钱学森

此词条暂由Henry翻译

"Hsue-Shen Tsien" redirects here. For the 2012 biographical film, see Hsue-shen Tsien (film).

Qian Xuesen Hsue-Shen Tsien
钱学森
文件:Tsien Hsue-shen.jpg
Born	(1911-模板:MONTHNUMBER-11)11 1911 Shanghai, Qing Empire
Died	31 October 2009(2009-10-31) (aged 97) Beijing, China
Nationality	Chinese
Alma mater	National Chiao Tung University Massachusetts Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology
Known for	Co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Founder of engineering cybernetics Father of Chinese space program Work on the Manhattan Project
Spouse(s)	模板:Marriage
Children	Qian Yonggang Qian Yungjen
Awards	Distinguished Alumni Award from Caltech (1979)
Scientific career
Fields	Aerospace engineering Aeronautics Engineering cybernetics
Institutions	California Institute of Technology (professor) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (co-founder) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (professor) Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, PRC (first director) Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (first director) Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense of the PLA (vice-director)
Thesis	Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion (1939)
Doctoral advisor	Theodore von Kármán
Doctoral students	Cheng Chemin
模板:Chinese

Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (模板:Zh; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese mathematician, cyberneticist, aerospace engineer, and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Kármán's group at Caltech. During WWII, he was involved in the Manhattan Project, which ultimately led to the successful development of the first atomic bomb in America. Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to China's missile and space program.

Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese mathematician, cyberneticist, aerospace engineer, and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Kármán's group at Caltech. During WWII, he was involved in the Manhattan Project, which ultimately led to the successful development of the first atomic bomb in America. Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to China's missile and space program.

钱学森，即Hsue-Shen Tsien(1911年12月11日至2009年10月31日) ，是中国数学家、控制论家、航空航天工程师和物理学家，在空气动力学领域做出了重大贡献，建立了工程控制论。从麻省理工学院毕业后，他加入了Theodore von Kármán西奥多·冯·卡门在加州理工学院的团队。在第二次世界大战期间，他参与了曼哈顿计划，帮助美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。后来，他终于回到了中国，在那里他为中国的导弹和太空计划做出了重要贡献。

During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.

During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.

在20世纪50年代的第二次红色恐慌中，美国联邦政府指责他同情共产主义。1950年，尽管同事们一致抗议，他还是被剥夺了安全级别。他决定返回中国，但他被拘留在洛杉矶附近的终端岛。

After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in China via Hong Kong.

After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in China via Hong Kong.

在软禁了五年之后，他于1955年被释放，作为交换，在朝鲜战争中被俘的美国飞行员也被遣返回美国。1955年9月，他离开美国，乘坐美国总统邮轮克利夫兰号，经由香港抵达中国。

Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.

Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.

回国后，他帮助领导了中国的核武器计划。这一努力最终促成了中国原子弹试验和氢弹试验的首次成功 ，使中国成为第五个核武器国家，并实现了历史上最快的裂变-聚变发展。此外，钱学森的工作还促成了东风弹道导弹和中国太空计划的发展。由于他的贡献，他被称为“中国火箭之父”，绰号“火箭之王”。他是公认的两弹一星奠基人之一

In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.

In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.

1957年钱学森当选中国科学院院士。1987年至1998年任中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会副主席。

He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

他是曾参与中美航空航天事业的机械工程师钱学榘Hsue-Chu Tsien的表弟；他的侄子是2008年诺贝尔化学奖获得者钱永健Roger Y. Tsien。

Early life and education 早期生活和教育经历

Qian was born in Shanghai, with ancestral roots in Hangzhou. He graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.

Qian was born in Shanghai, with ancestral roots in Hangzhou. He graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.

钱学森生于上海，祖籍杭州。他毕业于北京师范大学附属中学，和陆世佳是同学，并于1934年就读于国立交通大学交通大学。在那里，他获得了机械工程学位，主修铁路管理。他曾在南昌空军基地实习。

In August 1935, Qian left China on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a Master of Science degree after one year.

In August 1935, Qian left China on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a Master of Science degree after one year.

1935年8月，钱获得庚款奖学金离开中国，前往麻省理工学院(MIT)学习机械工程，一年后获得理学硕士学位。

While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.

While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.

在麻省理工学院的时候，他被称为Hsue-Shen Tsien。他受到了美国工程教育方法的影响，尤其是对实验的重视。这与许多中国科学家所采用的当代方法形成了鲜明对比，后者强调理论元素，而不是“亲身体验”。钱学森的实验包括使用水银压力计绘制皮托管压力图。

Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:

Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:

西奥多·冯·卡门，钱学森的博士生导师，描述了他们的第一次会面:

/* Styling for Template:Quote */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 40px; } .templatequote .templatequotecite {

   line-height: 1.5em;
   /* @noflip */
   text-align: left;
   /* @noflip */
   padding-left: 1.6em;
   margin-top: 0;

} 1936年的一天，他来找我咨询进一步的研究生学习。这是我们第一次见面。我抬起头来，注意到一个身材矮小、神情严肃的年轻人，他回答我的问题异常准确。他的敏锐和敏捷的思维给我留下了深刻的印象，我建议他去加州理工学院深造。钱学森同意了。他和我一起做了许多数学题。我发现他很有想象力，他有数学才能，他成功地把自然现象的物理图像形象化。即使是一个年轻的学生，他也帮助我理清了一些关于几个难题的想法。这样的天赋是我不常遇到的，钱和我成了亲密的同事。

Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."

Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."

对于帕萨迪纳的空气动力学家来说，卡门把自己的家变成了一个社交场所，钱学森被吸引了进来: “钱学森喜欢来我家，我姐姐喜欢他，因为他有趣的想法和直截了当的态度。”

Career in the United States 美国生涯

Left to right: Ludwig Prandtl (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany during World War II; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary U.S. Army rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.

Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany during World War II; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary U.S. Army rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]

从左到右: [路德维希 普朗特(德国科学家) ，钱学森，西奥多·冯·卡门。普朗特在第二次世界大战期间为德国服务; 冯·卡门和钱学森为美国服务; 1956年后，钱学森为中国服务。钱保留的海外军帽展示了他暂时的美国陆军上校军衔。普朗特是冯·卡门的博士生导师，而冯·卡门则是钱学森的博士生导师

Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.

Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.

1936年来到加州理工学院后不久，钱学森就对弗兰克·马利纳（Frank Malina）、冯·卡门的其他学生以及他们的同伴（包括杰克·帕森斯）的火箭想法着迷。他和他的同学们一起，在加州理工学院的古根海姆航空实验室参与了与火箭相关的实验。在大学里，他们工作的危险性和爆炸性为他们赢得了“自杀小组”的绰号。钱学森于1939年在加州理工学院获得博士学位

During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.

During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.

第二次世界大战期间，钱学森参与曼哈顿计划，帮助美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。1943年，钱学森和他们火箭研究小组的另外两名成员起草了第一份文件，使用喷气推进实验室（JPL）这个名字，这最初是向陆军提出的一项针对德国V-2火箭发展导弹的建议。这促成了1944年的私人飞机A，以及后来的下士，WAC下士和其他设计。

In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun.

In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun.

1945年，钱学森作为一名拥有安全级别的陆军上校，被派往德国调查实验室，质询包括沃纳·冯·布劳恩在内的德国科学家。

Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.

Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.

冯·卡门在提到钱学森时写道: “在他36岁的时候，他是一个无可争议的天才，他的工作为高速空气动力学和喷气推进技术的发展提供了巨大的动力。”在此期间，他致力于设计一种洲际航天飞机，它是美国航天飞机的前身，并为后来X-20 Dyna-Soar的生产带来了灵感。

Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.

Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.

钱学森娶了著名歌剧演员蒋英，蒋百里和他的妻子：日本护士SatôYato的女儿。蒋百里是国民党领导人蒋介石的军事战略家和顾问。钱学森夫妇于1947年9月14日在上海结婚，育有两个孩子；他们的儿子钱永刚（又称Yucon Tsien）于1948年10月13日出生在波士顿，而他们的女儿钱永珍则出生于1950年初，当时全家住在加州帕萨迪纳。

Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.

Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.

婚礼后不久，钱学森回到美国，在麻省理工任教。1947年12月，蒋英加入了他的行列。1949年，在冯·卡门的推荐下，钱学森成为加州理工学院喷气推进教授。

In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit, and in 1949, he applied for naturalization, although he could not obtain citizenship. Except for the memories of a few individuals, there is no other official proof indicating that Tsien had tried to apply for naturalization. Years later, his wife Jiang Ying said in an interview with Phoenix Television that Tsien did not apply for naturalization.

In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit,

1947年钱学森获得永久居留许可,

Detention软禁

By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.

By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.

到20世纪40年代早期，美国陆军情报局已经知道钱学森是共产主义者，但是他的安全级别并没有被吊销。然而，1950年6月6日，他的安全级别被吊销，钱学森受到联邦调查局的审问。两周后，钱学森宣布他将辞去加州理工学院的工作，回到中国，那时的中国实际上是由毛泽东领导的中国共产党统治的。

In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."

In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."

8月，钱学森与当时的海军副部长丹·A·金博尔(Dan A. Kimball)就这个问题进行了交谈，钱学森私下认识金博尔。钱学森告诉他这些指控后，金博尔回应说，“见鬼，我不认为你是共产主义者”。钱学森暗示，他仍然打算离开中国，并说“我是中国人。”，我不想制造杀死我同胞的武器，就这么简单。”金博尔接着说，“我不会让你回中国的。”

After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.

After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material. Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning

在负责安排钱学森回中国的公司向美国海关透露，钱学森随身物品中有一些文件标有“机密”或“秘密”字样后，美国官员从帕萨迪纳的一个仓库里查获了这些文件。美国移民和归化局于8月25日发出逮捕令。钱学森称，这些加盖安全章的文件大多是自己写的，分类已经过时，并补充说，“有一些图纸和对数表等，可能被人误认为是代码。”材料中包括一本剪贴簿，上面有对那些被控从事原子间谍活动的人进行审判的新闻剪报，比如克劳斯·福克斯。随后对这些文件的检查表明，这些文件中没有任何机密材料。韦恩鲍姆的审判于8月30日开始，弗兰克·奥本海默和帕森斯都出庭作不利于他的证明。韦恩鲍姆被判犯有伪证罪，判处4年徒刑。钱学森于1950年9月6日被羁押问话

While at Caltech, Tsien had secretly attended meetings with J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother Frank Oppenheimer, Jack Parsons, and Frank Malina that were organized by the Russian-born Jewish chemist Sidney Weinbaum and called Professional Unit 122 of the Pasadena Communist Party. Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning and for two weeks detained at Terminal Island, a low-security United States federal prison near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.

On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.

1951年4月26日，钱学森被宣布驱逐出境，未经允许不得离开洛杉矶县，实际上将他软禁起来。

When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American Communist Party document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China. 1947年，钱学森带着他的新娘从中国回来时，他在一份移民调查问卷中回答“不”，该问卷询问他是否曾是一个鼓吹以武力推翻美国政府的组织的成员。这一点，加上1938年的一份美国[CPUSA |共产党]]文件上面写着钱学森的名字，被用来证明钱学森是一个国家安全威胁。检方还引述了一次盘问环节，钱学森说，“我对中国人民有效忠义务”，如果美国和共产主义中国发生冲突，他“肯定不会”让美国政府替他决定效忠谁。 During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."

在此期间，钱学森撰写了《工程控制论》 ，并于1954年由麦格劳 · 希尔出版社出版。这本书论述了稳定伺服机构的实践。在它的18章中，它考虑了多变量系统的非相互作用控制，摄动理论的控制设计，和 von Neumann 的错误控制理论(第18章)。埃兹拉 · 克伦德尔评论了这本书，指出“对于那些对复杂控制系统的整体理论感兴趣的人来说，很难夸大钱永健这本书的价值。”显然，钱的方法主要是实用的，正如克伦德尔指出，对于伺服机构，“通常的线性稳定性设计标准是不充分的，其他标准产生的物理问题必须使用。”

On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.

1951年4月26日，钱学森被宣布被驱逐出境，并禁止未经许可离开[加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市]]，实际上对他实行了软禁。

Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.

钱成为中美之间长达五年的秘密外交和谈判的对象。在这段时间里，他一直生活在监视之下，被允许在没有任何分类研究任务的情况下教书。钱于一九五五年十月八日抵达香港，并于当日稍后经九广铁路进入中国。

During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used." 在这期间，钱学森写了《工程控制论》，1954年由McGraw-Hill出版。这本书论述了稳定伺服机构的实践。在其18章中，它考虑了许多变量系统的非交互控制，微扰理论的控制设计，以及约翰.冯.诺依曼的[[误差控制]理论（第18章）。埃兹拉·克伦德尔回顾了《富兰克林学院学报》这本书，指出“对于那些对复杂控制系统整体理论感兴趣的人来说，很难夸大钱学森的书的价值。”显然，钱学森的方法主要是实用的，正如克伦德尔指出的，对于伺服机构，“通常的线性稳定性设计准则是不充分的，必须使用由问题的物理性质产生的其他准则。”

Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."

几年来一直试图让钱学森留在美国的金博尔副国务卿评论了他的遭遇: “这是这个国家做过的最愚蠢的事情。他和我一样不是共产主义者，我们强迫他离开。”

Return to China回到祖国

Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president Lee DuBridge, who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney Grant Cooper to defend Qian. 钱学森成为美中两国长达五年秘密外交和谈判的对象。在此期间，钱学森一直生活在监视之下，有权任教，没有任何机密的研究任务。钱学森在被监禁期间得到加州理工学院同事的支持，包括总统李·杜布里奇，后者飞往华盛顿为钱的案件辩护。加州理工学院指定律师格兰特·库伯 为钱辩护。 He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.

他于一九五八年参与中国科学技术大学的建立，并担任大学现代力学系系主任多年。

The travel ban on Qian was lifted on 模板:Date, and he resigned from Caltech shortly thereafter. With President Dwight Eisenhower personally agreeing, Qian departed from Los Angeles for Hong Kong aboard the SS President Cleveland in September 1955 amidst rumors that his release was a swap for 11 U.S. airmen held captive by China since the end of the Korean War. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.

Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.

除了火箭之外，钱学森在许多领域都有研究。他是系统学的创造者之一，在科技系统、体科学、工程科学、军事科学、社会科学、自然科学、地理、哲学、文学艺术、教育等领域做出了贡献。他在系统科学领域的概念、理论和方法上的进步包括对开放的复杂巨系统的研究。此外，他还帮助建立了中国复杂性科学学院。

Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."

From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.

从20世纪80年代起，钱学森倡导对中医学、气功进行科学研究，提出“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家积累气功的观测数据，以便将来建立科学理论。

Upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the Dongfeng ballistic missiles and the Long March space rockets. 回国后，钱学森在火箭科学领域开始了一段非常成功的职业生涯，这得益于他过去的成就以及中国政府对其核研究的支持而获得的声誉。他领导并最终成为中国导弹项目之父，该项目建造了东风弹道导弹和长征太空火箭。

Qian Xuesen Library, Xi'an Jiaotong University

西安交通大学钱学森图书馆

Chinese nuclear program and other studies中国核计划及其他研究

In October 1956, he became the director of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a thermonuclear device ahead of major Western powers like France. 1956年10月，任【【中华人民共和国国防部|国防部】】的【【中国航天科技集团公司|第五研究院】】所长，负责弹道导弹和核武器的研制。他是促成1964年10月16日“596”原子弹试验和1967年6月17日“6号试验”氢弹试验成功的总体努力的一部分。这是历史上最快的一次[核裂变|裂变]]到聚变的发展，为32个月，相比之下，美国为86个月，苏联为75个月，使中国领先于[[法国]等西方大国获得了热核装置。 Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.

钱学森于1991年退休，平静地生活在北京，拒绝与西方人交谈。

Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of Mao Zedong and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a Central Committee member. He became associated with the China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight initiative. 钱学森是一位在美国陷入红色恐慌的著名科学家，这使他在[[毛泽东]时代及其后的时代有着相当大的影响力。钱学森最终升入党内，成为[中共中央委员会]委员。他加入了“中国航天计划——从构想到载人航天”计划。 In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.

1979年，钱学森被授予加州理工学院杰出校友奖。钱学森最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项，并在他的朋友弗兰克·马博（Frank·Marble）的帮助下，在一个广为报道的仪式上把它带到了家中。此外，在20世纪90年代初，加州理工学院向他赠送了钱学森的研究成果文件柜。

Qian was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957, a lifelong honor granted to Chinese scientists who have made significant advancements in their field. He organized scientific seminars and dedicated some of his time to training successors for his positions.

Qian was invited to visit the US by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship, but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people."

在中美关系正常化之后，美国航天航空学会邀请钱学森访问美国，但他拒绝了邀请，并要求对拘留他一事进行正式道歉。在2002年发表的一份回忆录中，马柏表示，他认为钱学森“对美国政府失去了信任” ，但他“一直对美国人民怀有非常温暖的感情”

He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years. 1958年，他积极参与中国科学技术大学（USTC）的创建，并担任该校现代力学系主任若干年。 The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the Long March rocket, which successfully launched the Shenzhou V mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed.

中国政府在1992年启动了载人航天计划，据报道，由于中国在太空的长期历史，得到了俄罗斯的一些帮助。钱的研究被用作长征火箭的基础，长征火箭于2003年10月成功发射了神舟五号任务。钱老在病床上通过电视观看了中国第一次载人航天飞行。

Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.

In 2008, he was named Aviation Week and Space Technology Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year. Furthermore, that year China Central Television named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China.

2008年，他被评为航空周和年度空间技术人物。这项认可不仅仅是一种荣誉，更是授予过去一年里对航空业影响最大的人。此外，那一年，中国中央电视台将钱学森评为中国最鼓舞人心的11位人物之一。

From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established. 从20世纪80年代起，钱学森倡导对中医、气功进行科学研究，提出“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家积累气功的观测数据，以便将来建立科学理论。

In July 2009, the Omega Alpha Association, an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members.

2009年7月，欧米茄阿尔法协会（一个国际系统工程荣誉学会），将钱学森位列四名荣誉会员之一。

Later life 晚年生活

On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 98 in Beijing.

2009年10月31日，钱学森在北京去世，享年98岁。

Qian Xuesen Library, Xi'an Jiaotong University

A Chinese film production, Hsue-shen Tsien, directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was simultaneously released in Asia and North America on December 11, 2011, and on March 2, 2012, it was released in China.

2011年12月11日，由张建亚导演、陈坤主演的中国电影《钱学森》在亚洲和北美同步上映，2012年3月2日在中国上映。

Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners. 钱学森于1991年退休，安静地生活在北京，拒绝与西方人交谈。

In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech. 1979年，钱学森因其成就被加州理工学院授予“杰出校友奖”。钱学森最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项，并在他的朋友的帮助下，在一个被广泛报道的仪式上把它带到了家里。此外，在20世纪90年代初，加州理工学院向他赠送了钱学森的研究成果文件柜。 Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, in his 1982 novel 2010: Odyssey Two, named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series The Expanse by James S. A. Corey also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel Noble House by James Clavell, the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen.

科幻小说作家亚瑟·查理斯·克拉克在他1982年的小说《2010: 奥德赛2》中，用他的名字命名了一艘中国的宇宙飞船。詹姆斯·S·A·科里(James S.A. Corey)的科幻小说系列《浩瀚无垠》(The exposure)也以他的名字命名了一艘火星宇宙飞船(MCRN Xuesen)。1981年，美籍华裔科学家詹姆斯·克拉维尔(James Clavell)投奔中国，帮助中国研制出了第一颗原子弹。在他的小说《贵族之家》(Noble House)中，余(Joseph Yu)博士是钱学森博士的虚构版本。

Qian was invited to visit the US by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship, but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people." 中美关系正常化后，钱学森曾受美国航空航天研究所邀请访问美国，但他拒绝了邀请，因为他希望就被拘留一事正式道歉。在2002年发表的一篇回忆录中，马尔布尔说，他相信钱学森“对美国政府失去了信心”，但他“对美国人民一直怀有非常温暖的感情”。

The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the Long March rocket, which successfully launched the Shenzhou V mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed. 中国政府于1992年启动了载人航天计划，据报道，由于俄罗斯在太空的历史悠久，俄罗斯也给予了一些帮助。钱学森的研究被用作长征火箭的基础，长征火箭于2003年10月成功发射神舟五号任务。钱学森老人能够在病床上通过电视观看中国首次载人航天任务。

In 2008, he was named Aviation Week and Space Technology Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year. Furthermore, that year China Central Television named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China. 2008年，他被评为航空周和年度空间技术人物。这一表彰并不是一种荣誉，而是授予在过去一年中被认为对航空业影响最大的人。[19][46]此外，当年中国中央电视台将钱学森评为中国最具启发性的十一位人物之一。

In July 2009, the Omega Alpha Association, an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members. 2009年7月，国际系统工程荣誉学会欧米茄阿尔法协会（Omega Alpha Association）将钱学森（H.S.Tsien）命名为四位荣誉会员之一

On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 98 in Beijing. 2009年10月31日，钱学森在北京逝世，享年98岁

A Chinese film production, Hsue-shen Tsien, directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was simultaneously released in Asia and North America on December 11, 2011, and on March 2, 2012, it was released in China. 一部由张建亚执导、陈坤饰演钱学森的中国电影作品《钱学森》于2011年12月11日在亚洲和北美同时上映，并于2012年3月2日在中国上映。

In popular culture在流行文化

Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, in his 1982 novel 2010: Odyssey Two, named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series The Expanse by James S. A. Corey also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel Noble House by James Clavell, the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen. 科幻作家阿瑟·C·克拉克在1982年的小说《2010年：奥德赛二号》中，以他的名字命名了一艘中国太空船。科里的科幻小说系列《无边无际》也以他的名字命名了一艘火星飞船（麦克恩·雪森）。在1981年美国华裔科学家詹姆斯·克莱维尔（James Clavell）的小说《贵族之家》（Noble House）中，余博士是钱学森博士的虚构版本。

Scientific papers 科学论文

• 1938: (with Theodore von Karman) "Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, April

• 1938: "Supersonic Flow Over an Inclined Body of Revolution", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, October

• 1938: (with Frank Malina) "Flight analysis of a Sounding Rocket with Special Reference to Propulsion by Successive Impulses", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, December

• 1939: Two-dimensional subsonic flow of compressible fluids, Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 6(10): 399–407.

• 1939: (with Theodore von Kármán) The buckling of thin cylindrical shells under axial compression, Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 7(2):43 to 50.

• 1943: "Symmetrical Joukowsky Airfoils in shear flow", Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 1: 130–48.

• 1943: On the Design of the Contraction Cone for a Wind Tunnel, Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, 10(2): 68–70.

• 1945: (with Theodore von Kármán), "Lifting- line Theory for a Wing in Nonuniform Flow," Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 3: 1–11.

• 1946: "Similarity laws of hypersonic flows", MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics 25: 247–251, 模板:Mr.

• 1946: "Superaerodynamics, Mechanics of Rarefied Gases", Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 13 (12)

• 1949: "Rockets and Other Thermal Jets Using Nuclear Energy", in The Science and Engineering of Nuclear Power, Addison-Wesley, Vol. 2.

• 1950: "Instruction and Research at the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center", Journal of the American Rocket Society, June 1950

• 1951: "Optimum Thrust Programming for a Sounding Rocket" (with Robert C. Evans), Journal of the American Rocket Society 21(5)

• 1952: "The Transfer Functions of Rocket Nozzles", Journal of the American Rocket Society 22(3)

• 1952: "A Similarity Law for Stressing Rapidly Heated Thin-Walled Cylinders" (with C.M.Cheng), Journal of the American Rocket Society 22(3)

• 1952: "Automatic Navigation of a Long Range Rocket Vehicle", (with T.D.Adamson and E.L. Knuth) Journal of the American Rocket Society 22(4)

• 1952: "A Method for Comparing the Performance of Power Plants for Vertical Flight", Journal of the American Rocket Society 22(4)

• 1952: "Serbo-Stabilization of Combustion in Rocket Motors", Journal of the American Rocket Society 22(5)

• 1953: "Physical Mechanics, a New Field in Engineering Science", Journal of the American Rocket Society 23(1)

• 1953: "The Properties of Pure Liquids", Journal of the American Rocket Society 23(1)

• 1953: "Take-Off from Satellite Orbit", Journal of the American Rocket Society 23(4)

• 1956: "The Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo Method", Advances in Applied Mechanics 4: 281–349, 模板:Mr.

• 1958: "The equations of gas dynamics", in Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics v. 3, Princeton University Press, 模板:Mr.

Monographs专著

• 1954: Engineering Cybernetics. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. 4 April 2020. OCLC 299574775. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3734950;view=1up;seq=7. 

• • 1957: Technische Kybernetik. Stuttgart: Berliner Union. 

• 2007: Hydrodynamics (manuscript facsimile). Jiaotong University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-7-313-04199-9. 

See also参见

• Aeronautics

航空学

• Engineering cybernetics

工程控制论

• Jet Propulsion Laboratory

喷气推进实验室

• Theodore von Kármán

西奥多·冯·卡门

• Chien-Shiung Wu

吴建雄

• Ye Qisun

叶企孙

• Guo Yonghuai

郭永怀 Works cited

引用作品

• Hsue-Chu Tsien

钱学森

• McCarthyism

麦卡锡主义

• People's Liberation Army Rocket Force

中国人民解放军火箭部队

• • Dongfeng (missile)

东风导弹

• Chinese space program

中国航天计划

• • Long March (rocket family)

长征（火箭家族）

• Chinese nuclear program

中国与大规模杀伤性武器|中国核计划

• • Project 596

596（核试验）|项目596

• • Test No. 6

试验6

• China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (formerly known as the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of Defense)

中国航天科技集团公司（原名国防部第五学院）

References参考

Works cited

External links外部链接

Category:1911 births

类别: 1911年出生

• China, Encyclopedia Astronautica

Category:2009 deaths

分类: 2009年死亡人数

• CNN.com timeline of China space program

Category:20th-century Chinese engineers

类别: 20世纪中国工程师

• "In the News: The father of Chinese rocketry". Caltech. Retrieved 模板:Date. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

Category:20th-century Chinese mathematicians

范畴: 20世纪中国数学家

Category:21st-century Chinese engineers

类别: 21世纪中国工程师

Category:21st-century Chinese mathematicians

范畴: 21世纪中国数学家

Category:Aerodynamicists

类别: 空气动力学家

Category:Anti-communism in the United States

类别: 美国的反共产主义

Category:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients

类别: 庚款奖学金获得者

Category:California Institute of Technology alumni

类别: 加州理工学院校友

Category:California Institute of Technology faculty

类别: 加州理工学院

Category:China–United States relations

类别: 中美关系

Category:Chinese aerospace engineers

类别: 中国航空航天工程师

Category:Chinese expatriates in the United States

类别: 在美国的中国侨民

Category:Cyberneticists

类别: 网络文学家

Category:Early spaceflight scientists

类别: 早期航天科学家

Category:Engineers from Zhejiang

类别: 浙江工程师

Category:Jet Propulsion Laboratory faculty

类别: 喷气推进实验室

Category:Manhattan Project people

类别: 曼哈顿计划人员

Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni

类别: 麻省理工学院校友

Category:Mathematicians from Zhejiang

类别: 浙江的数学家

Category:Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering

类别: 中国工程院院士

Category:Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

类别: 中国科学院院士

Category:People deported from the United States

类别: 被美国驱逐出境的人

Category:People's Republic of China science writers

类别: 中华人民共和国科技作家

Category:Rocket scientists

类别: 火箭科学家

Category:Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni

类别: 上海交通大学校友

Category:Space program of the People's Republic of China

类别: 中华人民共和国空间计划

Category:Tsien family

类别: 钱氏家族

Category:University of Science and Technology of China faculty

类别: 中国科技大学教师

Category:Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

类: 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会副主席

Category:Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery

类别: 八宝山革命公墓的葬礼

Category:Victims of McCarthyism

类别: 麦卡锡主义的受害者

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Qian Xuesen. Its edit history can be viewed at 钱学森/edithistory