自组织临界控制

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小趣木木（讨论 | 贡献）2020年11月5日 (四) 20:44的版本
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此词条暂由Henry翻译。 

 --小趣木木（讨论）类似这样的问题页面后续拿到第一时间向我反映

In applied physics, the concept of controlling self-organized criticality refers to the control of processes by which a self-organized system dissipates energy. The objective of the control is to reduce the probability of occurrence of and size of energy dissipation bursts, often called avalanches, of self-organized systems. Dissipation of energy in a self-organized critical system into a lower energy state can be costly for society, since it depends on avalanches of all sizes usually following a kind of power law distribution and large avalanches can be damaging and disruptive.

In applied physics, the concept of controlling self-organized criticality refers to the control of processes by which a self-organized system dissipates energy. The objective of the control is to reduce the probability of occurrence of and size of energy dissipation bursts, often called avalanches, of self-organized systems. Dissipation of energy in a self-organized critical system into a lower energy state can be costly for society, since it depends on avalanches of all sizes usually following a kind of power law distribution and large avalanches can be damaging and disruptive.

在应用物理学中， 控制自组织临界性Controlling self-organized criticality的概念是指控制自组织系统消耗能量的过程。这种控制的目的是减少自组织系统发生能量耗散爆发(通常称为雪崩)的概率和规模。将一个自我组织的临界系统中的能量耗散转变到较低的能量状态对社会来说可能是代价高昂的，因为它依赖于各种规模的雪崩，这些雪崩通常遵循一种 幂律分布Power law distribution，大规模雪崩可能具有破坏性和破坏性。 

 --小趣木木（讨论） 控制自组织临界性Controlling self-organized criticality的概念是指控制自组织系统消耗能量的过程。 这句话是不是有重复


Schemes

Schemes

计划



Several strategies have been proposed to deal with the issue of controlling self-organized criticality:

Several strategies have been proposed to deal with the issue of controlling self-organized criticality:

有人提出了几个策略来处理控制自组织临界性的问题:



  1. The design of controlled avalanches. Daniel O. Cajueiro and Roberto F. S. Andrade show that if well-formulated small and medium avalanches are exogenously triggered in the system, the energy of the system is released in a way that large avalanches are rarer.[1][2][3]

The design of controlled avalanches. Daniel O. Cajueiro and Roberto F. S. Andrade show that if well-formulated small and medium avalanches are exogenously triggered in the system, the energy of the system is released in a way that large avalanches are rarer.

控制雪崩的设计 Daniel O. Cajueiro和Roberto F. S. Andrade的研究表明，如果配方良好的中小规模雪崩是由系统外部触发的，那么系统的能量释放方式将使大规模雪崩更为罕见。 

 --小趣木木（讨论）如果配方良好的中小规模雪崩是由系统外部触发的，  重译
  1. The modification of the degree of interdependence of the network where the avalanche spreads. Charles D. Brummitt, Raissa M. D'Souza and E. A. Leicht show that the dynamics of self-organized critical systems on complex networks depend on connectivity of the complex network. They find that while some connectivity is beneficial (since it suppresses the largest cascades in the system), too much connectivity gives space for the development of very large cascades and increases the size of capacity of the system.引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签
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  1. The modification of the deposition process of the self-organized system. Pierre-Andre Noel, Charles D. Brummitt and Raissa M. D'Souza show that it is possible to control the self-organized system by modifying the natural deposition process of the self-organized system adjusting the place where the avalanche starts.引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签
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  1. Dynamically modifying the local thresholds of cascading failures. In a model of an electric transmission network, Heiko Hoffmann and David W. Payton demonstrated that either randomly upgrading lines (sort of like preventive maintenance) or upgrading broken lines to a random breakage threshold suppresses self-organized criticality.引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签 Apparently, these strategies undermine the self-organization of large critical clusters. Here, a critical cluster is a collection of transmission lines that are near the failure threshold and that collapse entirely if triggered.
}}</ref> Apparently, these strategies undermine the self-organization of large critical clusters. Here, a critical cluster is a collection of transmission lines that are near the failure threshold and that collapse entirely if triggered.

显然，这些策略破坏了大型关键集群的自我组织。在这里，一个临界集群是一组接近故障阈值的传输线，一旦触发，这些传输线就会完全崩溃。



Applications

Applications

应用



There are several events that arise in nature or society where these ideas of control may help to avoid them:[1][2][3][4][5][6]

There are several events that arise in nature or society where these ideas of control may help to avoid them:

在自然界或社会中发生的一些事件中，这些控制观念可能有助于避免它们:



  1. Flood caused by systems of dams and reservoirs or interconnected valleys.
Flood caused by systems of dams and reservoirs or interconnected valleys.

由水坝、水库或相互连接的山谷系统造成的洪水。

  1. Snow avalanches that take place in snow hills.
Snow avalanches that take place in snow hills.

在雪山上发生的雪崩。

  1. Forest fires in areas susceptible to a lightning bolt or a match lighting.
Forest fires in areas susceptible to a lightning bolt or a match lighting.

易受闪电或火柴照明影响的地区发生的森林火灾。

  1. Cascades of load shedding that take place in power grids (a type of power outage). The OPA model is used to study different techniques for criticality control.
Cascades of load shedding that take place in power grids (a type of power outage). The OPA model is used to study different techniques for criticality control.

电网中发生的减载级联(断电的一种形式)。利用OPA模型研究了不同的临界控制技术。

  1. Cascading failure in the internet switching fabric.
Cascading failure in the internet switching fabric.

互联网交换结构中的级联故障。

  1. Ischemic cascades, a series of biochemical reactions releasing toxins during moments of inadequate blood supply.
Ischemic cascades, a series of biochemical reactions releasing toxins during moments of inadequate blood supply.

缺血级联反应，在血液供应不足的时刻释放毒素的一系列生化反应。

  1. Systemic risk in financial systems.
Systemic risk in financial systems.

金融系统的系统性风险。

  1. Excursions in nuclear energy systems.
Excursions in nuclear energy systems.

核能系统的游动。



The failure cascades in electrical transmission and financial sectors occur because economic forces cause these systems to operate near a critical point, where avalanches of indeterminate size become possible.

The failure cascades in electrical transmission and financial sectors occur because economic forces cause these systems to operate near a critical point, where avalanches of indeterminate size become possible.

发生电力传输和金融部门的故障级联是因为经济力量使这些系统在临界点附近运行，在那里可能发生规模不确定的雪崩。



See also

See also

参见



阿贝尔沙堆模型

复杂网络


自组织临界



References

References

参考资料



  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为cajand10a的引用提供文字
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为cajand10b的引用提供文字
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为cajand10c的引用提供文字
  4. ↑ 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为brum12的引用提供文字
  5. ↑ 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为noel13的引用提供文字
  6. ↑ 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未给name属性为hh2014的引用提供文字

Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics

类别: 应用和跨学科物理学

Category:Control theory

范畴: 控制理论

Category:Chaos theory

范畴: 混沌理论

Category:Self-organization

类别: 自我组织

Category:Critical phenomena

范畴: 关键现象


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