整体论 Holism

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此词条暂由Henry翻译。已由Smile审校

Holism (from Greek 脚本错误：没有“lang”这个模块。 holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.[1][2] The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.[3]

Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.

整体论 Holism（源自希腊holos“all，whole，entire”）是指各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合的观点。[4][5] “整体论”由扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化》[3]一书中提出。


Meaning含义

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.[3] However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.[6] In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.[7]

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.

整体论的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用 整体论来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。[3] 然而，在 整体论的一般用法中， 整体论通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。[6]在这个含义下， 整体论也被称为整体主义 wholism ，并与 还原论 reductionism或 原子论 atomism 形成对比。[8]


Diet and health饮食与健康

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle.[9] One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.[10] In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry".[11] Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.[12][13][14] Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism,[12] Shinto,[15] and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.[14]

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.[14]

当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。[9]举个例子，在整体医学的背景下， 整体论是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。[16]从这个意义上讲， 整体论也可以称为 整体主义 holiatry 。[17]医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人基础推荐几种方法。[12][13][14]宗教机构的信徒，如印度教 Hinduism [12]、神道教 Shinto [15]和基督复临安息日会 Seventh-Day Adventist Church [14]的信徒，他们使用一个全面的饮食和健康的方法，事实证明，他们比周围人口的寿命更长。


See also参见

反还原论

紧急情况论

盖亚假说

整体教育

科学中的整体论

一元论

有机主义

协同作用


References参考

  1. ↑ Oshry, Barry (2008), Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life, Berrett-Koehler.
  2. ↑ Auyang, Sunny Y (1999), Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  4. ↑ Oshry, Barry (2008), Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life, Berrett-Koehler.
  5. ↑ Auyang, Sunny Y (1999), Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121
  7. ↑ "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  8. ↑ "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chesak, Jennifer (October 23, 2018). "The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating". Healthline. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  10. ↑ "holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  11. ↑ Dictionary.com: holism
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Fenton, Crystal (April 16, 2010). "Holistic Diet". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul". doctoroz.com. January 27, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "8 foods for a longer, healthier life". TODAY.com. October 21, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY". Eesti Rahvaluule. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  16. ↑ "holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.
  17. ↑ Dictionary.com: holism


Further reading 拓展阅读

  • Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, Holism: A Shopper's Guide Wiley. New York. 1992
  • Phillips, D.C. Holistic Thought in Social Science. Stanford University Press. Stanford. 1976.


External links外部链接

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Category:Philosophical theories

范畴: 哲学理论

Category:Natural philosophy

范畴: 自然哲学

Category:Philosophy of science

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Category:Social theories

范畴: 社会理论

Category:Emergence

类别: 涌现

Category:Jan Smuts

类别: Jan Smuts


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