亨利·庞加莱 Jules Henri Poincaré

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{{Infobox scientist

{{Infobox scientist

{信息盒科学家

|name = Henri Poincaré

|name = Henri Poincaré

|name = Henri Poincaré

|other_names = Jules Henri Poincaré

|other_names = Jules Henri Poincaré

其他名字 = 儒勒·昂利·庞加莱

|image = PSM V82 D416 Henri Poincare.png

|image = PSM V82 D416 Henri Poincare.png

82 D416 Henri Poincare.png

|caption = Henri Poincaré
(photograph published in 1913)

|caption = Henri Poincaré
(photograph published in 1913)

摄于1913年

|birth_date = (1854-模板:MONTHNUMBER-29)29 1854

|birth_date =

出生日期

|birth_place = Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France

|birth_place = Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France

出生地: 南希，默尔特-摩泽尔省，法国

|death_date = 17 July 1912(1912-07-17) (aged 58)

|death_date =

死亡日期

|death_place = Paris, France

|death_place = Paris, France

死亡地点: 法国巴黎

|residence = France

|residence = France

居住地: 法国

|nationality = French

|nationality = French

| 国籍: 法国

|fields = Mathematics and physics

|fields = Mathematics and physics

| fields = 数学和物理

|workplaces =

. The first systematic study of topology.

Http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/papers/poincare2009.pdf.第一个系统的拓扑学研究。

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On celestial mechanics:

关于天体力学:

Poincaré believed that arithmetic is synthetic. He argued that Peano's axioms cannot be proven non-circularly with the principle of induction (Murzi, 1998), therefore concluding that arithmetic is a priori synthetic and not analytic. Poincaré then went on to say that mathematics cannot be deduced from logic since it is not analytic. His views were similar to those of Immanuel Kant (Kolak, 2001, Folina 1992). He strongly opposed Cantorian set theory, objecting to its use of impredicative definitions.

However, Poincaré did not share Kantian views in all branches of philosophy and mathematics. For example, in geometry, Poincaré believed that the structure of non-Euclidean space can be known analytically. Poincaré held that convention plays an important role in physics. His view (and some later, more extreme versions of it) came to be known as "conventionalism". Poincaré believed that Newton's first law was not empirical but is a conventional framework assumption for mechanics (Gargani, 2012). He also believed that the geometry of physical space is conventional. He considered examples in which either the geometry of the physical fields or gradients of temperature can be changed, either describing a space as non-Euclidean measured by rigid rulers, or as a Euclidean space where the rulers are expanded or shrunk by a variable heat distribution. However, Poincaré thought that we were so accustomed to Euclidean geometry that we would prefer to change the physical laws to save Euclidean geometry rather than shift to a non-Euclidean physical geometry.

On the philosophy of mathematics:

关于数学哲学:

Free will

Poincaré's famous lectures before the Société de Psychologie in Paris (published as Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, and Science and Method) were cited by Jacques Hadamard as the source for the idea that creativity and invention consist of two mental stages, first random combinations of possible solutions to a problem, followed by a critical evaluation.

Although he most often spoke of a deterministic universe, Poincaré said that the subconscious generation of new possibilities involves chance.

It is certain that the combinations which present themselves to the mind in a kind of sudden illumination after a somewhat prolonged period of unconscious work are generally useful and fruitful combinations... all the combinations are formed as a result of the automatic action of the subliminal ego, but those only which are interesting find their way into the field of consciousness... A few only are harmonious, and consequently at once useful and beautiful, and they will be capable of affecting the geometrician's special sensibility I have been speaking of; which, once aroused, will direct our attention upon them, and will thus give them the opportunity of becoming conscious... In the subliminal ego, on the contrary, there reigns what I would call liberty, if one could give this name to the mere absence of discipline and to disorder born of chance.

Poincaré's two stages—random combinations followed by selection—became the basis for Daniel Dennett's two-stage model of free will.

Bibliography

Other:

其他:

Poincaré's writings in English translation

Popular writings on the philosophy of science:

• Poincaré, Henri

Exhaustive bibliography of English translations:

详尽的英语翻译书目: (1902–1908), The Foundations of Science, New York: Science Press {{citation}}: line feed character in |author= at position 16 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link); reprinted in 1921; This book includes the English translations of Science and Hypothesis (1902), The Value of Science (1905), Science and Method (1908).

• 1904. Science and Hypothesis, The Walter Scott Publishing Co.

• 1913. "The New Mechanics," The Monist, Vol. XXIII.

• 1913. "The Relativity of Space," The Monist, Vol. XXIII.

• 1913. Last Essays., New York: Dover reprint, 1963

• 1956. Chance. In James R. Newman, ed., The World of Mathematics (4 Vols).

• 1958. The Value of Science, New York: Dover.

On algebraic topology:

• 1895. Analysis Situs (PDF). The first systematic study of topology.

On celestial mechanics:

• 1892–99. New Methods of Celestial Mechanics, 3 vols. English trans., 1967.
  .
  • 1905. "The Capture Hypothesis of J. J. See," The Monist, Vol. XV.
  • 1905–10. Lessons of Celestial Mechanics.

  
  

  On the philosophy of mathematics:

  • Ewald, William B., ed., 1996. From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, 2 vols. Oxford Univ. Press. Contains the following works by Poincaré:
  • • 1894, "On the Nature of Mathematical Reasoning," 972–81.
  • • 1898, "On the Foundations of Geometry," 982–1011.
  • • 1900, "Intuition and Logic in Mathematics," 1012–20.
  • • 1905–06, "Mathematics and Logic, I–III," 1021–70.
  • • 1910, "On Transfinite Numbers," 1071–74.
  • 1905. "The Principles of Mathematical Physics," The Monist, Vol. XV.
  • 1910. "The Future of Mathematics," The Monist, Vol. XX.
  • 1910. "Mathematical Creation," The Monist, Vol. XX.

  
  

  Other:

  • 1904. Maxwell's Theory and Wireless Telegraphy, New York, McGraw Publishing Company.
  • 1905. "The New Logics," The Monist, Vol. XV.
  • 1905. "The Latest Efforts of the Logisticians," The Monist, Vol. XV.

  
  

  Exhaustive bibliography of English translations:

  • 1892–2017. Henri Poincaré Papershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defekte_Weblinks?dwl={{{url}}} Seite nicht mehr abrufbar], Suche in Webarchiven: Kategorie:Wikipedia:Weblink offline (andere Namensräume)[http://timetravel.mementoweb.org/list/2010/Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Toter Link/URL_fehlt .

  
  

  See also

  Concepts

  • Poincaré complex – an abstraction of the singular chain complex of a closed, orientable manifold

  • Poincaré duality

  • Poincaré disk model

  • Poincaré group

• Poincaré half-plane model

• Poincaré homology sphere

• Poincaré inequality

• Poincaré map

• Poincaré residue

• Poincaré series (modular form)

• Poincaré space

• Poincaré metric

• Poincaré plot

• Poincaré series

• Poincaré sphere

• Poincaré–Lelong equation

• Poincaré–Lindstedt method

• Poincaré–Lindstedt perturbation theory

• Poincaré–Steklov operator

• Reflecting Function

Theorems

|title=Henri Poincaré. A Life in the Service of Science

|title=Henri Poincaré.为科学服务的一生

• Poincaré's recurrence theorem: certain systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state very close to the initial state.

|author=Jean Mawhin |journal=Notices of the AMS

作者: Jean Mawhin | journal = AMS 公告

• Poincaré–Bendixson theorem: a statement about the long-term behaviour of orbits of continuous dynamical systems on the plane, cylinder, or two-sphere.

|date=October 2005 |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=1036–1044 }}

| date = October 2005 | volume = 52 | issue = 9 | pages = 1036-1044}

• Poincaré–Hopf theorem: a generalization of the hairy-ball theorem, which states that there is no smooth vector field on a sphere having no sources or sinks.

• Poincaré–Lefschetz duality theorem: a version of Poincaré duality in geometric topology, applying to a manifold with boundary

• Poincaré separation theorem: gives the upper and lower bounds of eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix B'AB that can be considered as the orthogonal projection of a larger real symmetric matrix A onto a linear subspace spanned by the columns of B.

• Poincaré–Birkhoff theorem: every area-preserving, orientation-preserving homeomorphism of an annulus that rotates the two boundaries in opposite directions has at least two fixed points.

• Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem: an explicit description of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra.

• Poincaré conjecture (now a theorem): Every simply connected, closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.

• Poincaré–Miranda theorem: a generalization of the intermediate value theorem to n dimensions.

Other

• French epistemology

• History of special relativity

• List of things named after Henri Poincaré

• Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris

• Brouwer fixed-point theorem

• Relativity priority dispute

• Epistemic structural realism

References

Footnotes

Sources

• Bell, Eric Temple, 1986. Men of Mathematics (reissue edition). Touchstone Books.
  .
  • Belliver, André, 1956. Henri Poincaré ou la vocation souveraine. Paris: Gallimard.
  • Bernstein, Peter L, 1996. "Against the Gods: A Remarkable Story of Risk". (p. 199–200). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Boyer, B. Carl, 1968. A History of Mathematics: Henri Poincaré, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940. Princeton Uni. Press.
  • Dauben, Joseph (2004) [1993], "Georg Cantor and the Battle for Transfinite Set Theory" (PDF), Proceedings of the 9th ACMS Conference (Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA), pp. 1–22, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2010. Internet version published in Journal of the ACMS 2004.
  • Folina, Janet, 1992. Poincaré and the Philosophy of Mathematics. Macmillan, New York.
  • Gray, Jeremy, 1986. Linear differential equations and group theory from Riemann to Poincaré, Birkhauser
    • Gray, Jeremy, 2013. Henri Poincaré: A scientific biography. Princeton University Press
      • Jean Mawhin (October 2005), "Henri Poincaré. A Life in the Service of Science" (PDF), Notices of the AMS, 52 (9): 1036–1044
      • Kolak, Daniel, 2001. Lovers of Wisdom, 2nd ed. Wadsworth.
      • Gargani, Julien, 2012. Poincaré, le hasard et l'étude des systèmes complexes, L'Harmattan.
      • Murzi, 1998. "Henri Poincaré".
      • O'Connor, J. John, and Robertson, F. Edmund, 2002, "Jules Henri Poincaré". University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
      • Peterson, Ivars, 1995. Newton's Clock: Chaos in the Solar System (reissue edition). W H Freeman & Co.
        .
        • Sageret, Jules, 1911. Henri Poincaré. Paris: Mercure de France.
        • Toulouse, E.,1910. Henri Poincaré.—(Source biography in French) at University of Michigan Historic Math Collection.
        • Stillwell, John (2010). Mathematics and Its History (3rd, illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-6052-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=V7mxZqjs5yUC. 
        • Verhulst, Ferdinand, 2012 Henri Poincaré. Impatient Genius. N.Y.: Springer.
        • Henri Poincaré, l'œuvre scientifique, l'œuvre philosophique, by Vito Volterra, Jacques Hadamard, Paul Langevin and Pierre Boutroux, Felix Alcan, 1914.
        • • Henri Poincaré, l'œuvre mathématique, by Vito Volterra.
        • • Henri Poincaré, le problème des trois corps, by Jacques Hadamard.
        • • Henri Poincaré, le physicien, by Paul Langevin.
        • • Henri Poincaré, l'œuvre philosophique, by Pierre Boutroux.
        • 模板:PlanetMath attribution

        
        

        Further reading

        Secondary sources to work on relativity

        • Cuvaj, Camillo (1969), "Henri Poincaré's Mathematical Contributions to Relativity and the Poincaré Stresses", American Journal of Physics, 36 (12): 1102–1113, Bibcode:1968AmJPh..36.1102C, doi:10.1119/1.1974373
        • Darrigol, O. (1995), "Henri Poincaré's criticism of Fin De Siècle electrodynamics", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 26 (1): 1–44, Bibcode:1995SHPMP..26....1D, doi:10.1016/1355-2198(95)00003-C
        • Darrigol, O. (2000), Electrodynamics from Ampére to Einstein, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850594-5
        • Darrigol, O. (2004), "The Mystery of the Einstein–Poincaré Connection", Isis, 95 (4): 614–626, doi:10.1086/430652, PMID 16011297, S2CID 26997100
        • Darrigol, O. (2005), "The Genesis of the theory of relativity" (PDF), Séminaire Poincaré, 1: 1–22, Bibcode:2006eins.book....1D, doi:10.1007/3-7643-7436-5_1, ISBN 978-3-7643-7435-8
        • Galison, P. (2003), Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time, New York: W.W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-32604-8
        • Giannetto, E. (1998), "The Rise of Special Relativity: Henri Poincaré's Works Before Einstein", Atti del XVIII Congresso di Storia della Fisica e dell'astronomia: 171–207
        • Giedymin, J. (1982), Science and Convention: Essays on Henri Poincaré's Philosophy of Science and the Conventionalist Tradition, Oxford: Pergamon Press, ISBN 978-0-08-025790-7
        • Goldberg, S. (1967), "Henri Poincaré and Einstein's Theory of Relativity", American Journal of Physics, 35 (10): 934–944, Bibcode:1967AmJPh..35..934G, doi:10.1119/1.1973643
        • Goldberg, S. (1970), "Poincaré's silence and Einstein's relativity", British Journal for the History of Science, 5: 73–84, doi:10.1017/S0007087400010633
        • Holton, G. (1988) [1973], "Poincaré and Relativity", Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-87747-4
        • Katzir, S. (2005), "Poincaré's Relativistic Physics: Its Origins and Nature", Phys. Perspect., 7 (3): 268–292, Bibcode:2005PhP.....7..268K, doi:10.1007/s00016-004-0234-y, S2CID 14751280
        • Keswani, G.H., Kilmister, C.W. (1983), "Intimations of Relativity: Relativity Before Einstein", Br. J. Philos. Sci., 34 (4): 343–354, doi:10.1093/bjps/34.4.343, archived from the original on 26 March 2009{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
        • Keswani, G.H. (1965), "Origin and Concept of Relativity, Part I", Br. J. Philos. Sci., 15 (60): 286–306, doi:10.1093/bjps/XV.60.286
        • Keswani, G.H. (1965), "Origin and Concept of Relativity, Part II", Br. J. Philos. Sci., 16 (61): 19–32, doi:10.1093/bjps/XVI.61.19
        • Keswani, G.H. (1966), "Origin and Concept of Relativity, Part III", Br. J. Philos. Sci., 16 (64): 273–294, doi:10.1093/bjps/XVI.64.273
        • Kragh, H. (1999), Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-09552-3
        • Langevin, P. (1913), "L'œuvre d'Henri Poincaré: le physicien", Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, 21: 703
        • Macrossan, M. N. (1986), "A Note on Relativity Before Einstein", Br. J. Philos. Sci., 37 (2): 232–234, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.679.5898, doi:10.1093/bjps/37.2.232, archived from the original on 29 October 2013, retrieved 27 March 2007
        • Miller, A.I. (1973), "A study of Henri Poincaré's "Sur la Dynamique de l'Electron", Arch. Hist. Exact Sci., 10 (3–5): 207–328, doi:10.1007/BF00412332, S2CID 189790975
        • Miller, A.I. (1981), Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911), Reading: Addison–Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-04679-3
        • Miller, A.I. (1996), "Why did Poincaré not formulate special relativity in 1905?", in Jean-Louis Greffe; Gerhard Heinzmann; Kuno Lorenz (eds.), Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Berlin, pp. 69–100
        • Schwartz, H. M. (1971), "Poincaré's Rendiconti Paper on Relativity. Part I", American Journal of Physics, 39 (7): 1287–1294, Bibcode:1971AmJPh..39.1287S, doi:10.1119/1.1976641
        • Schwartz, H. M. (1972), "Poincaré's Rendiconti Paper on Relativity. Part II", American Journal of Physics, 40 (6): 862–872, Bibcode:1972AmJPh..40..862S, doi:10.1119/1.1986684
        • Schwartz, H. M. (1972), "Poincaré's Rendiconti Paper on Relativity. Part III", American Journal of Physics, 40 (9): 1282–1287, Bibcode:1972AmJPh..40.1282S, doi:10.1119/1.1986815
        • Scribner, C. (1964), "Henri Poincaré and the principle of relativity", American Journal of Physics, 32 (9): 672–678, Bibcode:1964AmJPh..32..672S, doi:10.1119/1.1970936
        • Walter, S. (2005), "Henri Poincaré and the theory of relativity", in Renn, J. (ed.), Albert Einstein, Chief Engineer of the Universe: 100 Authors for Einstein, Berlin: Wiley-VCH, pp. 162–165
        • Walter, S. (2007), "Breaking in the 4-vectors: the four-dimensional movement in gravitation, 1905–1910", in Renn, J. (ed.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 3, Berlin: Springer, pp. 193–252
        • Whittaker, E.T. (1953), "The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz", A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: The Modern Theories 1900–1926, London: Nelson
        • Zahar, E. (2001), Poincaré's Philosophy: From Conventionalism to Phenomenology, Chicago: Open Court Pub Co, ISBN 978-0-8126-9435-2

        Category:1854 births

        类别: 出生人数1854人

        
        

        Category:1912 deaths

        分类: 1912年死亡人数

        Non-mainstream sources

        Category:19th-century French mathematicians

        范畴: 19世纪法国数学家

        • Leveugle, J. (2004), La Relativité et Einstein, Planck, Hilbert—Histoire véridique de la Théorie de la Relativitén, Pars: L'Harmattan

        Category:20th-century French philosophers

        范畴: 20世纪法国哲学家

        • Logunov, A.A. (2004), Henri Poincaré and relativity theory, arXiv:physics/0408077, Bibcode:2004physics...8077L, ISBN 978-5-02-033964-4

        Category:20th-century French mathematicians

        范畴: 20世纪法国数学家

        
        

        Category:Algebraic geometers

        类别: 代数几何

        External links

        Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery

        类别: 蒙帕纳斯公墓的葬礼

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        范畴: 混沌理论家

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        类别: 美国国家科学院的外国合伙人

        • 模板:Librivox author

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        类别: 皇家学会的外国成员

        • Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Henri Poincaré"—by Mauro Murzi.

        Category:French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

        类别: 普法战争法国军事人员

        • Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Poincaré’s Philosophy of Mathematics"—by Janet Folina.

        Category:French physicists

        类别: 法国物理学家

        • 亨利·庞加莱 Jules Henri Poincaré at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

        Category:Geometers

        类别: 几何学家

        • Henri Poincaré on Information Philosopher

        Category:Mathematical analysts

        类别: 数学分析师

        • 模板:MacTutor Biography

        Category:Members of the Académie Française

        分类: 美国法兰西学术院协会会员

        • A timeline of Poincaré's life University of Nantes (in French).

        Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

        类别: 荷兰皇家艺术与科学学院成员

        • Henri Poincaré Papers University of Nantes (in French).

        Category:Mines ParisTech alumni

        类别: Mines ParisTech alumni

        • Bruce Medal page

        Category:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences

        类别: 法国科学院官员

        • Collins, Graham P., "Henri Poincaré, His Conjecture, Copacabana and Higher Dimensions," Scientific American, 9 June 2004.

        Category:People from Nancy, France

        类别: 来自法国南希的人

        • BBC in Our Time, "Discussion of the Poincaré conjecture," 2 November 2006, hosted by Melvynn Bragg.

        Category:Philosophers of science

        范畴: 科学哲学家

        • Poincare Contemplates Copernicus at MathPages

        Category:Recipients of the Bruce Medal

        类别: 布鲁斯奖章获得者

        • High Anxieties – The Mathematics of Chaos (2008) BBC documentary directed by David Malone looking at the influence of Poincaré's discoveries on 20th Century mathematics.

        Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society

        类别: 英国皇家天文学会金质奖章奖学金获得者

        
        

        Category:Relativity theorists

        范畴: 相对论理论家

        Category:Thermodynamicists

        类别: 热力学家

        Category:Fluid dynamicists

        类别: 流体动力学家

        Category:Topologists

        类别: 拓扑学家

        Category:University of Paris faculty

        类别: 巴黎大学教员

        Category:French male writers

        类别: 法国男性作家

        Category:Deaths from embolism

        类别: 死于栓塞

        Category:Dynamical systems theorists

        范畴: 动力系统理论家

        
        

        This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Henri Poincaré. Its edit history can be viewed at 庞加莱/edithistory