社会动力学

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社会动力学social dynamics 是研究群体行为的科学，它是由群体成员个体的相互作用而产生的，即主要是研究个体相互作用和群体层面行为的关系。[1]


概述

The field of social dynamics brings together ideas from economics, sociology, social psychology, and other disciplines, and is a sub-field of complex adaptive systems or complexity science. The fundamental assumption of the field is that individuals are influenced by one another's behavior. The field is closely related to system dynamics. Like system dynamics, social dynamics is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedbacks. However, in social dynamics individual choices and interactions are typically viewed as the source of aggregate level behavior, while system dynamics posits that the structure of feedbacks and accumulations are responsible for system level dynamics.[2] Research in the field typically takes a behavioral approach, assuming that individuals are boundedly rational and act on local information. Mathematical and computational modeling are important tools for studying social dynamics. This field grew out of work done in the 1940s by game theorists such as Duncan & Luce, and even earlier works by mathematician Armand Borel.[3] Because social dynamics focuses on individual level behavior, and recognizes the importance of heterogeneity across individuals, strict analytic results are often impossible. Instead, approximation techniques, such as mean field approximations from statistical physics, or computer simulations are used to understand the behaviors of the system. In contrast to more traditional approaches in economics, scholars of social dynamics are often interested in non-equilibrium, or dynamic, behavior.[1][4] That is, behavior that changes over time.


社会动力学领域汇集了经济学、社会学、社会心理学等学科的思想，是复杂适应系统或复杂性科学的一个子领域。该领域的基本假设是，个体受彼此行为的影响。该领域与系统动力学密切相关。与系统动力学一样，社会动力学关注随着时间的推移而发生的变化，并强调反馈的作用。然而，在社会动力学中，个体的选择和相互作用通常被视为总体行为的来源，而系统动力学则假定基于结构的反馈和累积是系统层面出现动力学的原因。[5]

该领域的研究通常采取行为学方法，假设个体是有限理性的，并根据局部信息采取行动。数学和计算建模是研究社会动力学的重要工具。这个领域是在20世纪40年代Duncan和Luce等博弈论专家的工作，以及更早之前的数学家Armand Borel的著作中发展起来的[6] 。由于社会动力学关注于个体层面的行为，并认识到个体之间异质性的重要性，严格的分析结果通常是不可能的。取而代之的是近似技术，如统计物理学中的 平均场近似mean field approximations ，或计算机模拟来理解系统的行为。与经济学中更为传统的方法相比，研究社会动力学的学者往往对非平衡或动力学，行为等感兴趣。[1][7]也就是说，行为会随着时间的推移而改变。


主题

See also

请参阅

  • Jay Wright Forrester
  • 群体动力学 Group dynamics
  • 运筹学 Operations research
  • 人口动力学 Population dynamics
  • 社会心理学 Social psychology
  • 社会崩溃 Societal collapse
  • 社会生物学 Sociobiology
  • 社会文化演变 Sociocultural evolution

Notes

标注

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Durlauf, Steven; Young, Peyton (2001). Social Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-04186-3. 
  2. ↑ Sterman, John (2000). Business Dynamics. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-231135-5. https://archive.org/details/businessdynamics0000ster. 
  3. ↑ Luce, Duncan (1957). Games and Decisions. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ISBN 0486659437. https://archive.org/details/gamesdecisions00rdun. 
  4. ↑ "Brookings Institution, Center for Social Dynamics and Policy". Retrieved 29 Sep 2012.
  5. ↑ Sterman, John (2000). Business Dynamics. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-231135-5. https://archive.org/details/businessdynamics0000ster. 
  6. ↑ Luce, Duncan (1957). Games and Decisions. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ISBN 0486659437. https://archive.org/details/gamesdecisions00rdun. 
  7. ↑ "Brookings Institution, Center for Social Dynamics and Policy". Retrieved 29 Sep 2012.


References

参考

  • Weidlich, W. (1997) "Sociodynamics applied to the evolution of urban and regional structures". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Vol. 1, pp. 85–98.

Available online: http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/S1026022697000101.

Available online: http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/S1026022697000101.

可在线阅读: http://www.hindawi.com/getarticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/s1026022697000101。


Further reading

进一步阅读

  • Easley, David; Klienberg, Jon (2010). Networks, Crowds, and Markets. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19533-1. 
  • Jackson, Matthew O. (2008). Social and Economic Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13440-6. 


External links

外部链接

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  • Club of Rome report, quote: "We must also keep in mind the presence of social delays--the delays necessary to allow society to absorb or to prepare for a change. Most delays, physical or social reduce the stability of the world system and increase the likelihood of the overshoot mode"
  • social-dynamics.org—Blog on Social Dynamics from Kellogg School of Management Social Dynamics Scholar
  • Watts, D.J.

作者: Watts，d.j。; Strogatz, S.H.

2 = Strogatz，s.h. (1998

1998年). ""小世界"网络的集体动态". Nature. 393

393 (6684

6684): 440–442. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..440W

1998/natur. 393. . 440 w 1998Natur.393..440W 1998/natur. 393. . 440 w]. doi:10.1038/30918. PMID [//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9623998

9623998 9623998 9623998]. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check |bibcode= length (help); Check |pmid= value (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Unknown parameter |日志= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |页数= ignored (help); line feed character in |author2= at position 15 (help); line feed character in |author= at position 12 (help); line feed character in |bibcode= at position 20 (help); line feed character in |issue= at position 5 (help); line feed character in |pmid= at position 8 (help); line feed character in |volume= at position 4 (help); line feed character in |year= at position 5 (help)

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Category:Systems theory

范畴: 系统论

Category:Social systems

类别: 社会系统


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