社会控制论
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Sociocybernetics is an independent chapter of science in sociology based upon the general systems theory and cybernetics.
Sociocybernetics is an independent chapter of science in sociology based upon the general systems theory and cybernetics.
社会控制论Sociocybernetics是建立在一般系统论general systems theory和控制论cybernetics基础之上的一个社会科学独立分支。
It also has a basis in organizational development (OD) consultancy practice and in theories of communication, theories of psychotherapies and computer sciences. The International Sociological Association has a specialist research committee in the area – RC51 – which publishes the (electronic) Journal of Sociocybernetics.
It also has a basis in organizational development (OD) consultancy practice and in theories of communication, theories of psychotherapies and computer sciences. The International Sociological Association has a specialist research committee in the area – RC51 – which publishes the (electronic) Journal of Sociocybernetics.
它也在组织发展organizational development(OD)咨询实践和传播理论，心理治疗理论和计算机科学具有一定基础。 美国国际社会学协会The International Sociological Association 在该领域有一个专家研究委员会（RC51），委员会出版《社会控制论（电子）期刊the (electronic) Journal of Sociocybernetics》。
The term "socio" in the name of sociocybernetics refers to any social system (as defined, among others, by Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann).
The term "socio" in the name of sociocybernetics refers to any social system (as defined, among others, by Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann).
“社会”这个术语在社会控制论中指的是任何社会系统（如 Talcott Parsons 和 Niklas Luhmann 等人所定义的那样）。
The idea to study society as a system can be traced back to the origin of sociology when the emergent idea of functional differentiation has been applied for the first time to society by Auguste Comte.
The idea to study society as a system can be traced back to the origin of sociology when the emergent idea of functional differentiation has been applied for the first time to society by Auguste Comte.
将社会作为一个系统来研究的思想可以追溯到社会学的起源，孔德Auguste Comte 第一次将功能分化functional differentiation的新兴概念应用于社会。
The basic goal for which sociocybernetics was created, is the production of a theoretical framework as well as information technology tools for responding to the basic challenges individuals, couples, families, groups, companies, organizations, countries, international affairs are facing today.
The basic goal for which sociocybernetics was created, is the production of a theoretical framework as well as information technology tools for responding to the basic challenges individuals, couples, families, groups, companies, organizations, countries, international affairs are facing today.
创建社会控制论的基本目标是建立一个理论框架和信息技术工具，以应对个人、夫妻、家庭、团体、公司、组织、国家和国际在今天所面临的基本挑战。
Analysis of social forces社会力量分析
One of the tasks of sociocybernetics is to map, measure, harness, and find ways of intervening in the parallel network of social forces that influence human behavior. Sociocyberneticists' task is to understand the guidance and control mechanisms that govern the operation of society (and the behavior of individuals more generally) in practice and then to devise better ways of harnessing and intervening in them – that is to say to devise more effective ways to operate these mechanisms, or to modify them according to the opinions of the cyberneticist.
One of the tasks of sociocybernetics is to map, measure, harness, and find ways of intervening in the parallel network of social forces that influence human behavior. Sociocyberneticists' task is to understand the guidance and control mechanisms that govern the operation of society (and the behavior of individuals more generally) in practice and then to devise better ways of harnessing and intervening in them – that is to say to devise more effective ways to operate these mechanisms, or to modify them according to the opinions of the cyberneticist.
社会控制论的任务之一是对影响人类行为的并行网络parallel network的社会力量social forces进行测绘、测量、控制和干预。社会控制论者的任务是理解在实践中支配社会运作（更广泛地说，以及个人行为）的指导和控制机制，然后设计更好的方法来控制和干预这些机制。也就是说，设计更有效的方法来操作这些机制，或者根据控制论者的意见修改这些机制。
General theoretical framework 一般理论框架
Sociocybernetics aims to generate a general theoretical framework for understanding cooperative behavior. It claims to give a deep understanding of the general theory of evolution.
Sociocybernetics aims to generate a general theoretical framework for understanding cooperative behavior. It claims to give a deep understanding of the general theory of evolution.
社会控制论旨在为理解合作行为提供一个普遍的理论框架。它声称能对进化论的一般理论给出深刻的理解。
The outlook that sociocybernetics uses when analyzing any living system lies in a basic law of sociocybernetics.
The outlook that sociocybernetics uses when analyzing any living system lies in a basic law of sociocybernetics.
社会控制论在分析任何生命系统living systems时所采用的观点，是它的一个基本法则。
It says: All living systems go through six levels of interrelations (social contracts) of its subsystems:
It says: All living systems go through six levels of interrelations (social contracts) of its subsystems:
它说：所有的生命系统都要经过子系统的六个层次的相互关系（社会契约）：
- A. Aggression: survive or die
- B. Bureaucracy: follow the norms and rules
- C. Competition: my gain is your loss
- D. Decision: disclosing individual feelings, intentions
- E. Empathy: cooperation in one unified interest
- F. Free will: The ability for any species, regardless of type, race, sex, creed, belief, genetics, make, model, or sentience to govern their own existence and not be controlled. "To be free to choose how to live life without discrimination or interference."
- A. 攻击 ：生存或死亡
- B. 官僚主义Bureaucracy：遵守规范和准则
- C. 竞争Competition：我的收益就是你的损失
- D. 决策Decision：公开个人感受、意图
- E. 同理心Empathy：为一个统一的利益进行合作
- F. 自由意志Free will：任何物种，不论类别、种族、性别、信条、信仰、遗传、结构make、模式或感知觉，都有能力支配自己的存在而不受控制。”自由选择如何在没有歧视和干涉的情况下生活。”
Going through these six phases of relationship theoretically gives the framework for the sociocybernetic study of any evolutionary system. It serves as an "equation for life."
Going through these six phases of relationship theoretically gives the framework for the sociocybernetic study of any evolutionary system. It serves as an "equation for life."
这六个阶段的关系从理论上为任何进化系统volutionary system的社会控制论研究提供了框架。它作为一个“生活方程式equation for life”而出现。
Sociocybernetics can be defined as "Systems Science in Sociology and Other Social Sciences" – systems science, because sociocybernetics is not limited to theory but includes application, empirical research, methodology, axiology (i.e., ethics and value research), and epistemology. In general use, "systems theory" and "cybernetics" are frequently interchangeable or appear in combination. Hence, they can be considered as synonyms, although the two terms come from different traditions and are not used uniformly in different languages and national traditions. Sociocybernetics includes both what are called first order cybernetics and second order cybernetics. Cybernetics, according to Wiener's original definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems". Second order cybernetics is explicitly based on a constructivist epistemology and is concerned with issues of self-reference, paying particular attention to the observer-dependence of knowledge, including scientific theories.[1] In the interdisciplinary and holistic spirit of systems science, although sociology is clearly at the centre of interest of sociocybernetics, the other social sciences, such as psychology, anthropology, political science, economics, are addressed as well, with emphases depending on the particular research question to be dealt with.
Sociocybernetics can be defined as "Systems Science in Sociology and Other Social Sciences" – systems science, because sociocybernetics is not limited to theory but includes application, empirical research, methodology, axiology (i.e., ethics and value research), and epistemology. In general use, "systems theory" and "cybernetics" are frequently interchangeable or appear in combination. Hence, they can be considered as synonyms, although the two terms come from different traditions and are not used uniformly in different languages and national traditions. Sociocybernetics includes both what are called first order cybernetics and second order cybernetics. Cybernetics, according to Wiener's original definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems". Second order cybernetics is explicitly based on a constructivist epistemology and is concerned with issues of self-reference, paying particular attention to the observer-dependence of knowledge, including scientific theories. In the interdisciplinary and holistic spirit of systems science, although sociology is clearly at the centre of interest of sociocybernetics, the other social sciences, such as psychology, anthropology, political science, economics, are addressed as well, with emphases depending on the particular research question to be dealt with.
社会控制论可以被定义为“社会学和其他社会科学中的系统科学”-系统科学，因为社会控制论并不局限于理论，还包括应用、实证研究、方法论、价值论（即伦理和价值研究value research）以及认识论。一般来说，“系统论”和“控制论”经常可以互换，或者组合起来出现。因此，它们可以被视为同义词，尽管这两个术语来自不同的传统，而且在不同的语言和民族传统中的使用也不一致。社会控制论包括一阶控制论first order cybernetics和二阶控制论second order cybernetics。根据维纳Wiener最初的定义，控制论是“在动物和机器中的控制和交流”的科学。Heinz von Foerster 继续区分了一阶控制论，即“对被观察的系统的研究” ，和二阶控制论，即“对系统的观察过程的研究”。二阶控制论明确地以建构主义认识论constructivist epistemology为基础，关注自我参照self-reference的问题，特别关注知识（包括科学理论）的观察者依赖性observer-dependence。在系统科学具有的跨学科和整体的精神中，尽管社会学显然处于社会控制论的兴趣中心，但其他社会科学，如心理学、人类学、政治科学、经济学，也被关注。兴趣的重点取决于要处理的具体研究问题。
Issues and challenges问题和挑战
Recent research from the Santa Fe Institute presents the idea that social systems like cities don't behave like organisms as has been proposed by some in sociocybernetics.[2]
Recent research from the Santa Fe Institute presents the idea that social systems like cities don't behave like organisms as has been proposed by some in sociocybernetics.
圣塔菲研究所the Santa Fe Institute最近的研究表明，像城市这样的社会系统并不像在社会控制论中提出的有些有机体那样运作。
See also参见
- Anthropology 人类学
- Autopoiesis 自生系统论
- Cliodynamics 历史动力学
- Complex systems 复杂系统
- Dynastic cycle 王朝循环
- General systems theory 一般系统理论
- List of cycles 生命循环
- Psychology 心理学
- Social cycle theory 社会循环理论
- Sociocracy 社会政体
- Sociology 社会学
- Superorganisms 超有机体
- Systems philosophy 系统哲学
- Systems thinking 系统思考
- War cycles 战争循环
- World-systems theory 世界-系统理论
References参考资料
- ↑ Verwey, S., & Davis, C. (2011). "Sociocybernetics and autopoiesis-new laws of organisational form?". Communicare: Journal for Communication Sciences in Southern Africa. 30: 1–26.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Luís M. A. Bettencourt, José Lobo, Dirk Helbing, Christian Kühnert, and Geoffrey B. West. Growth, innovation, scaling and the pace of life in cities. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0610172104v1
Further reading
- Béla H. Bánáthy (2000). Guided Evolution of Society: A Systems View. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York.
- Felix Geyer and Johannes van der Zouwen (1992). "Sociocybernetics" in: Handbook of Cybernetics (C.V. Negoita, ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992, pp. 95–124.
- Felix Geyer (1994). "The Challenge of Sociocybernetics". In: Kybernetes. 24(4):6-32, 1995. Copyright MCB University Press1995
- Felix Geyer (2001). "Sociocybernetics" In: Kybernetes, Vol. 31 No. 7/8, 2002, pp. 1021–1042.
- Raven, J. (1994). Managing Education for Effective Schooling: The Most Important Problem Is to Come to Terms with Values. Unionville, New York: Trillium Press. (OCLC 34483891)
- Raven, J. (1995). The New Wealth of Nations: A New Enquiry into the Nature and Origins of the Wealth of Nations and the Societal Learning Arrangements Needed for a Sustainable Society. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press; Sudbury, Suffolk: Bloomfield Books. ()
External links外部链接
Category:Cybernetics
类别: 控制论
Category:Systems theory
范畴: 系统论
This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Sociocybernetics. Its edit history can be viewed at 社会控制论/edithistory