网络可控性

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此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。

本词条由信白初步翻译

文件:YYL1.png
Controlling a simple network.

Controlling a simple network.

图1：控制一个简单的网络。


Network Controllability is concerned about the structural controllability of a network. Controllability describes our ability to guide a dynamical system from any initial state to any desired final state in finite time, with a suitable choice of inputs. This definition agrees well with our intuitive notion of control. The controllability of general directed and weighted complex networks has recently been the subject of intense study by a number of groups in wide variety of networks, worldwide. Recent studies by Sharma et al.[1] on multi-type biological networks (gene- gene, miRNA- gene, Protein-protein interaction networks) identified control targets in phenotypically characterized Osteosarcoma showing important role of genes and proteins responsible for maintaining tumor microenvironment.

Network Controllability is concerned about the structural controllability of a network. Controllability describes our ability to guide a dynamical system from any initial state to any desired final state in finite time, with a suitable choice of inputs. This definition agrees well with our intuitive notion of control. The controllability of general directed and weighted complex networks has recently been the subject of intense study by a number of groups in wide variety of networks, worldwide. Recent studies by Sharma et al. on multi-type biological networks (gene- gene, miRNA- gene, Protein-protein interaction networks) identified control targets in phenotypically characterized Osteosarcoma showing important role of genes and proteins responsible for maintaining tumor microenvironment.

网络可控性 Network Controllability 研究的是网络的结构可控性。可控性描述了我们在有限时间内，通过合适的输入选择，引导动力系统从任何初始状态到任何期望的最终状态的能力。这个定义与我们直观的控制概念非常吻合。一般有向加权复杂网络的可控性是近年来世界范围内许多研究小组的重点研究课题。夏尔马等人最近在多种生物学网络(基因-基因、 miRNA-基因、蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络)上的研究，确定了骨肉瘤表型特征的控制目标，显示了基因和蛋白质在维持肿瘤微环境中的重要作用。


Background

背景

Consider the canonical linear time-invariant dynamics on a complex network

Consider the canonical linear time-invariant dynamics on a complex network

考虑复杂网络 Complex Network 上的正则线性动力学


[math]\displaystyle{ \dot{\mathbf{X}}(t) = \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{X}(t) + \mathbf{B}\cdot \mathbf{u}(t) \dot{\mathbf{X}}(t) = \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{X}(t) + \mathbf{B}\cdot \mathbf{u}(t) }[/math]



where the vector [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{X}(t)=(x_1(t),\cdots,x_N(t))^\mathrm{T} }[/math] captures the state of a system of [math]\displaystyle{ N }[/math] nodes at time [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math].

where the vector [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{X}(t)=(x_1(t),\cdots,x_N(t))^\mathrm{T} }[/math] captures the state of a system of [math]\displaystyle{ N }[/math] nodes at time [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math].

其中，向量 [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{X}(t)=(x_1(t),\cdots,x_N(t))^\mathrm{T} }[/math] 表示用 [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] 时间捕获 [math]\displaystyle{ N }[/math] 个节点系统。

The [math]\displaystyle{ N \times N }[/math]matrix [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A} }[/math] describes the system's wiring diagram and the interaction strength between the components. The [math]\displaystyle{ N \times M }[/math] matrix [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{B} }[/math] identifies the nodes controlled by an outside controller. The system is controlled through the time dependent input vector [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{u}(t) = (u_1(t),\cdots,u_M(t))^\mathrm{T} }[/math] that the controller imposes on the system. To identify the minimum number of driver nodes, denoted by [math]\displaystyle{ N_\mathrm{D} }[/math], whose control is sufficient to fully control the system's dynamics, Liu et al.[2] attempted to combine the tools from structural control theory, graph theory and statistical physics. They showed[2] that the minimum number of inputs or driver nodes needed to maintain full control of the network is determined by the 'maximum matching’ in the network, that is, the maximum set of links that do not share start or end nodes. From this result, an analytical framework, based on the in-out degree distribution, was developed to predict [math]\displaystyle{ n_\mathrm{D} =N_\mathrm{D}/N }[/math] for scale-free and Erdős–Rényi Graphs.[2] However, more recently it has been demonstrated that network controllability (and other structure-only methods which use exclusively the connectivity of a graph, [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A} }[/math], to simplify the underlying dynamics), both undershoot and overshoot the number and which sets of driver nodes best control network dynamics, highlighting the importance of redundancy (e.g. canalization) and non-linear dynamics in determining control.[3]

The [math]\displaystyle{ N \times N }[/math]matrix [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A} }[/math] describes the system's wiring diagram and the interaction strength between the components. The [math]\displaystyle{ N \times M }[/math] matrix [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{B} }[/math] identifies the nodes controlled by an outside controller. The system is controlled through the time dependent input vector [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{u}(t) = (u_1(t),\cdots,u_M(t))^\mathrm{T} }[/math] that the controller imposes on the system. To identify the minimum number of driver nodes, denoted by [math]\displaystyle{ N_\mathrm{D} }[/math], whose control is sufficient to fully control the system's dynamics, Liu et al. attempted to combine the tools from structural control theory, graph theory and statistical physics. They showed

[math]\displaystyle{ N \times N }[/math] 矩阵 [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A} }[/math] 描述了系统的接线图和元件之间的交互强度。[math]\displaystyle{ N \times M }[/math] 矩阵 [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{B} }[/math] 识别由外部控制器控制的节点。系统通过控制器强加给系统的时间相关向量 [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{u}(t) = (u_1(t),\cdots,u_M(t))^\mathrm{T} }[/math] 来控制。为了确定驱动节点的最小数目，用[math]\displaystyle{ N_\mathrm{D} }[/math]来表示，其控制足以完全控制系统的动力学进程，在这方面，Liu等人成功做到了将结构控制理论 Structural Control Theory 、图论 Graph Theory 和统计物理 Statistical Physics 的工具的结合。


It is also notable, that Liu's et al. formulation[2] would predict same values of [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}} }[/math] for a chain graph and for a weak densely connected graph. Obviously, both these graphs have very different in and out degree distributions. A recent unpublished work,[4] questions whether degree, which is a purely local measure in networks, would completely describe controllability and whether even slightly distant nodes would have no role in deciding network controllability. Indeed, for many real-word networks, namely, food webs, neuronal and metabolic networks, the mismatch in values of [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] calculated by Liu et al.[2] is notable. If controllability is decided mainly by degree, why are [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] so different for many real world networks? They argued [2] (arXiv:1203.5161v1), that this might be due to the effect of degree correlations. However, it has been shown[4] that network controllability can be altered only by using betweenness centrality and closeness centrality, without using degree (graph theory) or degree correlations at all.

It is also notable, that Liu's et al. formulation questions whether degree, which is a purely local measure in networks, would completely describe controllability and whether even slightly distant nodes would have no role in deciding network controllability. Indeed, for many real-word networks, namely, food webs, neuronal and metabolic networks, the mismatch in values of [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] calculated by Liu et al. is notable. If controllability is decided mainly by degree, why are [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] so different for many real world networks? They argued (arXiv:1203.5161v1), that this might be due to the effect of degree correlations. However, it has been shown that network controllability can be altered only by using betweenness centrality and closeness centrality, without using degree (graph theory) or degree correlations at all.

同样值得关注的是，刘等人的发现。他们提出度 Degree 是网络中一种纯粹的局部度量，能够完全描述网络的可控性，即便是稍微远一点的节点也能确定它对网络的可控性是否有影响。事实上，对于许多实词网络 Real-Word Networks ，像食物网络 Food Webs 、神经元网络 Neuronal Network 和代谢网络 Metabolic Network ，Liu等人计算的[math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math][math]\displaystyle{ 和 {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] 的值并不匹配。值得注意的是。如果可控性主要是由度决定，那么为什么对于许多现实世界的网络来说，[math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] 和 [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] 如此不同？他们认为，这可能是由于度相关性的影响。然而，已有的研究表明，网络的可控性只能通过中间性和封闭性来改变，而完全不需要使用度（图论）或度关联 Degree Correlations 。(arXiv:1203.5161v1)


文件:YYL2.pdf
A schematic diagram shows the control of a directed network. For a given directed network (Fig. a), one calculates its maximum matching: a largest set of edges without common heads or tails. The maximum matching will compose of a set of vertex-disjoint directed paths and directed cycles (see red edges in Fig.b). If a node is a head of a matching edge, then this node is matched (green nodes in Fig.b). Otherwise, it is unmatched (white nodes in Fig.b). Those unmatched nodes are the nodes one needs to control, i.e. the driver nodes. By injecting signals to those driver nodes, one gets a set of directed path with starting points being the inputs (see Fig.c). Those paths are called "stems". The resulting digraph is called U-rooted factorial connection. By "grafting" the directed cycles to those "stems", one gets "buds". The resulting digraph is called the cacti (see Fig.d). According to the structural controllability theorem,[5] since there is a cacti structure spanning the controlled network (see Fig.e), the system is controllable. The cacti structure (Fig.d) underlying the controlled network (Fig.e) is the "skeleton" for maintaining controllability.

A schematic diagram shows the control of a directed network. For a given directed network (Fig. a), one calculates its maximum matching: a largest set of edges without common heads or tails. The maximum matching will compose of a set of vertex-disjoint directed paths and directed cycles (see red edges in Fig.b). If a node is a head of a matching edge, then this node is matched (green nodes in Fig.b). Otherwise, it is unmatched (white nodes in Fig.b). Those unmatched nodes are the nodes one needs to control, i.e. the driver nodes. By injecting signals to those driver nodes, one gets a set of directed path with starting points being the inputs (see Fig.c). Those paths are called "stems". The resulting digraph is called U-rooted factorial connection. By "grafting" the directed cycles to those "stems", one gets "buds". The resulting digraph is called the cacti (see Fig.d). According to the structural controllability theorem, since there is a cacti structure spanning the controlled network (see Fig.e), the system is controllable. The cacti structure (Fig.d) underlying the controlled network (Fig.e) is the "skeleton" for maintaining controllability.

示意图显示了定向网络的控制。对于给定的定向网络（图a），可以计算其最大匹配：没有共同头部或尾部的最大边缘集。最大匹配将由一组顶点不相交的有向路径和有向循环组成（请参见图b中的红色边缘）。如果一个节点是匹配边的头部，则该节点是匹配的（图b中的绿色节点）。否则，它是不匹配的（图b中的白色节点）。那些不匹配的节点是需要控制的节点，即驱动节点。通过向这些驱动节点注入信号，可以得到一组以起点为输入的有向路径（见图c）。这些路径被称为“茎”。得到的有向图称为U根因子连接。通过将定向周期“嫁接”到那些“茎”，人们就会得到“芽”。得到的有向图称为cacti（见图d）。根据结构可控性定理，由于存在跨越受控网络的cacti结构（参见图e），因此该系统是可控的。受控网络（图e）下的cacti结构（图d）是维持可控性的“骨架”。


Structural Controllability

结构可控性 Structural Controllability

The concept of the structural properties was first introduced by Lin (1974)引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签 and then extended by Shields and Pearson (1976)[6] and then extended by Shields and Pearson (1976)[6]and then extended by Shields and Pearson (1976) ref name"Shields-76"r.希尔兹和 j。培生，IEEE Trans。自动。女名女子名。21

(1976).</ref> and alternatively derived by Glover and Silverman (1976).[7] and alternatively derived by Glover and Silverman (1976).引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签 和另外由 Glover 和 Silverman (1976)派生。 [7]

(1976).</ref> The main question is whether the lack of controllability or observability are generic with respect to the variable system parameters. In the framework of structural control the system parameters are either independent free variables or fixed zeros. This is consistent for models of physical systems since parameter values are never known exactly, with the exception of zero values which express the absence of interactions or connections.

(1976).</ref> The main question is whether the lack of controllability or observability are generic with respect to the variable system parameters. In the framework of structural control the system parameters are either independent free variables or fixed zeros. This is consistent for models of physical systems since parameter values are never known exactly, with the exception of zero values which express the absence of interactions or connections.

(1976年)。 / ref 主要的问题是，对于可变系统参数来说，缺乏可控性或可观测性是否是一般性的。在结构控制的框架下，系统参数可以是独立自由变量，也可以是固定零点。这对于物理系统的模型是一致的，因为参数值永远不会准确地知道，零值除外，零值表示交互或连接的缺失。

Maximum Matching

最大匹配 Maximum Matching

In graph theory, a matching is a set of edges without common vertices. Liu et al.[2] extended this definition to directed graph, where a matching is a set of directed edges that do not share start or end vertices. It is easy to check that a matching of a directed graph composes of a set of vertex-disjoint simple paths and cycles. The maximum matching of a directed network can be efficiently calculated by working in the bipartite representation using the classical Hopcroft–Karp algorithm, which runs in O(E模板:Radic) time in the worst case. For undirected graph, analytical solutions of the size and number of maximum matchings have been studied using the cavity method developed in statistical physics.[8] Liu et al.[2] extended the calculations for directed graph. 在图论中，匹配（图论）是一组没有共同顶点的边。Liu等人将此定义扩展到有向图，其中匹配是一组不共享起始或终止顶点的有向边。很容易检查有向图的匹配是否由一组顶点不相交的简单路径和周期组成。定向网络的最大匹配可以通过使用经典的Hopcroft-Karp算法 在二分表示 Bipartite Representation 中工作来有效地计算，该算法在最坏情况下的时间复杂度是O(E模板:Radic)。对于无向图，使用统计物理中开发的腔法 Cavity Method 研究了最大匹配的大小和数量的分析解。[9]Liu等人[10]扩展了有向图的计算范围。 In graph theory, a matching is a set of edges without common vertices. Liu et al. Liu et al. extended the calculations for directed graph.



By calculating the maximum matchings of a wide range of real networks, Liu et al.[2] asserted that the number of driver nodes is determined mainly by the networks degree distribution [math]\displaystyle{ P(k_\mathrm{in}, k_\mathrm{out}) }[/math]. They also calculated the average number of driver nodes for a network ensemble with arbitrary degree distribution using the cavity method. It is interesting that for a chain graph and a weak densely connected graph, both of which have very different in and out degree distributions; the formulation of Liu et al.[2] would predict same values of [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}} }[/math]. Also, for many real-word networks, namely, food webs, neuronal and metabolic networks, the mismatch in values of [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] calculated by Liu et al.[2] is notable. If controllability is decided purely by degree, why are [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] so different for many real world networks? It remains open to scrutiny whether control robustness" in networks is influenced more by using betweenness centrality and closeness centrality[4] over degree (graph theory) based metrics.

By calculating the maximum matchings of a wide range of real networks, Liu et al. asserted that the number of driver nodes is determined mainly by the networks degree distribution [math]\displaystyle{ P(k_\mathrm{in}, k_\mathrm{out}) }[/math]. They also calculated the average number of driver nodes for a network ensemble with arbitrary degree distribution using the cavity method. It is interesting that for a chain graph and a weak densely connected graph, both of which have very different in and out degree distributions; the formulation of Liu et al. would predict same values of [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}} }[/math]. Also, for many real-word networks, namely, food webs, neuronal and metabolic networks, the mismatch in values of [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] calculated by Liu et al. is notable. If controllability is decided purely by degree, why are [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math] so different for many real world networks? It remains open to scrutiny whether control robustness" in networks is influenced more by using betweenness centrality and closeness centrality over degree (graph theory) based metrics.

通过计算各种真实网络的最大匹配，Liu等人断言驱动程序节点的数量主要由网络度分布[math]\displaystyle{ P(k_\mathrm{in}，k_\mathrm{out}) }[/math]决定。他们还使用空腔方法计算了具有任意程度分布的网络集合的驱动节点的平均数量。有趣的是，对于链图 Chain Graph 和弱密集连通图 Weak Densely Connected Graph ，两者都具有非常不同的进出度分布；Liu等人的公式将预测[math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}} }[/math]的相同值。此外，对于许多真实词网络，即食物网、神经元和代谢网络，Liu等人计算的[math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}^{real} }[/math]和[math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math]值的不匹配。值得注意的是。如果可控性纯粹由度决定，那为什么[math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^{real} }[/math]和[math]\displaystyle{ {n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree} }[/math]对于许多现实世界的网络来说是如此不同？对于网络中的控制鲁棒性是否更多地受到使用基于度（图论）的度量的中介中心性 Betweenness Centrality 和紧密度中心性 Closeness Centrality 的影响，仍然是开放的。


While sparser graphs are more difficult to control,[2][4] it would obviously be interesting to find whether betweenness centrality and closeness centrality[4] or degree heterogeneity[2] plays a more important role in deciding controllability of sparse graphs with almost similar degree distributions.

While sparser graphs are more difficult to control, it would obviously be interesting to find whether betweenness centrality and closeness centrality or degree heterogeneity plays a more important role in deciding controllability of sparse graphs with almost similar degree distributions.

尽管稀疏图的可控性难以控制，但是研究具有几乎相似度分布的稀疏图的可控性中，是否存在介于介于中间中心性和封闭中心性或度异质性起着更重要的作用显然是很有意义的。

Control of composite quantum systems and algebraic graph theory

A control theory of networks has also been developed in the context of universal control for composite quantum systems, where subsystems and their interactions are associated to nodes and links, respectively.[11] This framework permits to formulate Kalman's criterion with tools from algebraic graph theory via the minimum rank of a graph and related notions.[12][13]

A control theory of networks has also been developed in the context of universal control for composite quantum systems, where subsystems and their interactions are associated to nodes and links, respectively. This framework permits to formulate Kalman's criterion with tools from algebraic graph theory via the minimum rank of a graph and related notions.

在复合量子系统的通用控制的背景下，也发展了网络控制理论，其中子系统及其相互作用分别与节点和链路相关联。这个框架允许用代数图论的工具通过图的最小秩和相关概念来建立卡尔曼准则。


See also


References

  1. ↑ Sharma, Ankush; Cinti, Caterina; Capobianco, Enrico (2017). "Multitype Network-Guided Target Controllability in Phenotypically Characterized Osteosarcoma: Role of Tumor Microenvironment". Frontiers in Immunology (in English). 8: 918. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00918. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 5536125. PMID 28824643.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Liu, Yang-Yu; Slotine, Jean-Jacques; Barabási, Albert-László (2011). "Controllability of complex networks". Nature. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 473 (7346): 167–173. doi:10.1038/nature10011. ISSN 0028-0836.
  3. ↑ Gates, Alexander J.; Rocha, Luis M. (2016-04-18). "Control of complex networks requires both structure and dynamics". Scientific Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 6 (1): 24456. doi:10.1038/srep24456. ISSN 2045-2322.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Banerjee, SJ; Roy, S. "Key to Network Controllability". arXiv:1209.3737.
  5. ↑ 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为Lin-74的引用提供文字
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 R. W. Shields and J. B. Pearson, IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr. 21 (1974). 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；name属性“Shields-76”使用不同内容定义了多次
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 K. Glover and L. M. Silverman, IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr. 21 (1976). 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；name属性“Glover-76”使用不同内容定义了多次
  8. ↑ L. Zdeborová and M. Mezard, J. Stat. Mech. 05 (2006).
  9. ↑ L Zdeborová和M.Mezard，J.Stat.Mech 05（2006）。
  10. ↑ 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为“Liu-Nature-11”的引用提供文字
  11. ↑ Burgarth, Daniel; Giovannetti, Vittorio (2007-09-05). "Full Control by Locally Induced Relaxation". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society (APS). 99 (10): 100501. arXiv:0704.3027. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.100501. ISSN 0031-9007.
  12. ↑ Burgarth, Daniel; D'Alessandro, Domenico; Hogben, Leslie; Severini, Simone; Young, Michael (2013). "Zero forcing, linear and quantum controllability for systems evolving on networks". IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. 58 (9): 2349–2354. doi:10.1109/TAC.2013.2250075. MR 3101617.
  13. ↑ S. O'Rourke, B. Touri, https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.05080.


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