涌现进化 [Emergent evolution \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_evolution#:~:text=Emergent%20evolution%20was%20the%20hypothesis,of%20the%20already%20existing%20entities.)
[涌现进化 \- 集智百科](https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96)
此词条暂由Moses初步翻译。
Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. The term was originated by the psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan in 1922 in his Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews, which would later be published as the 1923 book Emergent Evolution.[1][2]
Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. The term was originated by the psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan in 1922 in his Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews, which would later be published as the 1923 book Emergent Evolution.
涌现进化 Emergent evolution 是一种假设，即在进化过程中，一些全新的特性，如心智和意识，在某些关键点出现，通常是由于已经存在的实体发生了不可预测的重新排列。这个术语是心理学家 康韦·劳埃德·摩根 C. Lloyd Morgan 于1922年在圣安德鲁斯的《吉福德讲座》中提出的，该讲座后来作为1923年的《新兴进化论》一书出版。
The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in teleology. [2] [3] [4]
The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in teleology.
该假说被广泛批评，因为它没有为全新的属性如何涌现提供机制，而且它的历史根源于目的论 teleology。
Historical context 历史背景
The term emergent was first used to describe the concept by George Lewes in volume two of his 1875 book Problems of Life and Mind (p. 412). Henri Bergson covered similar themes in his popular 1907 book Creative Evolution on the Élan vital. Emergence was further developed by Samuel Alexander in his Gifford Lectures at Glasgow during 1916–18 and published as Space, Time, and Deity (1920). The related term emergent evolution was coined by C. Lloyd Morgan in his own Gifford lectures of 1921–22 at St. Andrews and published as Emergent Evolution (1923). In an appendix to a lecture in his book, Morgan acknowledged the contributions of Roy Wood Sellars's Evolutionary Naturalism (1922).
The term emergent was first used to describe the concept by George Lewes in volume two of his 1875 book Problems of Life and Mind (p. 412). Henri Bergson covered similar themes in his popular 1907 book Creative Evolution on the Élan vital. Emergence was further developed by Samuel Alexander in his Gifford Lectures at Glasgow during 1916–18 and published as Space, Time, and Deity (1920). The related term emergent evolution was coined by C. Lloyd Morgan in his own Gifford lectures of 1921–22 at St. Andrews and published as Emergent Evolution (1923). In an appendix to a lecture in his book, Morgan acknowledged the contributions of Roy Wood Sellars's Evolutionary Naturalism (1922).
刘易士 George Lewes 在其1875年出版的《生命和心灵问题 Problems of Life and Mind》一书的第二卷中首次使用了涌现一词来描述这一概念(p. 412)。 亨利·柏格森 Henri Bergson 在他1907年流行的《创造进化论 Creative Evolution》（Élan vital）一书中也涉及了类似的主题。 1916-1918年间，塞缪尔·亚历山大 Samuel Alexander 在格拉斯哥的《吉福德讲座 Gifford lectures》中进一步发展了涌现这个概念，并以《空间、时间和神性 Space, Time, and Deity》（1920）的形式出版。 相关的术语"涌现进化"是由 C. Lloyd Morgan 于1921-1922年在自己在圣安德鲁斯的吉福德讲座中创造的，并以《涌现进化 Emergent Evolution》（1923）出版。C. Lloyd Morgan 在其书中的一篇讲座的附录中，承认了 塞拉斯 Roy Wood Sellars的《进化的自然主义 Evolutionary Naturalism》（1922）的贡献。
Origins 起源
Response to Darwin's Origin of Species 回应 Darwin 的 物种起源
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's presentation of natural selection, coupled to the idea of evolution in Western thought, had gained acceptance due to the wealth of observational data provided and the seeming replacement of divine law with natural law in the affairs of men.[5] However, the mechanism of natural selection described at the time only explained how organisms adapted to variation. The cause of genetic variation was unknown at the time.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's presentation of natural selection, coupled to the idea of evolution in Western thought, had gained acceptance due to the wealth of observational data provided and the seeming replacement of divine law with natural law in the affairs of men. However, the mechanism of natural selection described at the time only explained how organisms adapted to variation. The cause of genetic variation was unknown at the time.
查尔斯·达尔文 Charles Darwin 和 阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士 Alfred Russel Wallace 对自然选择的介绍，结合西方思想中的进化论思想，由于提供了大量的观察数据，以及在人的事务中似乎用自然法则取代了神的法则，因此得到了人们的认可。然而，当时所描述的自然选择机制只解释了生物体如何适应变异。遗传变异 genetic variation 的原因当时还不清楚。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
St. George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species (1872) and Edward Cope's Origin of the Fittest (1887) raised the need to address the origin of variation between members of a species. William Bateson in 1884 distinguished between the origin of novel variations and the action of natural selection (Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species).[5]
In examining this aspect, excluded ab initio by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that Life itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of John Hunter that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).
在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，除非通过一个包括 "一个有组织性和指导性的生命准则" 的理论，否则无法理解生命本身。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量 Creative Power"、"指导性的心灵 directive Mind"以及最后的 "终极目的 an ultimate Purpose"（人的发展）。它支持 约翰·亨特 John Hunter 的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（原生质 protoplasm）。
Wallace's further thoughts Wallace 的进一步思考
Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, Darwinism , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.
Wallace 一生都在支持和扩展 Darwin 的基于自然选择机制的进化论的范围。他提出的 达尔文主义 经常被引用来支持 Darwin 的理论。他还致力于阐述和扩展 Darwin 及其关于自然选择的思想。然而，Wallace 也意识到，该理论的范围和主张是有限的。Darwin 本人也对其进行了限制。
/*
Styling for Template:Quote */
.templatequote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}
.templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
In examining this aspect, excluded ab initio by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that Life itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of John Hunter that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).
在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，"生命" 本身不能被理解，除非通过一种包括 "组织和指导生命原则 "的理论。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量"、"指导性的心灵" 和最后的 "终极目的"（人的发展）。它支持John Hunter的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（原生质）。
/*
Styling for Template:Quote */
.templatequote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}
.templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
Wallace then refers to the operation of another power called "mind" that utilizes the power of life and is connected with a higher realm than life or matter:
然后，Wallace 提到了另一种叫做 "心灵" 的力量的运作，它利用生命的力量，与比生命或物质更高的境界相联系：
/*
Styling for Template:Quote */
.templatequote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}
.templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
Proceeding from Hunter's view that Life is the directive power above and behind living matter, Wallace argues that logically, Mind is the cause of consciousness, which exists in different degrees and kinds in living matter.
Wallace 从 Hunter 的观点出发，认为生命是高于和落后于生命物质的指导性力量 directive power，他认为从逻辑上讲，心灵 Mind 是 意识 consciousness的原因，它在生命物质中以不同程度和形式存在。
/*
Styling for Template:Quote */
.templatequote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}
.templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
Emergent evolution 涌现进化
Early roots 早期证据
The issue of how change in nature 'emerged' can be found in classical Greek thought - order coming out of chaos and whether by chance or necessity. Aristotle spoke of wholes that were greater than the sum of their parts because of emergent properties. The second-century anatomist and physiologist Galen also distinguished between the resultant and emergent qualities of wholes. (Reid, p. 72)[5]
关于自然界的变化如何 "出现" 的问题可以在古典希腊思想中找到 - 从混沌中产生秩序，以及是偶然还是必然。Aristotle谈到，由于涌现的特性，整体大于部分之和。二世纪的解剖学家和生理学家Galen也区分了整体的结果性和涌现性。(Reid, p. 72)[5]。
Hegel spoke of the revolutionary progression of life from non-living to conscious and then to the spiritual and Kant perceived that simple parts of an organism interact to produce a progressively complex series of emergences of functional forms, a distinction that carried over to John Stuart Mill (1843), who stated that even chemical compounds have novel features that cannot be predicted from their elements. [Reid, p. 72][5]
Hegel谈到了生命从非生命到有意识再到精神的革命性进展，康德 Kant 则认为有机体的简单部分相互作用，产生了一系列逐渐复杂的功能形式的出现，这种区别延续到John Stuart Mill（1843），他指出，即使是化学化合物也有无法从元素中预测的新特征。Reid，p. 72][5]。
The idea of an emergent quality that was something new in nature was further taken up by George Henry Lewes (1874–1875), who again noted, as with Galen earlier, that these evolutionary "emergent" qualities are distinguishable from adaptive, additive "resultants." Henry Drummond in The Descent of Man (1894) stated that emergence can be seen in the fact that the laws of nature are different for the organic or vital compared to the inertial inorganic realm.
George Henry Lewes（1874-1875）进一步提出了自然界中的新事物乃是一种涌现特征的观点，他再次指出，与前面的盖伦一样，这些进化的 "涌现 "特质与适应性、加成性的 "结果 "是有区别的。Henry Drummond在 人类的后裔（1894）中指出，涌现性可以看出，自然规律对于有机界或生命界来说，与惯性的无机界相比是不同的。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
As Reid points out, Drummond also realized that greater complexity brought greater adaptability. (Reid. p. 73)[5]
正如 Reid 所指出的那样，Drummond 也意识到，更大的复杂性带来了更大的适应性。
Samuel Alexander took up the idea that emergences had properties that overruled the demands of the lower levels of organization. And more recently, this theme is taken up by John Holland (1998):
Samuel Alexander提出了这样的观点，即涌现性具有凌驾于低级组织需求之上的特性。最近，John Holland（1998）又提出了这一主题。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
C. Lloyd Morgan and emergent evolution C. Lloyd Morgan 和涌现进化
Another major scientist to question natural selection as the motive force of evolution was C. Lloyd Morgan, a zoologist and student of T.H. Huxley, who had a strong influence on Samuel Alexander. His Emergent Evolution (1923) established the central idea that an emergence might have the appearance of saltation but was best regarded as "a qualitative change of direction or critical turning point."(quoted in Reid, p. 73-74)[5] Morgan, due to his work in animal psychology, had earlier (1894) questioned the continuity view of mental evolution, and held that there were various discontinuities in cross-species mental abilities. To offset any attempt to read anthropomorphism into his view, he created the famous, but often misunderstood methodological canon:
另一位质疑自然选择是进化的动力的主要科学家是C. Lloyd Morgan，他是动物学家，也是T.H. Huxley的学生，他对 Samuel Alexander 影响很大。他的涌现进化（1923）确立了中心思想，即涌现可能具有盐化的外观，但最好被视为 "方向的质变或关键的转折点。"(引自Reid，p. 73-74)[5] Morgan 由于他在动物心理学方面的工作，早些时候（1894）就对心理进化的连续性观点提出了质疑，并认为跨物种的心理能力存在着各种不连续性。为了避免任何将 拟人化anthropomorphism 引入他的观点的企图，他创造了著名的、但经常被误解的方法论典籍：
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
However, Morgan realizing that this was being misused to advocate reductionism (rather than as a general methodological caution), introduced a qualification into the second edition of his An Introduction to Comparative Psychology (1903):
然而，Morgan 意识到这一点被滥用于鼓吹还原论（而不是作为一般方法论的告诫），在他的 比较心理学导论（1903）第二版中引入了一个限定条件：
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
As Reid observes, 正如 Reid 所言，
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
Morgan also fought against the behaviorist school and clarified even more his emergent views on evolution:
Morgan 还与 行为主义|行为主义学派 [[Behaviorism|behaviorist school]进行了斗争，更澄清了他对进化论的涌现观点：
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
His Animal Conduct (1930) explicitly distinguishes between three "grades" or "levels of mentality" which he labeled: 'percipient, perceptive, and reflective.' (p. 42)
他的 动物行为（1930）明确区分了三个 "等级 "或 "心态水平"，他把这三个 "等级 "标记为："知觉的、感性的和反思的"。(p. 42)
Alexander and the emergence of mind Alexander 和心灵涌现
Morgan's idea of a polaric relationship between lower and higher, was taken up by Samuel Alexander, who argued that the mental process is not reducible to the neural processes on which it depends at the physical-material level. Instead, they are two poles of a unity of function. Further, the neural process that expressed mental process itself possesses a quality (mind) that the other neural processes don’t. At the same time, the mental process, because it is functionally identical to this particular neural process, is also a vital one.[6]
Morgan 关于低级和高级之间的两极关系的观点，被 Samuel Alexander 所采纳，他认为，心理过程不能还原为它在物理物质层面所依赖的神经过程。相反，它们是功能统一体的两极。而且，表达心理过程的神经过程本身就具有其他神经过程所不具备的品质（心智）。同时，精神过程由于在功能上与这个特殊的神经过程相同，所以也是一个至关重要的过程。
And mental process is also "something new, "a fresh creation", which precludes a psycho-physiological parallelism. Reductionism is also contrary to empirical fact. 而心理过程也是某种新东西，"一种全新的创造 a fresh creation"，这就排除了心理生理学上的平行主义。还原论 Reductionism 也是违背经验事实的。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
At the same time Alexander stated that his view was not one of animism or vitalism, where the mind is an independent entity action on the brain, or conversely, acted upon by the brain. Mental activity is an emergent, a new "thing" not reducible to its initial neural parts.
同时 Alexander 表示，他的观点不是万物有灵论或生命论的观点，在这里，精神是一个独立的实体作用于大脑，或者反过来说，被大脑作用。精神活动是一种涌现的，是一种新的 "事物"，不能还原到最初的神经部分。
For Alexander, the world unfolds in space-time, which has the inherent quality of motion. This motion through space-time results in new “complexities of motion” in the form of a new quality or emergent. The emergent retains the qualities of the prior “complexities of motion” but also has something new that was not there before. This something new comes with its own laws of behavior. Time is the quality that creates motion through Space, and matter is simply motion expressed in forms in Space, or as Alexander says a little later, “complexes of motion.” Matter arises out of the basic ground of Space-Time continuity and has an element of “body” (lower order) and an element of “mind” (higher order), or “the conception that a secondary quality is the mind of its primary substrate.”
对 Alexander 来说，世界是在时空中展开的，时空具有运动的内在品质。这种在时空中的运动导致了新的 "运动的复杂性"，其形式是一种新的质量或涌现。新出现的东西保留了先前 "运动的复杂性 "的品质，但也有一些新的东西，而这些新的东西是先前没有的。这种新的东西有其自身的行为规律。时间是通过空间产生运动的特质，而物质只是在空间中以形式表现出来的运动，或者如 Alexander 稍后所说的 "运动的复杂性"。物质产生于空间-时间连续性的基本基础上，具有 "身体"（低阶）的要素和 "心灵"（高阶）的要素，或者说 "这样一种概念：一个次要品质是其主要基质的心灵"。
Mind is an emergent from life and life itself is an emergent from matter. Each level contains and is interconnected with the level and qualities below it, and to the extent that it contains lower levels, these aspects are subject to the laws of that level. All mental functions are living, but not all living functions are mental; all living functions are physico-chemical, but not all physico-chemical processes are living - just as we could say that all people living in Ohio are Americans, but not all Americans live in Ohio. Thus, there are levels of existence, or natural jurisdictions, within a given higher level such that the higher level contains elements of each of the previous levels of existence. The physical level contains the pure dimensionality of Space-Time in addition to the emergent of physico-chemical processes; the next emergent level, life, also contains Space-Time as well as the physico-chemical in addition to the quality of life; the level of mind contains all of the previous three levels, plus consciousness. As a result of this nesting and inter-action of emergents, like fluid Russian dolls, higher emergents cannot be reduced to lower ones, and different laws and methods of inquiry are required for each level.
心灵是生命的产物，生命本身是物质的产物。每一个层次都包含着它下面的层次和品质，并与之相互联系，在它包含低层次的范围内，这些方面都受该层次的规律制约。所有的精神功能都是活的，但不是所有的活的功能都是精神的；所有的活的功能都是物理化学的，但不是所有的物理化学过程都是活的 - 就像我们可以说所有生活在俄亥俄州的人都是美国人，但不是所有的美国人都生活在俄亥俄州。因此，在一个给定的较高层次中，存在着一些层次，或者说是自然的管辖范围，这样，较高层次就包含了前几个层次的每一个存在的要素。物理层次除了物理化学过程的出现外，还包含了时空的纯粹维度；下一个出现层次-生命，除了生命质量外，还包含了时空以及物理化学；心灵层次包含了前面三个层次的所有内容，再加上意识。由于这种涌现物的嵌套和相互作用，就像流动的俄罗斯套娃一样，高层次的涌现物不能归结为低层次的涌现物，每个层次都需要不同的规律和探究方法。
/*
Styling for Template:Quote */
.templatequote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}
.templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
For Alexander, the "directing agency" or entelechy is found "in the principle or plan".
在 Alexander 看来，"指导机构 "或 entelechy 是 "在原则或计划中" 发现的。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
While an emergent is a higher complexity, it also results in a new simplicity as it brings a higher order into what was previously less ordered (a new simplex out of a complex). This new simplicity does not carry any of the qualities or aspects of that emergent level prior to it, but as noted, does still carry within it such lower levels so can be understood to that extent through the science of such levels, yet not itself be understood except by a science that is able to reveal the new laws and principles applicable to it.
虽然一个涌现是一个较高的复杂性，但它也导致了一个新的简单性，因为它把一个较高的秩序带入了以前不太有序的东西中（一个复杂的新简单性）。这种新的简单性并不带有它之前的那个涌现层次的任何特质或方面，但如前所述，确实还带有它内部的这种较低层次，所以可以通过这种层次的科学来理解，但它本身却不能被理解，除非是由一种能够揭示适用于它的新的规律和原则的科学来理解。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
The concept or idea of mind, the highest emergent known to us, being at our level, extends all the way down to pure dimensionality or Space-Time. In other words, time is the “mind” of motion, materialising is the “mind” of matter, living the “mind” of life. Motion through pure time (or life astronomical, mind ideational) emerges as matter “materialising” (geological time, life geological, mind existential), and this emerges as life “living” (biological time, life biological, mind experiential), which in turn give us mind “minding” (historical time, life historical, mind cognitional). But there is also an extension possible upwards of mind to what we call Deity.
心灵的概念或观念，是我们已知的最高级的涌现物，在我们的层面上，一直延伸到纯粹的维度或时空。换句话说，时间是运动的 "心"，物化是物质的 "心"，生活是生命的 "心"。通过纯粹的时间（或生命天文、心灵表意）的运动，出现了物质的 "物化"（地质时间、生命地质、心灵存在），而这又出现了生命的 "生活"（生物时间、生命生物、心灵体验），这又让我们有了心灵的 "心智"（历史时间、生命历史、心灵认知）。但是，心智还有一种向上延伸的可能，就是我们所说的德性 Deity。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
Alexander goes back to the Greek idea of knowledge being “out there” in the object being contemplated. In that sense, there is not mental object (concept) “distinct” (that is, different in state of being) from the physical object, but only an apparent split between the two, which can then be brought together by proper compresence or participation of the consciousness in the object itself.
Alexander 又回到了希腊人的观念，即知识是 "存在于" 被思考的对象中的。在这个意义上，并不存在精神客体（概念）与物理客体 "不同"（即存在状态不同），而只是二者之间存在着明显的分裂，然后可以通过意识在客体本身中的适当压缩或参与而使二者结合起来。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
Because of the interconnectedness of the universe by virtue of Space-Time, and because the mind apprehends space, time and motion through a unity of sense and mind experience, there is a form of knowing that is intuitive (participative) - sense and reason are outgrowths from it.
由于宇宙凭借时空的相互联系，由于心灵通过感觉和心灵经验的统一来认识空间、时间和运动，所以有一种认识形式是直观的（参与性的）- 感觉和理性是它的产物。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
In a sense, the universe is a participative one and open to participation by mind as well so that mind can intuitively know an object, contrary to what Kant asserted. Participation (togetherness) is something that is “enjoyed” (experienced) not contemplated, though in the higher level of consciousness, it would be contemplated.
从某种意义上说，宇宙是一个参与性的宇宙，也开放给心灵参与，这样心灵就可以直观地认识一个对象，这与康德的论断相反。参与（togetherness）是一种 "享受"（体验）而非思索的东西，尽管在更高的意识层面，它会被思索。
/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0;
}
Robert G. B. Reid
Emergent evolution was revived by Robert G. B. Reid (March 20, 1939 - May 28, 2016), a biology professor at the University of Victoria (in British Columbia, Canada). In his book Evolutionary Theory: The Unfinished Synthesis (1985), he stated that the modern evolutionary synthesis with its emphasis on natural selection is an incomplete picture of evolution, and emergent evolution can explain the origin of genetic variation. Biologist Ernst Mayr heavily criticized the book claiming it was a misinformed attack on natural selection. Mayr commented that Reid was working from an "obsolete conceptual framework", provided no solid evidence and that he was arguing for a teleological process of evolution.
涌现进化论是由 Robert G. B. Reid（1939年3月20日-2016年5月28日）恢复的，他是维多利亚大学（位于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省）的生物学教授。在他的著作《进化论：未竟的综合 The Unfinished Synthesis》 (1985), 他宣称现代进化论总论的重点在于自然选择，这是进化论不完全的图景，涌现进化可以解释遗传变异的原因。生物学家 恩斯特·迈尔 Ernst Mayr 严厉批评了这本书，称这是对自然选择的错误攻击。Mayr 评论说，Reid 从一个 "过时的概念框架" 出发，没有提供任何可靠的证据，而且他主张的是一种心智学的进化过程。
Reid later published the book Biological Emergences (2007) with a theory on how emergent novelties are generated in evolution. According to Massimo Pigliucci "Biological Emergences by Robert Reid is an interesting contribution to the ongoing debate on the status of evolutionary theory, but it is hard to separate the good stuff from the more dubious claims." Pigliucci noted a dubious claim in the book is that natural selection has no role in evolution. It was positively reviewed by biologist Alexander Badyaev who commented that "the book succeeds in drawing attention to an under appreciated aspect of the evolutionary process". Others have criticized Reid's unorthodox views on emergence and evolution. Biologist Samuel Scheiner stated that Reid's "presentation is both a caricature of evolutionary theory and severely out of date."
Reid 后来出版了《生物学的涌现 Biological Emergences》（2007年）一书，提出了关于在进化中如何产生涌现新事物的理论。马西莫·皮格利乌奇 Massimo Pigliucci 认为："Robert Reid 所著的《生物学的涌现》是对正在进行的关于进化论地位的争论的一个有趣的贡献，但很难把好的东西和比较可疑的说法分开。" Pigliucci 指出，书中一个可疑的说法是，自然选择在进化中没有作用。生物学家亚历山大·巴佳耶夫 Alexander Badyaev 对该书进行了积极的评论，他评论说 "这本书成功地引起了人们对进化过程中一个未被充分认识的方面的关注"。其他人则批评了 Reid 关于涌现和进化的非正统观点。生物学家 塞缪尔·谢纳 Samuel Scheiner 说 "Reid 的表述既是对进化论的讽刺，又严重过时"。
See also
- The eclipse of Darwinism 达尔文主义的黯淡
- Emergentism is a corresponding belief in emergence. 涌现论是关于涌现的信仰
- Evolutionary biology 进化生物学
- Noogenesis 心理演化
- Orthogenesis 定向演化
- Vitalism 生命力论
References
- ↑ Morgan, Conway Lloyd (1923). Emergent evolution : the Gifford lectures, delivered in the University of St. Andrews in the year 1922. MIT Libraries. New York : Henry Holt and Company ; London : William and Norgate. http://archive.org/details/emergentevolutio00morg_0.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bowler, Peter J. (2001). Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain. University of Chicago Press. pp. 140-142, pp. 376-384.
- ↑ McLaughlin, Brian P. (1992). The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism. In A. Beckerman, H. Flohr, and J. Kim, eds., Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 49–93.
- ↑ Baylis, Charles A. (1929). The Philosophic Functions of Emergence. The Philosophical Review. Vol. 38, No. 4. pp. 372-384.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Reid, Robert G.B. (2007). Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 30. ISBN 978-0262182577. https://archive.org/details/degreesthatmatte00rapp_0/page/30.
- ↑ Alexander, Samuel (1916–18). Space, Time and Deity. Glasgow: Gifford Lectures. https://archive.org/details/spacetimeanddei00alexgoog.
Further reading
- Alexander, Samuel. (1920). Space, Time, and Deity. Kessinger Publishing Reprint.
- Bergson, Henri. (1911). Creative Evolution (English translation of L'Evolution créatrice). Dover Publications 1998:
- Lewes, George H. (1875). Problems of Life and Mind. First Series: The Foundations of a Creed, vol. II. University of Michigan Library.
- MacDougall, William. (1929). Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution. London: Macmillan.
- Morgan, C. Lloyd. (1923). Emergent Evolution. Henry Holt and Co.
- Patrick, G. T. W. (1923). Emergent Evolution by C. Lloyd Morgan. The Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 20, No. 26. pp. 714–718.
- Lewes, George H. (1875). Problems of Life and Mind. First Series: The Foundations of a Creed, vol. II. University of Michigan Library.
- Bergson, Henri. (1911). Creative Evolution (English translation of L'Evolution créatrice). Dover Publications 1998: