动态网络分析

本词条由Ryan初步翻译

Dynamic network analysis (DNA) is an emergent scientific field that brings together traditional social network analysis (SNA), link analysis (LA), social simulation and multi-agent systems (MAS) within network science and network theory. There are two aspects of this field. The first is the statistical analysis of DNA data. The second is the utilization of simulation to address issues of network dynamics. DNA networks vary from traditional social networks in that they are larger, dynamic, multi-mode, multi-plex networks, and may contain varying levels of uncertainty. The main difference of DNA to SNA is that DNA takes interactions of social features conditioning structure and behavior of networks into account. DNA is tied to temporal analysis but temporal analysis is not necessarily tied to DNA, as changes in networks sometimes result from external factors which are independent of social features found in networks. One of the most notable and earliest of cases in the use of DNA is in Sampson's monastery study, where he took snapshots of the same network from different intervals and observed and analyzed the evolution of the network.^[1] An early study of the dynamics of link utilization in very large-scale complex networks provides evidence of dynamic centrality, dynamic motifs, and cycles of social interactions.^[2]^[3]

Dynamic network analysis (DNA) is an emergent scientific field that brings together traditional social network analysis (SNA), link analysis (LA), social simulation and multi-agent systems (MAS) within network science and network theory. There are two aspects of this field. The first is the statistical analysis of DNA data. The second is the utilization of simulation to address issues of network dynamics. DNA networks vary from traditional social networks in that they are larger, dynamic, multi-mode, multi-plex networks, and may contain varying levels of uncertainty. The main difference of DNA to SNA is that DNA takes interactions of social features conditioning structure and behavior of networks into account. DNA is tied to temporal analysis but temporal analysis is not necessarily tied to DNA, as changes in networks sometimes result from external factors which are independent of social features found in networks. One of the most notable and earliest of cases in the use of DNA is in Sampson's monastery study, where he took snapshots of the same network from different intervals and observed and analyzed the evolution of the network. An early study of the dynamics of link utilization in very large-scale complex networks provides evidence of dynamic centrality, dynamic motifs, and cycles of social interactions.

动态网络分析 Dynamic network analysis是将传统的社会网络分析 Social Network Analysis SNA、链路分析 Link Analysis LA、社会模拟 Social Simulation和多主体系统 Multi-Agent Systems MAS与网络科学 Network Science和网络理论 Network Theory相结合的新兴科学领域。这个领域有两个方向。第一个是动态网络分析数据的统计分析。第二是利用仿真来解决网络动态问题。动态网络分析的网络不同于传统的社会网络，因为它们更加庞大、更加具有活力、多模式，多重网络，并且可能包含不同程度的不确定性。DNA 与 SNA 的主要区别在于，动态网络分析考虑了社会特征的交互作用，从而调节了网络的结构和行为。动态网络分析与时间分析 Temporal Analysis有关，但时间分析并不一定与动态网络分析有关，因为网络的变化有时是由外部因素造成的，这些因素与网络中的社会特征相互独立。关于使用动态网络分析中最早且最著名的案例之一，桑普森修道院的研究，他在该研究中从不同间隔拍摄了相同网络的快照，并观察和分析了网络的演变。对超大规模复杂网络中链接利用动态特性的早期研究提供了动态中心性 Dynamic Centrality，动态主题 Dynamic Motifs和社交互动周期 Cycles of Social Interactions的证据。

DNA statistical tools are generally optimized for large-scale networks and admit the analysis of multiple networks simultaneously in which, there are multiple types of nodes (multi-node) and multiple types of links (multi-plex). Multi-node multi-plex networks are generally referred to as

DNA统计工具通常可针对大规模网络进行优化，同时允许对多个具有多种类型的节点(多节点)和多种类型的链接(多边)的网络进行分析。多节点多重网络通常被称为

meta-networks or high-dimensional networks. In contrast, SNA statistical tools focus on single or at most two mode data and facilitate the analysis of only one type of link at a time.

元网络 Meta-Network或高维网络 High-Dimensional Networks。相比之下，SNA统计工具侧重于单一模式或至多两种模式的数据，一次只能进行一种类型链接的分析。

DNA statistical tools tend to provide more measures to the user, because they have measures that use data drawn from multiple networks simultaneously. Latent space models (Sarkar and Moore, 2005)^[4] and agent-based simulation are often used to examine dynamic social networks (Carley et al., 2009).^[5] From a computer simulation perspective, nodes in DNA are like atoms in quantum theory, nodes can be, though need not be, treated as probabilistic. Whereas nodes in a traditional SNA model are static, nodes in a DNA model have the ability to learn. Properties change over time; nodes can adapt: A company's employees can learn new skills and increase their value to the network; or, capture one terrorist and three more are forced to improvise. Change propagates from one node to the next and so on. DNA adds the element of a network's evolution and considers the circumstances under which change is likely to occur.

DNA statistical tools tend to provide more measures to the user, because they have measures that use data drawn from multiple networks simultaneously. Latent space models (Sarkar and Moore, 2005) and agent-based simulation are often used to examine dynamic social networks (Carley et al., 2009). From a computer simulation perspective, nodes in DNA are like atoms in quantum theory, nodes can be, though need not be, treated as probabilistic. Whereas nodes in a traditional SNA model are static, nodes in a DNA model have the ability to learn. Properties change over time; nodes can adapt: A company's employees can learn new skills and increase their value to the network; or, capture one terrorist and three more are forced to improvise. Change propagates from one node to the next and so on. DNA adds the element of a network's evolution and considers the circumstances under which change is likely to occur.

DNA统计工具倾向于为用户提供更多的测量手段，因为它们的测量手段同时从多个网络中提取的数据。潜在空间模型 Latent Space Models(Sarkar 和 Moore，2005年)和基于代理的模拟 Agent-Based Simulation经常用来测试动态的社交网络(Carley 等人，2009年)。从计算机仿真的角度来看，DNA中的节点就像量子理论中的原子一样，尽管不一定需要将节点视为概率随机的。传统SNA模型中的节点是静态的，而DNA模型中的节点具有学习能力。特性随时间变化; 节点可以随之适应: 一个公司的职员可以学习新技能，增加他们在公司结构中的价值; 或者，抓捕了一名恐怖分子，另外三人被迫临时合作。变化从一个节点传播到下一个节点，依此类推。DNA增加了网络进化的基本要素，并考虑了可能发生变化的环境。

图1：An example of a multi-entity, multi-network, dynamic network diagram 多实体、多网络、动态网络图示

There are three main features to dynamic network analysis that distinguish it from standard social network analysis. First, rather than just using social networks, DNA looks at meta-networks. Second, agent-based modeling and other forms of simulations are often used to explore how networks evolve and adapt as well as the impact of interventions on those networks. Third, the links in the network are not binary; in fact, in many cases they represent the probability that there is a link.

动态网络分析与标准社交网络分析相比，有三个主要特征。第一，DNA研究的不仅仅是社交网络，而是元网络。其次，基于代理建模和其他形式模拟常用于探索网络如何演变与适应，以及人为干预对这些网络的影响。第三，网络中的链接不是二进制的; 事实上，在许多情况中它们代表了链接存在的可能性。

Meta-network 元网络

A meta-network is a multi-mode, multi-link, multi-level network. Multi-mode means that there are many types of nodes; e.g., nodes people and locations. Multi-link means that there are many types of links; e.g., friendship and advice. Multi-level means that some nodes may be members of other nodes, such as a network composed of people and organizations and one of the links is who is a member of which organization.

元网络 Meta-Network是一种多模式、多链接、多层级的网络。多模式意味着有多种类型的节点; 例如，人与位置坐标的节点。多链接意味有着众多类型的链接，例如友谊和建议。多层级表明某些节点可能是其他节点的组成部分，例如由人员和组织构成的网络，并且链接之一就是谁是哪个组织的成员。

While different researchers use different modes, common modes reflect who, what, when, where, why and how. A simple example of a meta-network is the PCANS formulation with people, tasks, and resources.^[6] A more detailed formulation considers people, tasks, resources, knowledge, and organizations.^[7] The ORA tool was developed to support meta-network analysis.^[8]

While different researchers use different modes, common modes reflect who, what, when, where, why and how. A simple example of a meta-network is the PCANS formulation with people, tasks, and resources. A more detailed formulation considers people, tasks, resources, knowledge, and organizations. The ORA tool was developed to support meta-network analysis.

虽然不同的研究人员使用不同的模式，共同的模式却都反映了何人、何事、时间、地点、原因和方式。一个简单的元网络示例是包含有人员、任务和资源的 PCANS 公式。更详细的公式会考虑人员、任务、资源、知识和组织。ORA工具是为支持元网络分析而开发。

Illustrative problems that people in the DNA area work on DNA领域的工作者们正在研究的解释性问题

Developing metrics and statistics to assess and identify change within and across networks.

制定指标和统计资料，以评估和识别网络内部和网络之间的变化。

Developing and validating simulations to study network change, evolution, adaptation, decay. See Computer simulation and organizational studies

开发和验证仿真以研究网络的变化，演变，适应性，衰减。

Developing and testing theory of network change, evolution, adaptation, decay^[9]

网络变化，演化，适应，衰减的开发和测试理论

Developing and validating formal models of network generation and evolution

开发和验证网络成长和演化的正规模型

Developing techniques to visualize network change overall or at the node or group level

开发技术以将整体、节点或组级别的网络改变可视化

Developing statistical techniques to see whether differences observed over time in networks are due to simply different samples from a distribution of links and nodes or changes over time in the underlying distribution of links and nodes

开发统计技术，以了解随着时间推移，在网络中观察到的差异是否仅仅是因为链接和节点分布的不同样本，还是因为链接和节点的基础分布随时间的变化

Developing control processes for networks over time

在时间维度上，为网络开发控制过程

Developing algorithms to change distributions of links in networks over time

在时间维度上，开发算法来改变网络中的链接分布

Developing algorithms to track groups in networks over time

在时间维度上，开发算法来跟踪网络中的群体

Developing tools to extract or locate networks from various data sources such as texts

开发从各种数据源资源(如文本)中提取或定位网络的工具

Developing statistically valid measurements on networks over time

在时间维度上，在网络上开发有效的统计测量手段

Examining the robustness of network metrics under various types of missing data

测试网络指标在不同类型数据缺失下的稳健性

Empirical studies of multi-mode multi-link multi-time period networks

多模式、多链路、多时段网络的实证研究

Examining networks as probabilistic time-variant phenomena

检验网络的概率时变现象

Forecasting change in existing networks

预测现有网络的变化

Identifying trails through time given a sequence of networks

在给定一系列网络的情况下识别经过时间的轨迹

Identifying changes in node criticality given a sequence of networks anything else related to multi-mode multi-link multi-time period networks

在给定的网络序列中，识别节点临界性的变化与多模式、多链路、多时段网络相关的任何事物

Studying random walks on temporal networks^[10]

研究时态网络上的随机游动

Quantifying structural properties of contact sequences in dynamic networks, which influence dynamical processes^[11]

动态网络中影响动态过程的接触序列结构特性的量化

Assessment of covert activity^[12] and dark networks^[13]

秘密活动的评估

Citational analysis^[14]

引文分析

Social media analysis^[15]

社交媒体分析

Assessment of public health systems^[16]

公共卫生系统的评估

Analysis of hospital safety outcomes^[17]

医院安全结果分析

Assessment of the structure of ethnic violence from news data^[18]

新闻数据中种族暴力结构的评估

Assessment of terror groups^[19]

恐怖组织的评估

Online social decay of social interactions^[20]

社交互动的在线社交衰退

Visualization of large financial networks over time^[21]

在时间维度上，大型金融网络可视化

Modelling of classroom interactions in schools^[22]

学校课堂互动的建模

References

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External links

Radcliffe Exploratory Seminar on Dynamic Networks

Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS)

模板:Social networking

Category:Computer network analysis

类别: 计算机网络分析

Category:Social statistics

类别: 社会统计

Category:Methods in sociology

范畴: 社会学方法

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Dynamic network analysis. Its edit history can be viewed at 动态网络分析/edithistory

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动态网络分析

目录

Meta-network 元网络

Illustrative problems that people in the DNA area work on DNA领域的工作者们正在研究的解释性问题

See also

References

Further reading

External links

导航菜单

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