整体论 Holism

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Henry（讨论 | 贡献）2020年11月20日 (五) 23:02的版本
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Holism (from Greek 脚本错误：没有“lang”这个模块。 holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.[1][2] The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.[3]

Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.

整体主义Holism（源自希腊holos“all，whole，entire”）是一种观点，即各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅是部分的集合。“整体主义”这个词是扬·斯密茨在1926年出版的《整体主义与进化》一书中提出的。


Meaning含义

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.[3] However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.[4] In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.[5]

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.

“整体论”的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用“整体论”来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。在这个意义上，“整体论”也可以拼写为“整体主义”，它可以与还原论或原子论形成对比。


Diet and health饮食与健康

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle.[6] One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.[7] In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry".[8] Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.[9][10][11] Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism,[9] Shinto,[12] and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.[11]

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.[11]

当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。一个例子是在整体医学的背景下，“整体论”是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。从这个意义上讲，整体主义也可以称为“整体主义”。医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人情况推荐几种方法。宗教机构的信徒，实行全面的饮食和健康方法，已经被证明比周围的人口，包括印度教和基督复临安息日会的信徒寿命更长。


See also参见

反还原论

紧急情况论

盖亚假说

整体教育

科学中的整体论

一元论

有机主义

协同作用


References参考

  1. ↑ Oshry, Barry (2008), Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life, Berrett-Koehler.
  2. ↑ Auyang, Sunny Y (1999), Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  4. ↑ J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121
  5. ↑ "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  6. ↑ Chesak, Jennifer (October 23, 2018). "The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating". Healthline. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  7. ↑ "holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  8. ↑ Dictionary.com: holism
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fenton, Crystal (April 16, 2010). "Holistic Diet". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  10. ↑ "28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul". doctoroz.com. January 27, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "8 foods for a longer, healthier life". TODAY.com. October 21, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  12. ↑ "FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY". Eesti Rahvaluule. Retrieved October 9, 2020.


Further reading 拓展阅读

  • Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, Holism: A Shopper's Guide Wiley. New York. 1992
  • Phillips, D.C. Holistic Thought in Social Science. Stanford University Press. Stanford. 1976.


External links外部链接

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Category:Philosophical theories

范畴: 哲学理论

Category:Natural philosophy

范畴: 自然哲学

Category:Philosophy of science

范畴: 科学哲学

Category:Social theories

范畴: 社会理论

Category:Emergence

类别: 涌现

Category:Jan Smuts

类别: Jan Smuts


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