整体论 Holism

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Holism (from Greek 脚本错误：没有“lang”这个模块。 holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.[1][2] The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.[3]

Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.

整体论(源自希腊语 holos all，whole，entire)是指各种系统(例如:。物理的，生物的，社会的)应该被看作是整体，而不仅仅是一个部分的集合。“整体论”这个词是简 · 斯马茨在他1926年出版的《整体论与进化论》一书中提出的。


Meaning

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.[3] However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.[4] In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.[5]

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.

“整体论”的确切含义取决于语境。斯马茨最初用“整体主义”来指从单位结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。在这个意义上，“整体主义”也可以拼写为“整体主义” ，它可以与还原论或原子论形成对比。


Diet and health

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle.[6] One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.[7] In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry".[8] Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.[9][10][11] Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism,[9] Shinto,[12] and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.[11]

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.[11]

整体医疗这个术语用于饮食或医疗健康是指对食物、饮食或生活方式的直观看法。一个例子是在整体医学的背景下，”整体论”是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是治疗他/她的身体状况或症状。在这个意义上，整体论也可以被称为“整体论”。医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人情况推荐几种方法。实践整体饮食和健康方法的宗教机构的信徒，已经被证明比周围人群的寿命更长，包括印度教和基督复临安息日会。< ref name = " today. com/2016" > </ref >


See also


References

  1. ↑ Oshry, Barry (2008), Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life, Berrett-Koehler.
  2. ↑ Auyang, Sunny Y (1999), Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  4. ↑ J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121
  5. ↑ "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  6. ↑ Chesak, Jennifer (October 23, 2018). "The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating". Healthline. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  7. ↑ "holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  8. ↑ Dictionary.com: holism
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fenton, Crystal (April 16, 2010). "Holistic Diet". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  10. ↑ "28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul". doctoroz.com. January 27, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "8 foods for a longer, healthier life". TODAY.com. October 21, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  12. ↑ "FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY". Eesti Rahvaluule. Retrieved October 9, 2020.


Further reading

  • Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, Holism: A Shopper's Guide Wiley. New York. 1992
  • Phillips, D.C. Holistic Thought in Social Science. Stanford University Press. Stanford. 1976.


External links

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Category:Social theories

范畴: 社会理论

Category:Emergence

类别: 涌现

Category:Jan Smuts

类别: Jan Smuts


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