算法，在多次迭代后，能得到一个稳定的结果。经济复杂性指数 Economic Complexity Index，ECI 则是计算过程中相关矩阵的特征值。采用同样的方法 Hidalgo 等人也定义了产品领域的产品复杂性指数 Product Complexity Index，PCI。
但是，经济复杂性指数和产品复杂性指数的解释在近些年的研究中缺存在一些争议。
按照上文我们所描述的定义，经济复杂性指数被描述为一个与国家出口商品多样性相关的指数，但是在后续的研究中，经济复杂性指数被斯德哥尔摩环境研究所的 Eric Kemp-Benedict 证明是和多样性正交的量，证明它在解释多样性上的能力有限，但尽管经济复杂性指数和产品多样性的关系被证明是正交的，但是这也并不能意味着完全无关，在电子科技大学研究员高见的研究中，就表明中国城市的经济复杂性和多样性呈现正相关。
在 Penny Mealy 等人最新的研究中对经济复杂性指数给出了另外一种新的解释:谱聚类 Spectral Clustering 是一种聚类算法，对非线性可分的数据具有较强的区分能力。Penny Mealy 的研究工作中证明经济复杂性指数在数学上等价于谱聚类。经济复杂性指数是由节点间的距离（相似程度）来定义的。
尽管存在解释上的争执。不过，研究者普遍认为一个经济体的经济复杂性指数和GDP数据呈现正相关性。
--趣木木（讨论）此处为对于经济复杂性的补充
The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a holistic measure of the productive capabilities of large economic systems, usually cities, regions, or countries. In particular, the ECI looks to explain the knowledge accumulated in a population and that is expressed in the economic activities present in a city, country, or region. To achieve this goal, the ECI defines the knowledge available in a location, as the average knowledge of the activities present in it, and the knowledge of an activity as the average knowledge of the places where that economic activity is conducted. The product equivalent of the Economic Complexity Index is the Product Complexity Index or PCI.
The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a holistic measure of the productive capabilities of large economic systems, usually cities, regions, or countries. In particular, the ECI looks to explain the knowledge accumulated in a population and that is expressed in the economic activities present in a city, country, or region. To achieve this goal, the ECI defines the knowledge available in a location, as the average knowledge of the activities present in it, and the knowledge of an activity as the average knowledge of the places where that economic activity is conducted. The product equivalent of the Economic Complexity Index is the Product Complexity Index or PCI.
下为摘自维基百科上对于经济复杂性指数的定义。经济复杂性指数 ECI 是衡量大型经济系统(通常是城市、地区或国家)生产能力的整体指标。特别是经济复杂性指数可以用来解释在人口中通过城市、国家或地区的经济活动来表现的累计知识。
--趣木木（讨论）两句话并做一句话进行翻译 累计知识是不是没有累计经验更加好理解？ 感觉在这个语境下 累计经验似乎也说得通
为了实现这一目标，经济复杂性指数将一个地点的可用知识定义为该地点开展的所有活动的平均知识，将一项活动的平均知识定义为开展该经济活动的地点的平均知识。与经济复杂性指数等价的概念是产品复杂性指数或 PCI。
Economic complexity index for Iran (1964–2014)
经济复杂性指数[[伊朗(1964-2014)]
Background 背景
The ECI was developed by César Hidalgo, from the MIT Media Lab and Ricardo Hausmann, from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.[1]
The ECI was developed by César Hidalgo, from the MIT Media Lab and Ricardo Hausmann, from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.
经济复杂性指数是由麻省理工学院媒体实验室的 Cesar A. Hidalgo 和哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的 Ricardo Hausmann 共同开发的。经济复杂性指数的数据可在经济复杂性观测站获得。其原始公式于2009年发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。
经济复杂性指数是由麻省理工学院媒体实验室的凯撒·伊达尔戈César A. Hidalgo和哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann 共同开发的。César Hidalgo 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室的科学家，也是集体学习研究组 Collective Learning Group 的负责人。2008-2010年于哈佛大学国际发展中心从事博士后研究工作，期间，Hidalgo和他的同事Ricardo Hausmann合作发表了一系列论文，探讨如何利用经济复杂性去刻画一个国家和地区的经济水平与生产能力。并在 2009 年发表的论文 The building blocks of economic complexity 中提出了经济复杂性指数 Economic Complexity Index，ECI。经济复杂性指数的数据可在经济复杂性观测站获得。其原始公式于2009年发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。
--趣木木（讨论）César Hidalgo 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室的科学家，也是集体学习研究组（Collective Learning Group）的负责人。2008-2010年于哈佛大学国际发展中心从事博士后研究工作，期间，Hidalgo和他的同事Ricardo Hausmann合作发表了一系列论文，探讨如何利用经济复杂性去刻画一个国家和地区的经济水平与生产能力。并在 2009 年发表的论文 The building blocks of economic complexity 中提出了经济复杂性指数（Economic Complexity Index，ECI）。 补充穿插材料
Formulation 基础
In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an eigenvector of a matrix connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's export and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are of low ubiquity and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Zambia, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.
In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an eigenvector of a matrix connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's export and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are of low ubiquity and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Zambia, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.
在其严格的数学定义中，经济复杂性指数是根据连接国家与国家的矩阵的特征向量定义的，这是连接国家与其出口产品的矩阵的投影。由于欧洲出口信息中心审查关于国家多样性和产品普遍性的信息，因此能够产生一种衡量经济复杂性的尺度，其中既包括关于一国出口多样性的信息，也包括关于其复杂性的信息。例如，日本或德国的出口信用指数较高，出口的许多商品普遍性较低，而且是由高度多样化的国家生产的，这表明这些国家是多样化和先进的经济体。出口信用保险指数低的国家，如安哥拉或赞比亚，只出口少数产品，这些产品普遍性较高，出口国不一定非常多样化，这表明这些国家没有多样性，出口的产品也不十分复杂。
在其严格的数学定义中，经济复杂性指数是连接国家与国家之间的矩阵的特征向量来定义的，是连接国家与其出口产品的矩阵投影。 由于经济复杂性指数涉及到国家的多样性和产品的普遍性的相关信息，故能够产生一种衡量经济复杂性的方法，其中包括关于一个国家出口的多样性和其复杂性的信息。 例如，经济复杂性指数较高的日本或德国，由高度多样化国家生产且进行出口的许多商品普遍性较低，这表明这些国家是多样化且复杂的经济体。 而对于经济复杂性指数较低的安哥拉和赞比亚,由低多样化国家生产且进行出口的几个商品普遍性较高，这表明这些国家不满足多样化，且是不复杂的经济体。
--趣木木（讨论）最后一句进行了意译
Utility应用
Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for economic growth and income inequality. According to the statistics models presented in their Atlas of Economic Complexity (2011),[2] the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than Kuznets Curve.[3]
Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for economic growth and income inequality. According to the statistics models presented in their Atlas of Economic Complexity (2011), the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than Kuznets Curve.
凯撒·伊达尔戈 César A. Hidalgo 和里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann所提出的经济复杂性指数概念，不仅是一个描述性的措施，而且作为经济增长和收入不平等的预测工具，根据2011年经济复杂性图表集中的统计模型，与传统的治理措施相比，经济复杂性指数能够更准确地预测人均GDP的增长、竞争力(世界经济论坛的全球竞争力指数)和人力资本(教育程度的衡量)。经济复杂性还显示出与收入不平等的强烈负相关性，表明知识密集型的生产结构在收入分配方面更具包容性，并提供了对收入不平等的跨国差异的统计学解释，这比库兹涅茨曲线的解释更加有力。
--趣木木（讨论）https://www.beichengjiu.com/physics/170031.html中 Hidalgo伊达尔戈 里卡多·豪斯曼 （Ricardo Hausmann） 凯撒·伊达尔戈César A. Hidalgo
See also
- Complexity science 复杂科学
- Econophysics金融物理学
- List of countries by economic complexity按经济复杂度列出的国家名单
References
- ↑ Cesar A. Hidalgo, Ricardo Hausmann (2009). "The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. PNAS. 106 (26): 10570–10575. arXiv:0909.3890. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610570H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900943106. PMC 2705545. PMID 19549871.
- ↑ Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar Hidalgo; et al. "The Atlas of Economic Complexity". Puritan Press, Cambridge MA. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ↑ Dominik Hartmann, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristaran, Cesar Hidalgo (2018), "Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality", World Development, 93: 75–93, arXiv:1505.07907, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020
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Category:Economic indicators
类别: 经济指标
Category:Complexity economics
分类: 复杂性经济学
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