人工社会

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Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common; deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed.

Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common; deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed.

在以计算机模拟来进行社会分析的时候，人工社会就是一个基于主体的计算模型。它主要涉及复杂系统，涌现，蒙特卡洛方法，计算社会学，多主体系统和演化编程等主题。尽管概念很简单，但实际上意识到这一概念花了一些时间。复杂的数学模型已经变得很普遍，目前更是。令人惊讶的是，简单的模型仅起源于四十年代后期，并随着微型计算机的出现而真正加快了速度。

Overview

The aim is to construct parallel simulations consisting of computational devices, referred to as agents, with given properties, in order to model the target phenomena. The subject is the process of emergence from the lower (micro) level of a social system to the higher (or macro) level.

其目的是构造由计算设备组成的并行模拟，即具有特定性质的代理，以便对目标现象进行建模。主体是一个社会系统从较低的(微观)层次上升到较高的(或宏观)层次的过程。

The history of agent-based modeling can be traced back to Von Neumann machines, the concept of a machine capable of reproduction. The device he proposed would follow precisely detailed instructions to fashion a copy of itself. The concept was then extended by von Neumann's friend Stanislaw Ulam, also a mathematician, who suggested that the machine be built on paper, as a collection of cells on a grid. The idea intrigued von Neumann, who drew it up, thus creating the first of the devices later termed cellular automata.

基于 agent 的建模的历史可以追溯到冯 · 诺依曼机器，这是一种能够复制的机器概念。他提出的设备将按照精确详细的指示制作一个自己的复制品。冯 · 诺依曼的朋友、数学家斯坦尼斯拉夫 · 乌拉姆随后扩展了这个概念，他建议把这台机器建在纸上，作为网格上的一组细胞。这个想法激起了冯 · 诺依曼的兴趣，他提出了这个想法，从而创造了后来被称为细胞自动机的第一个装置。

A further advance was achieved by mathematician John Conway. He constructed the well-known game of life. Unlike von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated according to tremendously simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional checkerboard.

数学家约翰 · 康威又取得了进一步的进展。他创造了著名的人生游戏。与冯 · 诺依曼的机器不同，康威的《生命的游戏》在二维棋盘形式的虚拟世界中按照极其简单的规则运行。

The application of the agent-based model as a social model was primarily initiated by computer scientist Craig Reynolds. He attempted to model living biological agents, a method known as artificial life, a term coined by Christopher Langton.

个体为本模型社会模型的应用主要是由计算机科学家 Craig Reynolds 发起的。他试图建立活体生物制剂的模型，这种方法被称为人工生命，这个术语是由克里斯托弗·兰顿创造的。

The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened "the artificial society" by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell.^[1] Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological analysis in the form of computational sociology. The principal problem is that of classical sociology, the issue of macro-micro linkage: as first articulated by French Sociologist Émile Durkheim, the question of how individuals within a social system influence and are influenced by the macrosocial level.

The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened "the artificial society" by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological analysis in the form of computational sociology. The principal problem is that of classical sociology, the issue of macro-micro linkage: as first articulated by French Sociologist Émile Durkheim, the question of how individuals within a social system influence and are influenced by the macrosocial level.

人工生命的计算方法被应用于社会系统的分析，被约书亚 · m · 爱泼斯坦和罗伯特 · 阿克斯特尔命名为“人工社会”。最终，人工社会以计算社会学的形式提供了一种新的社会学分析方法。主要问题是古典社会学的宏观-微观联系问题: 正如法国社会学家迪尔凯姆首先提出的，社会系统中的个人如何影响和受到宏观社会层面的影响的问题。

The artificial society has been widely accepted by recent sociology as a promising method characterized by the extensive use of computer programs and computer simulations which include evolutionary algorithms (EA), genetic algorithms (GA), genetic programming (GP), memetic programming (MP), agent based models, and cellular automata (CA).

人工社会被社会学广泛接受为一种有前途的方法，这种拥有属性包括计算机程序和计算机模拟的广泛应用，其中包括进化算法(EA)、遗传算法(GA)、遗传规划(GP)、模因规划(MP)、基于主体的模型和细胞自动机(CA)。

For many, artificial society is a meeting point for people from many other more traditional fields in interdisciplinary research, such as linguistics, social physics, mathematics, philosophy, law, computer science, biology, and sociology in which unusual computational and theoretical approaches that would be controversial within their native discipline can be discussed. As a field, it has had a controversial history; some have characterized it as "practical theology" or a "fact-free science". However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g.: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and Journal of Social Complexity shows that artificial life techniques are becoming somewhat more accepted within the sociological mainstream.

For many, artificial society is a meeting point for people from many other more traditional fields in interdisciplinary research, such as linguistics, social physics, mathematics, philosophy, law, computer science, biology, and sociology in which unusual computational and theoretical approaches that would be controversial within their native discipline can be discussed. As a field, it has had a controversial history; some have characterized it as "practical theology" or a "fact-free science". However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g.: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and Journal of Social Complexity shows that artificial life techniques are becoming somewhat more accepted within the sociological mainstream.

对于许多人来说，人工社会是许多其他更传统领域的人们在21科际整合的会合点，如语言学，社会物理学，数学，哲学，法律，计算机科学，生物学，和社会学，在这些不寻常的计算和理论方法，可能会在他们的本土学科中引起争议。作为一个领域，它有着一段充满争议的历史，有些人将其描述为“实践神学”或“无事实科学”。然而，最近在科学期刊上发表的人造社会的文章，例如。人工社会与社会模拟杂志》和《 http://josc.bandungfe.net 表明，人工生命技术在社会学主流中已经越来越被接受。