知识图谱

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25px  此article介紹的是Google's specific implementation of knowledge graph technology。For knowledge engine technology in general, see Knowledge engine. For knowledge graphs in information science, see Knowledge graph.

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图1：Knowledge Graph data about Thomas Jefferson displayed on Google Search, as of January 2015 截至2015年1月，谷歌搜索中显示的托马斯·杰斐逊的知识图谱内容

Knowledge Graph data about Thomas Jefferson displayed on Google Search, as of January 2015



The Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base used by Google and its services to enhance its search engine's results with information gathered from a variety of sources. The information is presented to users in an infobox next to the search results. Knowledge Graph infoboxes were added to Google's search engine in May 2012, starting in the United States, with international expansion by the end of the year.引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签

知识图谱 Knowledge Graph是谷歌的一个知识库 Knowledge Base，谷歌通过它从各种渠道收集信息,丰富谷歌搜索引擎的搜索结果。这些信息会被放在搜索结果旁的一个信息框中呈现给用户。2012年5月，谷歌搜索引擎开始引入这项功能，首先可在美国使用，12年年底这项功能推广到了全球。


|first=Amit |last=Singhal |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref> The information covered by the Knowledge Graph grew significantly after launch, tripling its size within seven months (covering 570 million entities and 18 billion facts[1]) and answering "roughly one-third" of the 100 billion monthly searches Google processed in May 2016. The Knowledge Graph has been criticized for providing answers without source attribution or citation. 

The information covered by the Knowledge Graph grew significantly after launch, tripling its size within seven months (covering 570 million entities and 18 billion facts) and answering "roughly one-third" of the 100 billion monthly searches Google processed in May 2016. The Knowledge Graph has been criticized for providing answers without source attribution or citation.

谷歌知识图谱涵盖的内容在其推行后迅速增长，7个月内增长了三倍(涵盖了5.7亿个实体和180亿条信息关系)，并解决了谷歌每月处理的1000亿次搜索中“大约三分之一”的问题。到2020年5月，这个数字已经增长到5000亿，涉及50亿个信息点（p.s.该句是从最新wikipedia词条上补充的）。因为知识图谱的内容没有来源或引用而引起了许多争议。


Information from the Knowledge Graph is presented as a box, which Google has referred to as the "knowledge panel", to the right (top on mobile) of search results.[2] According to Google, this information is retrieved from many sources, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia.[3][4] In October 2016, Google announced that the Knowledge Graph held over 70 billion facts.[5] There is no official documentation on the technology used for the Knowledge Graph implementation.[6]

Information from the Knowledge Graph is presented as a box, which Google has referred to as the "knowledge panel", to the right (top on mobile) of search results. According to Google, this information is retrieved from many sources, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia. In October 2016, Google announced that the Knowledge Graph held over 70 billion facts. There is no official documentation on the technology used for the Knowledge Graph implementation.

谷歌把这些出现在搜索结果右侧(移动端出现在顶部)的信息框称为“知识图谱卡”。根据谷歌的说法，知识图谱的信息来源很多，包括中情局世界概况、维基数据和维基百科。它被用于回答谷歌助手和谷歌家庭中的语音询问。2016年10月，谷歌称，知识图谱已经覆盖了700亿个信息关系 。目前还没有官方文件说明谷歌知识图谱是如何实现的。


Information from the Knowledge Graph is used to answer direct spoken questions in Google Assistant[7][8] and Google Home voice queries.[9]

Information from the Knowledge Graph is used to answer direct spoken questions in Google Assistant and Google Home voice queries.

来自知识图谱的信息用于回答谷歌助手和谷歌家庭的语音询问。


历史

Google announced Knowledge Graph on May 16, 2012, as a way to significantly enhance the value of information returned by Google searches.[3] Initially only available in English, the Knowledge Graph was expanded in December 2012 to Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, and Italian.[10] Support for Bengali was added in March, 2017.[11]

Google announced Knowledge Graph on May 16, 2012, as a way to significantly enhance the value of information returned by Google searches. Initially only available in English, the Knowledge Graph was expanded in December 2012 to Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, and Italian. Support for Bengali was added in March, 2017.

谷歌在2012年5月16日正式发布了谷歌知识图谱，以助于显著提高谷歌搜索引擎的信息质量。起初只支持英语，2012年12月增加了西班牙语、法语、德语、葡萄牙语、日语、俄罗斯语及意大利语等七种语言。2017年3月增加了孟加拉语。


The Knowledge Graph was powered in part by Freebase.引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签 After publication, Google reached out to Search Engine Land to explain that Knowledge Vault was a research paper, not an active Google service, and in its report, Search Engine Land referenced indications by the company that "numerous models" were being experimented with to examine the possibility of automatically gathering meaning from text.[12] The Knowledge Vault was meant to deal with facts, automatically gathering and merging information from across the Internet into a knowledge base capable of answering direct questions, such as "Where was Madonna born". It was reported that its main ability over the Knowledge Graph was to gather information automatically rather than relying on crowd sourced facts compiled by humans; by the time of the 2014 report, it had collected over 1.6 billion facts, 271 million of which were considered "confident facts", a term for information deemed more than 90% true.

In August 2014, New Scientist reported that Google had launched Knowledge Vault. After publication, Google reached out to Search Engine Land to explain that Knowledge Vault was a research paper, not an active Google service, and in its report, Search Engine Land referenced indications by the company that "numerous models" were being experimented with to examine the possibility of automatically gathering meaning from text. The Knowledge Vault was meant to deal with facts, automatically gathering and merging information from across the Internet into a knowledge base capable of answering direct questions, such as "Where was Madonna born". It was reported that its main ability over the Knowledge Graph was to gather information automatically rather than relying on crowd sourced facts compiled by humans; by the time of the 2014 report, it had collected over 1.6 billion facts, 271 million of which were considered "confident facts", a term for information deemed more than 90% true.

2014年8月，《新科学家》杂志报道说，谷歌已经启动了知识库。发表后，谷歌联系了 Search Engine Land，解释说知识库是一篇研究论文，不是谷歌的活跃服务，在其报告中，Search Engine Land 引用了该公司的一些迹象，即正在试验“多种模型” ，以检验从文本中自动收集意义的可能性。知识库旨在处理事实，自动收集并整合来自互联网的信息，形成一个能够直接回答诸如“麦当娜出生在哪里”等问题的知识库。据报告，它在知识图谱方面的主要能力是自动收集信息，而不是依靠人为汇编的众包事实; 截至2014年报告时，它已收集了16亿多事实，其中2.71亿被视为”确信事实” ，这个术语指的是被认为超过90% 正确的信息。

2014年8月，《新科学家》杂志报道，谷歌启动了一个知识库项目。文章发表后，谷歌联系到“搜索引擎天地”，解释说知识库是一篇研究性论文，而不是谷歌的主动服务。在其报道中，“搜索引擎天地”提到，谷歌指出：他们在用“很多模型”探索从文本中自动收集语义的可能性。谷歌知识库旨在处理信息关系，从互联网上自动收集和整合信息，形成一个能够直接回答诸如“麦当娜出生在哪里”等问题的知识库。2014年的一份报告指出，知识图谱聚合了超过16亿信息关系，其中2.71亿被认为是“可信的事实”，被认为可信度超过90%。

争议

缺乏信息来源

By May 2016, knowledge boxes were appearing for "roughly one-third" of the estimated 100 billion monthly searches the company processed. Dario Taraborelli, head of research at the Wikimedia Foundation, told The Washington Post that Google's omission of sources in its knowledge boxes "undermines people’s ability to verify information and, ultimately, to develop well-informed opinions". The publication also reported that the boxes are "frequently unattributed", such as a knowledge box on the age of actress Betty White, which is "as unsourced and absolute as if handed down by God".[13]

By May 2016, knowledge boxes were appearing for "roughly one-third" of the estimated 100 billion monthly searches the company processed. Dario Taraborelli, head of research at the Wikimedia Foundation, told The Washington Post that Google's omission of sources in its knowledge boxes "undermines people’s ability to verify information and, ultimately, to develop well-informed opinions". The publication also reported that the boxes are "frequently unattributed", such as a knowledge box on the age of actress Betty White, which is "as unsourced and absolute as if handed down by God".


截止2016年5月，谷歌每月处理的1000亿次搜索中“约三分之一”都会出现出现知识图谱卡。维基媒体基金会的研究主管达里奥·塔拉博雷利告诉《华盛顿邮报》，谷歌知识图谱卡中信息来源的缺失损害了人们判断信息真假的能力，甚至损害到构建完整观点的能力。该报道还称，这些卡片“经常来源不明”，比如女演员贝蒂 · 怀特年龄的知识图谱卡就被评价为“来源不明但是语气肯定，仿佛是上帝写下的”。

维基百科阅读量减少

According to The Register, the implementation of direct answers in Google search results has caused significant readership declines for the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, from which the Knowledge Graph obtains some of its information.[14] The Daily Dot noted in 2014 that "Wikipedia still has no real competitor as far as actual content is concerned. All that's up for grabs are traffic stats. And as a nonprofit, traffic numbers don't equate into revenue in the same way they do for a commercial media site". After the article's publication, a spokesperson for the Wikimedia Foundation, which operates Wikipedia, stated that it "welcomes" the Knowledge Graph functionality, that it was "looking into" the traffic drops, and that "We've also not noticed a significant drop in search engine referrals. We also have a continuing dialog with staff from Google working on the Knowledge Panel".[15]

According to The Register, the implementation of direct answers in Google search results has caused significant readership declines for the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, from which the Knowledge Graph obtains some of its information. The Daily Dot noted in 2014 that "Wikipedia still has no real competitor as far as actual content is concerned. All that's up for grabs are traffic stats. And as a nonprofit, traffic numbers don't equate into revenue in the same way they do for a commercial media site". After the article's publication, a spokesperson for the Wikimedia Foundation, which operates Wikipedia, stated that it "welcomes" the Knowledge Graph functionality, that it was "looking into" the traffic drops, and that "We've also not noticed a significant drop in search engine referrals. We also have a continuing dialog with staff from Google working on the Knowledge Panel".


据《登记册》报道，谷歌搜索结果旁的知识图谱卡上直接显示结果导致维基百科的读者数大幅下降，因为卡片获取了维基百科上的一些信息。《每日点报》在2014年指出: “就实质内容而言，维基百科仍然没有真正的竞争对手。大家都在争夺流量，但维基作为一个非营利组织，流量并不像商业媒体网站那样等同于收入”。 在这篇文章发表后，维基百科的运营团体维基媒体基金会的一位发言人表示，他们“欢迎”知识图谱卡片功能，并正在“调查”流量下降的情况，并且说到“我们也没有发现搜索引擎引荐来源有显著下降。我们还与参与知识图谱卡片工作的谷歌工作人员保持着沟通”。


参见

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参考文献

  1. ↑ Newton, Casey (December 4, 2012). "Google's Knowledge Graph tripled in size in seven months". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Your business information in the Knowledge Panel". Google My Business Help. Google. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). "Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings". Official Google Blog. Google. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  4. ↑ Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). "Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?". Search Engine Roundtable. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  5. ↑ Vincent, James (October 4, 2016). "Apple boasts about sales; Google boasts about how good its AI is". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  6. ↑ Ehrlinger, Lisa; Wöß, Wolfram (2016). "Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs" (PDF).
  7. ↑ Lynley, Matthew (May 18, 2016). "Google unveils Google Assistant, a virtual assistant that's a big upgrade to Google Now". TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  8. ↑ Kovach, Steve (October 4, 2016). "Google is going to win the next major battle in computing". Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  9. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (May 18, 2016). "Google Home: a speaker to finally take on the Amazon Echo". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  10. ↑ Newton, Casey (December 14, 2012). "How Google is taking the Knowledge Graph global". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  11. ↑ "Making it easier to Search in Bengali". Official Google India Blog (in English). Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  12. ↑ Sterling, Greg (August 25, 2014). "Google "Knowledge Vault" To Power Future Of Search". Search Engine Land. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  13. ↑ Dewey, Caitlin (May 11, 2016). "You probably haven't even noticed Google's sketchy quest to control the world's knowledge". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  14. ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (January 13, 2014). "Google stabs Wikipedia in the front". The Register. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  15. ↑ Kloc, Joe (January 8, 2014). "Is Google accidentally killing Wikipedia?". The Daily Dot. Retrieved December 10, 2017.

模板:Computable knowledge

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Category:Google Search

分类: 谷歌搜索

Category:Internet search engines

分类: 互联网搜索引擎

Category:Knowledge bases

类别: 知识库

Category:Products introduced in 2012

类别: 2012年推出的产品


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