临界点
跳到导航
跳到搜索
在热力学中,一个临界点 Critical point(或临界状态)就是相平衡曲线的终点。最突出的例子是液-汽临界点,即压力-温度曲线的终点,它指明了液体和其蒸汽可以共存的条件。温度再高,气体就不能单靠压力液化。在由临界温度Tc和临界压力pc定义的临界点,相边界消失。其他例子包括混合物中的液-液临界点。
液-汽临界点
总览
参考文献
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wagner, W.; Pruß, A. (June 2002). "The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 31 (2): 398. doi:10.1063/1.1461829.
- ↑ Anisimov, Sengers, Levelt Sengers (2004):Near-critical behavior of aqueous systems. Chapter 2 in Aqueous System at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures Palmer et al., eds. Elsevier.
- ↑ P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 8th ed. (W. H. Freeman 2006), p. 21.
- ↑ K. J. Laidler and J. H. Meiser, Physical Chemistry (Benjamin/Cummings 1982), p. 27.
- ↑ P. A. Rock, Chemical Thermodynamics (MacMillan 1969), p. 123.
- ↑ Fisher, Widom: Decay of Correlations in Linear Systems, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 3756 (1969).
- ↑ Das, Tamoghna; Ganguly, Saswati; Sengupta, Surajit; Rao, Madan (3 June 2015). "Pre-Yield Non-Affine Fluctuations and A Hidden Critical Point in Strained Crystals". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 10644. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510644D. doi:10.1038/srep10644. PMC 4454149. PMID 26039380.
- ↑ Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1822). "Exposé de quelques résultats obtenu par l'action combinée de la chaleur et de la compression sur certains liquides, tels que l'eau, l'alcool, l'éther sulfurique et l'essence de pétrole rectifiée". Annales de Chimie et de Physique (in français). 21: 127–132.
- ↑ Berche, B., Henkel, M., Kenna, R (2009) Critical phenomena: 150 years since Cagniard de la Tour. Journal of Physical Studies 13 (3), pp. 3001-1–3001-4.
- ↑ Mendeleev called the critical point the "absolute temperature of boiling" (模板:Lang-ru; 模板:Lang-de).
- Менделеев, Д. (1861). "О расширении жидкостей от нагревания выше температуры кипения" [On the expansion of liquids from heating above the temperature of boiling]. Горный Журнал [Mining Journal] (in русский). 4: 141–152. The "absolute temperature of boiling" is defined on p. 151. Available at Wikimedia
- German translation: Mendelejeff, D. (1861). "Ueber die Ausdehnung der Flüssigkeiten beim Erwärmen über ihren Siedepunkt" [On the expansion of fluids during heating above their boiling point]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (in Deutsch). 119: 1–11. doi:10.1002/jlac.18611190102. The "absolute temperature of boiling" is defined on p. 11: "脚本错误:没有“lang”这个模块。 (As the "absolute temperature of boiling" we must regard the point at which (1) the cohesion of the liquid equals 0° and a2 = 0 [where a2 is the coefficient of capillarity, p. 6], at which (2) the latent heat of vaporization also equals zero, and at which (3) the liquid is transformed into vapor, independently of the pressure and the volume.)
- In 1870, Mendeleev asserted, against Thomas Andrews, his priority regarding the definition of the critical point: Mendelejeff, D. (1870). "Bemerkungen zu den Untersuchungen von Andrews über die Compressibilität der Kohlensäure" [Comments on Andrews' investigations into the compressibility of carbon dioxide]. Annalen der Physik. 2nd series (in Deutsch). 141: 618–626. doi:10.1002/andp.18702171218.
- ↑ Landau, Lifshitz, Theoretical Physics, Vol. V: Statistical Physics, Ch. 83 [German edition 1984].
- ↑ Andrews, Thomas (1869). "The Bakerian lecture: On the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. London. 159: 575–590. doi:10.1098/rstl.1869.0021. The term "critical point" appears on page 588.
- ↑ Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. (2002). Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-07-121688-3.
- ↑ Maslan, Frank D.; Littman, Theodore M. (1953). "Compressibility Chart for Hydrogen and Inert Gases". Ind. Eng. Chem. 45 (7): 1566–1568. doi:10.1021/ie50523a054.
- ↑ Emsley, John (1991). The Elements (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7.
- ↑ Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. (2002). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (Fourth ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 824. ISBN 978-0-07-238332-4. https://archive.org/details/thermodynamicsen00ceng_0/page/824.
- ↑ "Ammonia - NH3 - Thermodynamic Properties". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
- ↑ "Critical Temperature and Pressure". Purdue University. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
- "Revised Release on the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam" (PDF). International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam. August 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
外部链接
- "Critical points for some common solvents". ProSciTech. Archived from the original on 2008-01-31.
- "Critical Temperature and Pressure". Department of Chemistry. Purdue University. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
编者推荐
集智课程
复杂性与临界现象 2020
该课程为北京师范大学系统科学学院陈晓松教授开设的研究生课程《复杂性与临界现象》课程回放。
主要讲解内容:
- 复杂系统与复杂性简介
- 统计系统理论
- 平衡态系统临界现象
- 非平衡与复杂系统临界现象
平衡态系统相变临界现象
目前临界在平衡态系统的研究比较成熟,本节课程将对过去一百多年的关于相变临界现象的研究进行介绍,其研究思想、方法、观点、概念,对其他非平衡态系统、动力系统的研究也有借鉴意义。
主要讲解内容:
- 平衡态临界现象的根本特征是长程关联
- 系统的宏观性质具有标度性和普适性
- 描述系统宏观性质的临界指数只依赖系统维数和序参量的维数
- 在平均场近似下,不同空间维数系统的临界指数相同
临界现象的标度性与超标度关系
在物理学中,精确解具有重要的意义。该课程将从与临界涨落相关的热力学量自由能,其奇异部分满足齐次性要求下,求解推出临界现象的标度性与超标度关系,得出一般性规律。
主要讲解内容:
- 由自由能奇异部分的齐次性,可将所有临界指数用关联长度的临界指数表示
- 关联长度有对温度和外场两个临界指数
- 各热力学量的临界指数并不独立,满足超标度(hyperscaling)关系
- 临界现象理论得到了微重力、高精度实验的证实
本中文词条由Henry翻译,Miyasaki审校,薄荷、AvecSally、糖糖编辑,如有问题,欢迎在讨论页面留言。
本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料,遵守 CC3.0协议。