人工社会

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Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common; deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed.

Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common; deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed.

在以计算机模拟来进行社会分析的时候，人工社会就是一个基于主体的计算模型。它主要涉及复杂系统，涌现，蒙特卡洛方法，计算社会学，多主体系统和演化编程等主题。尽管概念很简单，但实际上意识到这一概念花了一些时间。复杂的数学模型已经变得很普遍，目前更是。令人惊讶的是，简单的模型仅起源于四十年代后期，并随着微型计算机的出现而真正加快了速度。

Overview

The aim is to construct parallel simulations consisting of computational devices, referred to as agents, with given properties, in order to model the target phenomena. The subject is the process of emergence from the lower (micro) level of a social system to the higher (or macro) level.

目的是构建具有给定属性的，由称为主体的计算设备组成的并行仿真，以便对目标现象进行建模。主题是从社会系统的较低（微观）层次发展到较高（或宏观）层次的过程。

The history of agent-based modeling can be traced back to Von Neumann machines, the concept of a machine capable of reproduction. The device he proposed would follow precisely detailed instructions to fashion a copy of itself. The concept was then extended by von Neumann's friend Stanislaw Ulam, also a mathematician, who suggested that the machine be built on paper, as a collection of cells on a grid. The idea intrigued von Neumann, who drew it up, thus creating the first of the devices later termed cellular automata.

基于主体建模的历史可以追溯到冯·诺依曼机器，其概念是有一种能够复制的机器。他假设的设备将按照精确详细的指示制作一个自己的复制品。冯·诺依曼的朋友斯坦尼斯拉夫·乌兰姆（Stanislaw Ulam）也是一个数学家，后来对该概念进行了扩展，他建议将机器构建在纸上，作为网格上的细胞集合。这个想法引起了冯·诺依曼（von Neumann）的注意，他提出了这个想法，因此创造了第一个被称为元胞自动机的设备。

A further advance was achieved by mathematician John Conway. He constructed the well-known game of life. Unlike von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated according to tremendously simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional checkerboard.

随后数学家John Conway取得了进一步的发展。他构建了著名的《生命游戏》。与冯·诺依曼（von Neumann）的机器不同，康威（Conway）的《生命游戏》以二维棋盘的形式在虚拟世界中根据极其简单的规则进行操作。

The application of the agent-based model as a social model was primarily initiated by computer scientist Craig Reynolds. He attempted to model living biological agents, a method known as artificial life, a term coined by Christopher Langton.

基于主体建模作为社会模型的应用主要由计算机科学家Craig Reynolds发起。他试图建立具有活性生物主体的模型，这种方法被称为“人工生命”，这个术语是由克里斯托弗·兰顿（Christopher Langton）创造的。

The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened "the artificial society" by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell.^[1] Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological analysis in the form of computational sociology. The principal problem is that of classical sociology, the issue of macro-micro linkage: as first articulated by French Sociologist Émile Durkheim, the question of how individuals within a social system influence and are influenced by the macrosocial level.

The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened "the artificial society" by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological analysis in the form of computational sociology. The principal problem is that of classical sociology, the issue of macro-micro linkage: as first articulated by French Sociologist Émile Durkheim, the question of how individuals within a social system influence and are influenced by the macrosocial level.

人工生命的计算方法被应用到社会系统分析中，由约书亚·爱泼斯坦（Joshua M. Epstein）和罗伯特·阿克斯泰尔（Robert Axtell）命名为“人工社会”。最终，人工社会以计算社会学的形式提供了一种新的社会学分析方法。主要问题在于古典社会学，即宏观-微观联系的问题：由法国社会学家埃米尔·杜尔克海姆（ÉmileDurkheim）首先提出，这个问题指的是社会系统中的个人是如何影响，和受到宏观社会层面的影响的。

The artificial society has been widely accepted by recent sociology as a promising method characterized by the extensive use of computer programs and computer simulations which include evolutionary algorithms (EA), genetic algorithms (GA), genetic programming (GP), memetic programming (MP), agent based models, and cellular automata (CA).

人工社会已被近期社会学广泛接受为一种有前景的方法，其特征是广泛使用计算机程序和计算机模拟，其中包括进化算法（EA），遗传算法（GA），遗传编程（GP），模因编程（MP），基于主体模拟和元胞自动机（CA）。

For many, artificial society is a meeting point for people from many other more traditional fields in interdisciplinary research, such as linguistics, social physics, mathematics, philosophy, law, computer science, biology, and sociology in which unusual computational and theoretical approaches that would be controversial within their native discipline can be discussed. As a field, it has had a controversial history; some have characterized it as "practical theology" or a "fact-free science". However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g.: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and Journal of Social Complexity shows that artificial life techniques are becoming somewhat more accepted within the sociological mainstream.

For many, artificial society is a meeting point for people from many other more traditional fields in interdisciplinary research, such as linguistics, social physics, mathematics, philosophy, law, computer science, biology, and sociology in which unusual computational and theoretical approaches that would be controversial within their native discipline can be discussed. As a field, it has had a controversial history; some have characterized it as "practical theology" or a "fact-free science". However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g.: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and Journal of Social Complexity shows that artificial life techniques are becoming somewhat more accepted within the sociological mainstream.

对于许多人而言，人工社会是跨学科研究中许多其他传统领域的交汇点，例如语言学，社会物理学，数学，哲学，法律，计算机科学，生物学和社会学，在这些领域中，不寻常的计算和理论方法可能会会在本学科内引起争议。作为一个领域，它就有着一段充满争议的历史，有些人将其描述为“实践神学”或“无事实科学”。然而，在最近的科学期刊上发表的人工社会的文章，《人工社会与社会模拟杂志》和《社会复杂性杂志》中显示，人工生命技术在社会学主流中越来越被接受。