信息新陈代谢

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Information metabolism, sometimes referred to as informational metabolism or energetic-informational metabolism, is a psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist Antoni Kępiński

Information metabolism, sometimes referred to as informational metabolism or energetic-informational metabolism, is a psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist Antoni Kępiński

信息新陈代谢，有时也称为信息新陈代谢或能量信息新陈代谢，是波兰精神病学家安东尼 · 皮斯基提出的一种关于生物有机体与其环境相互作用的心理学理论

.

The energy metabolism concept is relatively easy to understand. The molecules of the body are continually replaced. Catabolic and anabolic processes occur in cells. Information metabolism is the other side of the same process, but its objective is control. During the energy exchange, the organism strives to maintain its characteristic order (negentropy) and projects that order onto the surroundings. Due to that, the order of the surroundings is destroyed. By contrast, inanimate matter does not have the ability to maintain or lower its negentropy, because spontaneous natural processes are always accompanied by entropy generation.

能量代谢的概念比较容易理解。身体的分子不断地被替换。分解代谢和合成代谢过程发生在细胞中。信息代谢是同一过程的另一面，但其目标是控制。在能量交换过程中，生物体努力维持其特有的秩序(负熵) ，并向周围环境投射秩序。正因为如此，周围的秩序被破坏了。相比之下，无生命物质不具备维持或降低其负熵的能力，因为自发的自然过程总是伴随着熵的产生。

Overview

Kępiński described his psychological theory in several books

but the most detailed description is given in his 1974 book Melancholy (in Polish: "Melancholia")

.

In order to explain psychological phenomena encountered in humans, he starts with the consideration of most basic organisms and how they are different from inanimate matter. First of all, any organism may be treated as an autonomous but open system, separated from its environment by means of a boundary (skin or cell membrane). As an open system, it is engaged in a continual exchange with its surroundings. That exchange may be regarded as twofold i.e. energetic and informational. For the sake of analysis, one may think of energy metabolism and information metabolism as separate processes. Kępiński postulates that life is sustained if both metabolisms are occurring, and it stops if one of them is ceased.

It is impossible to keep track of all information generated by various processes occurring in reality. As organisms strive to fulfill two biological laws, proper selection of signals becomes a central problem. According to Kępiński, a hierarchy of value is necessary in order to integrate information. In humans, that hierarchy comprises three levels i.e. biological, emotional and sociocultural. Above biological and emotional levels of signal interpretation, there is the frame of social and cultural norms of the community, which serves as reference for conscious decisions. The sociocultural background plays significant role in people's lives.

跟踪现实中各种过程产生的所有信息是不可能的。随着生物体努力实现两个生物定律，如何正确选择信号成为一个中心问题。根据 k pi ski 的理论，为了整合信息，一个价值的层次结构是必要的。在人类中，这种等级包括三个层次，即。生理、情感和社会文化。在信号解释的生物和情感层面之上，存在着社区的社会和文化规范的框架，作为有意识决策的参考。社会文化背景在人们的生活中起着重要的作用。

The energy metabolism concept is relatively easy to understand. The molecules of the body are continually replaced. Catabolic and anabolic processes occur in cells. Information metabolism is the other side of the same process, but its objective is control. During the energy exchange, the organism strives to maintain its characteristic order (negentropy) and projects that order onto the surroundings. Due to that, the order of the surroundings is destroyed. By contrast, inanimate matter does not have the ability to maintain or lower its negentropy, because spontaneous natural processes are always accompanied by entropy generation.

Two biological laws

The division of information metabolism into two phases is loosely based on the analysis of the orienting response. Information metabolism is initiated by the perception of a change in the internal or external environment of the organism. In the first phase, the organism seeks to obtain direct information about the perceived phenomenon. Because of that, it must turn its attention 'outside' to the reality. The perceived phenomenon is then subconsciously evaluated. The result of that evaluation manifests itself as an emotion. The sign of the invoked emotion may be positive or negative. This emotion, arising quickly and automatically, serves as the background for the second phase of information metabolism.

信息新陈代谢分为两个阶段是松散的基于朝向反射的分析。信息代谢是由对生物体内部或外部环境变化的感知而发起的。在第一阶段，有机体寻求获得直接的信息有关的感知现象。正因为如此，它必须把它的注意力从“外部”转向现实。感知到的现象，然后下意识地评估。这种评价的结果表现为一种情感。被唤起的情感符号可以是积极的或消极的。这种迅速而自动产生的情绪，是信息代谢第二阶段的背景。

Information metabolism may be generally seen as the exchange of signals between the organism and its environment, but also as the processing of signals originating in the organism. These signals must be interpreted in relation to some goals. For all organisms these goals are predicated on two biological laws: the first law states that an organism must be oriented towards its own survival. The second law states that the preservation of the species is equally important.

In the second phase, the organism executes a locomotor reaction to the phenomenon. Motion towards the source of the stimulus is performed if the stimulus signifies a positive possibility. If the stimulus was evaluated negatively in the first phase, then it is likely that the executed reaction will take the form of escape, fight or immobilization. During the second phase, the organism is primarily occupied by its own actions. It observes their effect and makes adjustments (which forms a feedback loop). Despite the feedback, its connection with reality is less intensive than during the first phase. The separation from reality in the second phase of information metabolism is greater in complex animals and reaches its maximum in humans.

在第二阶段，生物体对这种现象作出运动反应。如果刺激意味着一个积极的可能性，朝着刺激源的运动是执行的。如果刺激在第一阶段被负面评价，那么很可能执行的反应将采取逃跑，战斗或固定的形式。在第二阶段，生物体主要被自己的行为所占据。它观察它们的效果并进行调整(这就形成了一个反馈循环)。尽管有反馈，它与现实的联系还是没有第一阶段那么紧密。在复杂动物中，信息代谢的第二阶段与现实的分离更大，在人类中达到最大。

Kępiński noticed that these objectives are conflicting. The conflict between the two biological laws is often the source of ethical dilemmas. There are times when the organism needs to sacrifice its life in order to save its offspring. Sometimes it is forced to fight with the representatives of its own species, in order to protect itself. The first biological law is egoistic and related with withdrawal from reality (escape, destruction of reality etc.). The second biological law is altruistic and requires turning towards the reality (sexual reproduction requires union with the partner).

In case of humans, the connection between the goals of various everyday actions and two biological laws is less direct, nevertheless these laws still motivate us. Humans are able to project themselves into the future, think abstractly and consciously and therefore their goals may possess transcendent and symbolic character. This fact is typically expressed as belief in a higher good or an afterlife.

The term functional structure was used by Kępiński to denote two phenomena. Firstly, the term was used to denote the reaction of an organism to a stimulus. Secondly, it denoted the model of reality generated in the mind in the second phase of the information metabolism.

功能结构这一术语被 k pi ski 用来表示两种现象。首先，这个术语被用来表示生物体对刺激的反应。其次，它表示了信息代谢第二阶段在头脑中产生的现实模型。

The hierarchy of value

In the case of humans, the number of possible functional structures associated with the first phase of information metabolism is limited. These include, for example, endocrine reactions of the autonomous nervous system and basic locomotor patterns.

就人类而言，与信息代谢第一阶段相关的可能功能结构的数量有限。这些包括，例如，自主神经系统的内分泌反应和基本的运动模式。

It is impossible to keep track of all information generated by various processes occurring in reality. As organisms strive to fulfill two biological laws, proper selection of signals becomes a central problem. According to Kępiński, a hierarchy of value is necessary in order to integrate information. In humans, that hierarchy comprises three levels i.e. biological, emotional and sociocultural. The first two levels are handled subconsciously. The third level, by contrast, is associated with consciousness. From the biological perspective, the number of processes occurring simultaneously in the organism and its physical surroundings is virtually infinite. There is also infinite number of ways in which these processes may be framed. That complexity must be reduced, as only selected signals may be sensed and processed in the nervous system. Moreover, the signals must be ordered according to their present and future relevance. The structure of the body and locations of various receptors are evolutionally adapted to assure isolation of the most relevant signals from the surrounding environment. The internal structure of the body is adjusted to ensure proper integration of information. Of all signals collected by the receptors, only the most important ones reach the level of subjective experience. At the level of signals reaching the field of subjective experience, attention is actively directed (with the help of emotions) towards those related with two biological laws. Perception is not passive and inclusive, but anticipatory and selective. Above biological and emotional levels of signal interpretation, there is the frame of social and cultural norms of the community, which serves as reference for conscious decisions. The sociocultural background plays significant role in people's lives.

In case of humans, it may be speech (according to Kępiński, speech is the highest form of motion ).

对于人类来说，它可能是语言(根据 kpiski 的说法，语言是运动的最高形式)。

Two phases of information metabolism

The division of information metabolism into two phases is loosely based on the analysis of the orienting response. Information metabolism is initiated by the perception of a change in the internal or external environment of the organism. In the first phase, the organism seeks to obtain direct information about the perceived phenomenon. Because of that, it must turn its attention 'outside' to the reality. The perceived phenomenon is then subconsciously evaluated. The result of that evaluation manifests itself as an emotion. The sign of the invoked emotion may be positive or negative. This emotion, arising quickly and automatically, serves as the background for the second phase of information metabolism.

Emotional coloration manifests in the first phase of information metabolism. It signifies the general attitude of the organism towards the stimulus. This attitude may be either positive or negative. It depends on the nature of the stimulus and on the physical condition of the organism in the moment of perception. The individual has very little conscious control over the feeling that arises. It is selected at lower levels of neurophysiological operation. Selection of an attitude in the first phase (positive or negative) limits the character of functional structures generated in the second phase. Although typically there are many possible ways of reacting, they are limited by the emotional background appearing in the first phase.

情感的着色体现在信息代谢的第一阶段。它标志着有机体对刺激的一般态度。这种态度可以是积极的，也可以是消极的。它取决于刺激的性质和机体在感知瞬间的物理状态。个人很少有意识地控制产生的感觉。选择神经生理学手术较低水平的患者。在第一阶段(积极或消极)选择态度限制了在第二阶段产生的功能结构的性质。虽然通常有许多可能的反应方式，但是他们受到第一阶段出现的情感背景的限制。

In the second phase, the organism executes a locomotor reaction to the phenomenon. Motion towards the source of the stimulus is performed if the stimulus signifies a positive possibility. If the stimulus was evaluated negatively in the first phase, then it is likely that the executed reaction will take the form of escape, fight or immobilization. During the second phase, the organism is primarily occupied by its own actions. It observes their effect and makes adjustments (which forms a feedback loop). Despite the feedback, its connection with reality is less intensive than during the first phase. The separation from reality in the second phase of information metabolism is greater in complex animals and reaches its maximum in humans.

The reality is not static but it always evolves, even though some regularities and laws may be identified. Due to that, the effort associated with organizing the world adequately to our own needs continues through the whole life. It cannot be ceased because of the second law of thermodynamics.

现实并不是静态的，但它总是在进化，即使可以确定一些规律和规律。正因为如此，在我们的一生中，我们一直在努力将世界适当地组织起来，以满足我们自己的需要。由于热力学第二定律的存在，它不能停止。

In order to decrease its own entropy and the entropy of its immediate surroundings, the organism must expend energy. This is subjectively experienced as the feeling of difficulty, effort or burden. Integrative effort is inherent to life. This effort is rewarded by positive emotional state – the feeling of satisfaction associated with the overcoming of obstacles and advancing towards important goals. By contrast, negative feelings, such as anxiety or fear, signify danger. In case of anxiety, this danger is typically distant in time and space and not known precisely. Fear, on the contrary, signifies close and specified threat to the integrity of the organism.

为了减少自身的熵和周围环境的熵，生物体必须消耗能量。这是主观体验的困难，努力或负担的感觉。综合努力是生活固有的。这种努力的回报是积极的情绪状态-与克服障碍和朝着重要目标前进相关的满足感。相比之下，消极的情绪，如焦虑或恐惧，则意味着危险。在焦虑的情况下，这种危险通常在时间和空间上是遥远的，而且不能精确地知道。相反，恐惧意味着对有机体完整性的密切和特定的威胁。

Functional structures

In healthy individuals, the balance between negative and positive emotions is on the side of the positive. They are more willing to engage in the exchange of information with the environment and to undertake tasks associated with the integrative effort. By contrast, depressive patients withdraw from reality, which lowers their rate of information metabolism. In many cases, the predisposition to depression is caused by the lack of warm and friendly maternal environment during childhood. The presence of friendly and safe maternal environment during childhood is crucial for the development of the general positive attitude towards the environment. If the childhood environment is hostile, the attitude of withdrawal is reinforced and becomes automated.

对于健康的人来说，消极和积极情绪之间的平衡是积极的。他们更愿意与环境交流信息，并承担与综合努力有关的任务。相比之下，抑郁症患者退出现实，这降低了他们的信息代谢率。在许多情况下，易患抑郁症的原因是缺乏温暖和友好的母亲环境在童年期间。儿童时期友好和安全的产妇环境对于培养对环境的普遍积极态度至关重要。如果儿童时期的环境是敌对的，退缩的态度就会加强，变得自动化。

The term functional structure was used by Kępiński to denote two phenomena. Firstly, the term was used to denote the reaction of an organism to a stimulus. Secondly, it denoted the model of reality generated in the mind in the second phase of the information metabolism.

In the case of humans, the number of possible functional structures associated with the first phase of information metabolism is limited. These include, for example, endocrine reactions of the autonomous nervous system and basic locomotor patterns.

The range and complexity of functional structures generated in the second phase is much broader. Humans possess the ability to generate many possible models of reality in response to a newly perceived phenomenon. Functional structures can be relatively complex. They include predictions regarding the behavior of objects in the environment as well as the planned sequence of actions of the individual. Typically, multiple functional structures are generated in the second phase of information metabolism, but only one is embodied (executed). The ones that were generated but rejected, gradually fall into the unconscious and form the Jungian shadow. If particular structure is embodied, the probability of its selection in the future increases. Forgotten structures may manifest themselves in the least expected moment. That situation is known as the possession by the Shadow. Kępiński mentioned that the embodied reaction is a signal to other organisms. It always takes the form of motion (or lack of it).

Life may be seen as conflict between two orders – the order of the individual and the order of the environment. As a process placed between these two orders, information metabolism becomes the tool for establishing the right balance of authority ("I am in control" versus "I am controlled").

生命可以看作是两种秩序之间的冲突——个人的秩序和环境的秩序。作为介于这两个命令之间的过程，信息新陈代谢成为了建立正确的权威平衡的工具(“我受控制”与“我受控制”)。

In case of humans, it may be speech (according to Kępiński, speech is the highest form of motion ).

In pathological cases, the individual may aim to gain absolute control over their environment, or quite contrarily, to fully submit to some external power (i.e. their partner, a political group etc.). The need for an absolute control cannot be fulfilled, therefore it frequently takes the form of fantasy, which sometimes becomes indistinguishable from reality (e.g. in schizophrenia).

在病态的情况下，个人可能旨在获得对其环境的绝对控制，或相反地，完全服从某种外部权力(即。他们的伙伴、政治团体等)。对于绝对控制的需求是无法满足的，因此它经常采取幻想的形式，这种形式有时会变得与现实无法区分(例如:。精神分裂症)。

Many individuals submit to revolutionary movements, promising a utopian future, and to social ideologies which offer simple answers to complex life problems. They give up their individual responsibility to find relief from the burdens of life. In his reflections on information metabolism, Kępiński tried to explain psychological mechanisms which made the atrocities of the Second World War possible.

许多人屈从于革命运动，承诺一个乌托邦式的未来，屈从于为复杂的生活问题提供简单答案的社会意识形态。他们放弃了个人的责任去寻找生活负担的解脱。在对信息新陈代谢的思考中，克皮斯基试图解释使第二次世界大战的暴行成为可能的心理机制。

Emotional coloration

Emotional coloration manifests in the first phase of information metabolism. It signifies the general attitude of the organism towards the stimulus. This attitude may be either positive or negative. It depends on the nature of the stimulus and on the physical condition of the organism in the moment of perception. The individual has very little conscious control over the feeling that arises. It is selected at lower levels of neurophysiological operation. Selection of an attitude in the first phase (positive or negative) limits the character of functional structures generated in the second phase. Although typically there are many possible ways of reacting, they are limited by the emotional background appearing in the first phase.

It is traditionally assumed that functional structures associated with the subjective experience of emotions and moods (the first phase of information metabolism) are controlled by phylogenetically older parts of the brain (diencephalon and rhinencephalon), while those generated in the second phase of information metabolism, subjectively experienced as thoughts, are associated with the neocortex.

传统观点认为，与情绪和情绪感质相关的功能结构(信息代谢的第一阶段)是由大脑系统发育相关的部分(间脑和鼻脑)控制的，而那些在信息代谢的第二阶段产生的功能结构，主观上被称为思想，则与大脑新皮层相关。

The reality is not static but it always evolves, even though some regularities and laws may be identified. Due to that, the effort associated with organizing the world adequately to our own needs continues through the whole life. It cannot be ceased because of the second law of thermodynamics.

In order to decrease its own entropy and the entropy of its immediate surroundings, the organism must expend energy. This is subjectively experienced as the feeling of difficulty, effort or burden. Integrative effort is inherent to life. This effort is rewarded by positive emotional state – the feeling of satisfaction associated with the overcoming of obstacles and advancing towards important goals. By contrast, negative feelings, such as anxiety or fear, signify danger. In case of anxiety, this danger is typically distant in time and space and not known precisely. Fear, on the contrary, signifies close and specified threat to the integrity of the organism.

In healthy individuals, the balance between negative and positive emotions is on the side of the positive. They are more willing to engage in the exchange of information with the environment and to undertake tasks associated with the integrative effort. By contrast, depressive patients withdraw from reality, which lowers their rate of information metabolism. In many cases, the predisposition to depression is caused by the lack of warm and friendly maternal environment during childhood. The presence of friendly and safe maternal environment during childhood is crucial for the development of the general positive attitude towards the environment. If the childhood environment is hostile, the attitude of withdrawal is reinforced and becomes automated.

The mathematical character of information metabolism is twofold. Receptors, acting as inputs for the metabolized signals, operate analogically to analog electronic devices. The processing of signals in the remaining part of the nervous system is binary (the response of a neuron may be twofold: null – no response, or 1 – when the action potential is released). Due to these characteristics, organisms may be considered analogous to digital systems.

信息代谢的数学特征是双重的。受体作为新陈代谢信号的输入，类似于模拟电子设备。神经系统其余部分的信号处理是二元的(神经元的反应可能是双重的: 零反应——没有反应，或者1——当动作电位被释放)。由于这些特点，有机体可以被认为类似于数字系统。

The problem of authority

Kępiński's books are regarded as classics of Polish psychiatric and philosophical literature. In response to these objections, psychiatrist Jacek Bomba pointed out that information metabolism was never meant to be a scientific theory, but rather an anthropological model, which accurately integrates the findings of neurophysiology, psychology, social science and medicine.

皮斯基的著作被认为是波兰精神病学和哲学文学的经典著作。针对这些反对意见，精神病学家 Jacek Bomba 指出，信息代谢从来就不是一个科学理论，而是一个人类学模型，它精确地整合了神经生理学、心理学、社会科学和医学的发现。

Life may be seen as conflict between two orders – the order of the individual and the order of the environment. As a process placed between these two orders, information metabolism becomes the tool for establishing the right balance of authority ("I am in control" versus "I am controlled").

In pathological cases, the individual may aim to gain absolute control over their environment, or quite contrarily, to fully submit to some external power (i.e. their partner, a political group etc.). The need for an absolute control cannot be fulfilled, therefore it frequently takes the form of fantasy, which sometimes becomes indistinguishable from reality (e.g. in schizophrenia).

Philosopher Jakub Zawiła-Niedźwiecki noted that current reading of Kępiński has to correct for his work mostly being pre-scientific from before the evidence-based medicine, modern philosophy of the mind and cognitive psychology era.

哲学家 Jakub zawi a-nied wiecki 指出，目前对 Kępiński 的阅读，必须纠正他的工作大部分是前科学的循证医学，现代心灵哲学和认知心理学时代。

Many individuals submit to revolutionary movements, promising a utopian future, and to social ideologies which offer simple answers to complex life problems. They give up their individual responsibility to find relief from the burdens of life. In his reflections on information metabolism, Kępiński tried to explain psychological mechanisms which made the atrocities of the Second World War possible.

During his life, Kępiński mentioned that his model of information metabolism is not complete. Struzik proposed that information metabolism theory may be used as an extension to Brillouin's negentropy principle of information. Inspired by Kępiński's work and Jungian typology, Augustinavičiūtė proposed her theory of information metabolism in human mind and society, known as Socionics.

在他的一生中，科皮斯基提到他的信息代谢模型是不完整的。斯特鲁兹克提出，信息代谢理论可以作为布里渊负熵信息原理的推广。奥古斯丁受皮斯基的工作和荣格类型学的启发，提出了人类思维和社会中的信息代谢理论，称为“社会电子学”。

The anatomical basis of information metabolism

It is traditionally assumed that functional structures associated with the subjective experience of emotions and moods (the first phase of information metabolism) are controlled by phylogenetically older parts of the brain (diencephalon and rhinencephalon), while those generated in the second phase of information metabolism, subjectively experienced as thoughts, are associated with the neocortex.

The mathematical character of information metabolism

The mathematical character of information metabolism is twofold. Receptors, acting as inputs for the metabolized signals, operate analogically to analog electronic devices. The processing of signals in the remaining part of the nervous system is binary (the response of a neuron may be twofold: null – no response, or 1 – when the action potential is released). Due to these characteristics, organisms may be considered analogous to digital systems.

Reception

Kępiński's books are regarded as classics of Polish psychiatric and philosophical literature. Because of the interest in his work, his most important books have been reissued several times (recently in 2012-2015 by Wydawictwo Literackie ).

Kępiński's work was evaluated by the reviewers as insightful, comprehensive and unique. Nevertheless, his concept of information metabolism has been criticized as controversial by some scholars. The controversy was related with the fact that some elements of the theory cannot be verified by the scientific method because it is hard to design appropriate experiments. In response to these objections, psychiatrist Jacek Bomba pointed out that information metabolism was never meant to be a scientific theory, but rather an anthropological model, which accurately integrates the findings of neurophysiology, psychology, social science and medicine.

Philosopher Jakub Zawiła-Niedźwiecki noted that current reading of Kępiński has to correct for his work mostly being pre-scientific from before the evidence-based medicine, modern philosophy of the mind and cognitive psychology era. He enlisted two Kępiński's propositions that are currently considered incorrect i.e. the proposition that information metabolism has its control center (the homunculus argument) and the view that brain is only used in 30%. Nevertheless, as noted by Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, these concepts were not central in Kępiński's theory and can be safely rejected. He also reminded that Kępiński was sceptical about methods that lacked strong scientific basis, e.g. psychoanalysis, and rejected magical thinking in general.

During his life, Kępiński mentioned that his model of information metabolism is not complete. The work upon it was interrupted by his illness and death. Some researchers took his work and developed their own theories based on it. Kokoszka used the conception of information metabolism as the basis of his model of the states of consciousness. Struzik proposed that information metabolism theory may be used as an extension to Brillouin's negentropy principle of information. Inspired by Kępiński's work and Jungian typology, Augustinavičiūtė proposed her theory of information metabolism in human mind and society, known as Socionics.

Category:Psychological theories

范畴: 心理学理论

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