生态位

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文件:Flightless Dung Beetle Circellium Bachuss, Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa.JPG

The flightless dung beetle occupies an ecological niche: exploiting animal droppings as a food source.

In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). "The type and number of variables comprising the dimensions of an environmental niche vary from one species to another [and] the relative importance of particular environmental variables for a species may vary according to the geographic and biotic contexts".

In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.

Three variants of ecological niche are described by

It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). "The type and number of variables comprising the dimensions of an environmental niche vary from one species to another [and] the relative importance of particular environmental variables for a species may vary according to the geographic and biotic contexts".
See also Chapter 2: Concepts of niches, pp. 7 ff 

在生态学中，生态位是一个物种与特定环境条件的匹配。它描述了生态位的3种变体如何对资源和竞争对手的分布做出反应(例如，在资源丰富的时候生长，而在捕食者、寄生虫和病原体稀缺的时候生长) ，以及它如何反过来改变这些相同的因素(例如，限制其他生物对资源的获取，充当捕食者的食物来源和猎物的消费者)。”构成环境生态位尺度的变量的类型和数量因物种而异，[而]特定环境变量对某一物种的相对重要性可能因地理和生物环境而异”。另见第二章: 壁龛的概念，第页。7 ff

A Grinnellian niche is determined by the habitat in which a species lives and its accompanying behavioral adaptations. An Eltonian niche emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment, it may also change the environment and its behavior as it grows. The Hutchinsonian niche uses mathematics and statistics to try to explain how species coexist within a given community.

A Grinnellian niche is determined by the habitat in which a species lives and its accompanying behavioral adaptations. An Eltonian niche emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment, it may also change the environment and its behavior as it grows. The Hutchinsonian niche uses mathematics and statistics to try to explain how species coexist within a given community.

格林尼利亚生态位是由一个物种生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。埃尔顿生态位强调物种不仅在环境中生长并对环境作出反应，而且在生长过程中还可能改变环境及其行为。哈钦森生态位使用数学和统计学来解释物种如何在一个给定的群落中共存。

The concept of ecological niche is central to ecological biogeography, which focuses on spatial patterns of ecological communities. "Species distributions and their dynamics over time result from properties of the species, environmental variation..., and interactions between the two—in particular the abilities of some species, especially our own, to modify their environments and alter the range dynamics of many other species." Alteration of an ecological niche by its inhabitants is the topic of niche construction.

The concept of ecological niche is central to ecological biogeography, which focuses on spatial patterns of ecological communities. Viewable on line via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.

 "Species distributions and their dynamics over time result from properties of the species, environmental variation..., and interactions between the two—in particular the abilities of some species, especially our own, to modify their environments and alter the range dynamics of many other species."
Viewable on line via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.
Alteration of an ecological niche by its inhabitants is the topic of niche construction.

生态位的概念是生态生物地理学的核心，生态生物地理学关注于生态群落的空间格局。可以通过亚马逊的“内观”功能在线观看。“物种的分布及其随时间变化的动态来自物种的特性、环境变化... ... 以及两者之间的相互作用——特别是某些物种，尤其是我们自己的物种，具有改变其环境和改变许多其他物种分布范围动态的能力。”可以通过亚马逊的“内观”功能在线观看。居民对生态位的改造是生态位建设的主题。

The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche, sharing behaviors, adaptations, and functional traits similar to the other closely related species within the same broad taxonomic class, but there are exceptions. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling kiwi bird of New Zealand, which feeds on worms and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal-like niche. Island biogeography can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches.

The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche, sharing behaviors, adaptations, and functional traits similar to the other closely related species within the same broad taxonomic class, but there are exceptions. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling kiwi bird of New Zealand, which feeds on worms and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal-like niche. Island biogeography can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches.

大多数物种存在于一个标准的生态位中，共享行为、适应和功能特征，类似于同一广泛分类类别中其他密切相关的物种，但也有例外。非标准生态位填补物种的一个典型例子是新西兰的不会飞的陆栖猕猴桃，它以蠕虫和其他陆栖生物为食，在类似哺乳动物的生态位中生活。岛屿生物地理学可以帮助解释岛屿物种和相关的未填补的生态位。

Grinnellian niche

The ecological meaning of niche comes from the meaning of niche as a recess in a wall for a statue, which itself is probably derived from the Middle French word nicher, meaning to nest. The term was coined by the naturalist Roswell Hill Johnson but Joseph Grinnell was probably the first to use it in a research program in 1917, in his paper "The niche relationships of the California Thrasher".

The ecological meaning of niche comes from the meaning of niche as a recess in a wall for a statue, which itself is probably derived from the Middle French word nicher, meaning to nest. The term was coined by the naturalist Roswell Hill Johnson

but Joseph Grinnell was probably the first to use it in a research program in 1917, in his paper "The niche relationships of the California Thrasher".

= Grinnellian niche = = 生态学意义上的 niche 来源于墙壁凹槽的意思，它本身可能来源于中世纪法语单词 nicher，意思是巢穴。这个术语是博物学家罗斯维尔 · 希尔 · 约翰逊创造的，但约瑟夫 · 格林内尔可能是第一个在1917年的一个研究项目中使用这个术语的人，他在论文《加利福尼亚恐龙的小众关系》中提到。

The Grinnellian niche concept embodies the idea that the niche of a species is determined by the habitat in which it lives and its accompanying behavioral adaptations. In other words, the niche is the sum of the habitat requirements and behaviors that allow a species to persist and produce offspring. For example, the behavior of the California thrasher is consistent with the chaparral habitat it lives in—it breeds and feeds in the underbrush and escapes from its predators by shuffling from underbrush to underbrush. Its 'niche' is defined by the felicitous complementing of the thrasher's behavior and physical traits (camouflaging color, short wings, strong legs) with this habitat.

The Grinnellian niche can be described as the "needs" niche, or an area that meets the environmental requirements for an organism's survival. Most succulents are native in dry, arid regions like deserts and require large quantities of sun exposure.

Grinnellian niches can be defined by non-interactive (abiotic) variables and environmental conditions on broad scales. Variables of interest in this niche class include average temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and terrain aspect which have become increasingly accessible across spatial scales. Most literature has focused on Ginnellian niche constructs, often from a climatic perspective, to explain distribution and abundance. Current predictions on species responses to climate change strongly rely on projecting altered environmental conditions on species distributions. However, it is increasingly acknowledged that climate change also influences species interactions and an Eltonian perspective may be advantageous in explaining these processes.

The Grinnellian niche concept embodies the idea that the niche of a species is determined by the habitat in which it lives and its accompanying behavioral adaptations. In other words, the niche is the sum of the habitat requirements and behaviors that allow a species to persist and produce offspring. For example, the behavior of the California thrasher is consistent with the chaparral habitat it lives in—it breeds and feeds in the underbrush and escapes from its predators by shuffling from underbrush to underbrush. Its 'niche' is defined by the felicitous complementing of the thrasher's behavior and physical traits (camouflaging color, short wings, strong legs) with this habitat. left|thumb|The Grinnellian niche can be described as the "needs" niche, or an area that meets the environmental requirements for an organism's survival. Most succulents are native in dry, arid regions like deserts and require large quantities of sun exposure. Grinnellian niches can be defined by non-interactive (abiotic) variables and environmental conditions on broad scales. Variables of interest in this niche class include average temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and terrain aspect which have become increasingly accessible across spatial scales. Most literature has focused on Ginnellian niche constructs, often from a climatic perspective, to explain distribution and abundance. Current predictions on species responses to climate change strongly rely on projecting altered environmental conditions on species distributions. However, it is increasingly acknowledged that climate change also influences species interactions and an Eltonian perspective may be advantageous in explaining these processes.

格林尼利亚生态位概念体现了这样一种观点，即一个物种的生态位是由其生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。换句话说，生态位是一个物种赖以生存和繁衍后代的栖息地需求和行为的总和。例如，加利福尼亚短尾叶蝉的行为与其生活的灌木丛栖息地一致ーー它在灌木丛中繁殖和进食，并通过从灌木丛到灌木丛的慢慢移动来逃避捕食者。它的“小生境”被定义为对恐龙行为和身体特征(伪装色、短翅膀、强壮的腿)与栖息地的恰当补充。格林尼利亚生态位可以被描述为“需要”生态位，或者说是一个满足有机体生存环境要求的地区。大多数肉质植物原产于干燥、干旱的地区，如沙漠，需要大量的阳光照射。格林尼利安小生境可以通过非交互(非生物)变量和大尺度的环境条件来定义。在这个小生境类别中感兴趣的变量包括平均温度、降水量、太阳辐射和地形方面，这些变量在空间尺度上已经变得越来越容易获得。大多数文献都集中在人参的生态位构造，往往从气候的角度，以解释分布和丰度。目前关于物种对气候变化反应的预测主要依赖于对物种分布变化的预测环境条件。然而，人们越来越认识到，气候变化也影响物种间的相互作用，从埃尔顿学说的角度来解释这些过程可能是有利的。

This perspective of niche allows for the existence of both ecological equivalents and empty niches. An ecological equivalent to an organism is an organism from a different taxonomic group exhibiting similar adaptations in a similar habitat, an example being the different succulents found in American and African deserts, cactus and euphorbia, respectively. As another example, the anole lizards of the Greater Antilles are a rare example of convergent evolution, adaptive radiation, and the existence of ecological equivalents: the anole lizards evolved in similar microhabitats independently of each other and resulted in the same ecomorphs across all four islands.

This perspective of niche allows for the existence of both ecological equivalents and empty niches. An ecological equivalent to an organism is an organism from a different taxonomic group exhibiting similar adaptations in a similar habitat, an example being the different succulents found in American and African deserts, cactus and euphorbia, respectively.

As another example, the anole lizards of the Greater Antilles are a rare example of convergent evolution, adaptive radiation, and the existence of ecological equivalents: the anole lizards evolved in similar microhabitats independently of each other and resulted in the same ecomorphs across all four islands.

这种生态位视角考虑到了生态等价物和空生态位的存在。生态学上相当于有机体的是来自不同分类群的有机体，它们在相似的生境中表现出相似的适应性，例如分别在美洲和非洲的沙漠、仙人掌和大戟中发现的不同的肉质植物。作为另一个例子，大安的列斯群岛的变色蜥蜴是一个罕见的例子，趋同演化、辐射适应和生态等价物的存在: 变色蜥蜴在相似的微生境中独立进化，在所有4个岛屿上形成了相同的生态群落。

Eltonian niche

In 1927 Charles Sutherland Elton, a British ecologist, defined a niche as follows: "The 'niche' of an animal means its place in the biotic environment, its relations to food and enemies."

In 1927 Charles Sutherland Elton, a British ecologist, defined a niche as follows: "The 'niche' of an animal means its place in the biotic environment, its relations to food and enemies."

= = Eltonian niche = = 1927年，一位英国生态学家对查尔斯·艾尔顿的定义如下: “动物的‘ niche’意味着它在生物环境中的位置，它与食物和敌人的关系。”

Elton classified niches according to foraging activities ("food habits"):

Elton classified niches according to foraging activities ("food habits"): "Elton focused on the niche of a species as its functional role within the food chain and its impact upon the environment"

Elton 根据觅食活动(“食物习惯”)对龛位进行了分类: “ Elton 专注于一个物种的龛位，因为它在食物链中的功能作用及其对环境的影响。”

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文件:Scheelhecke, Landwehrgraben, Biberdämme 2020.JPG

Beaver dam in Hesse, Germany. By exploiting the resource of available wood, beavers are affecting biotic conditions for other species that live within their habitat.

Conceptually, the Eltonian niche introduces the idea of a species' response to and effect on the environment. Unlike other niche concepts, it emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment based on available resources, predators, and climatic conditions, but also changes the availability and behavior of those factors as it grows. In an extreme example, beavers require certain resources in order to survive and reproduce, but also construct dams that alter water flow in the river where the beaver lives. Thus, the beaver affects the biotic and abiotic conditions of other species that live in and near the watershed. In a more subtle case, competitors that consume resources at different rates can lead to cycles in resource density that differ between species. Not only do species grow differently with respect to resource density, but their own population growth can affect resource density over time.

left|thumb|235x235px|Beaver dam in Hesse, Germany. By exploiting the resource of available wood, beavers are affecting biotic conditions for other species that live within their habitat. Conceptually, the Eltonian niche introduces the idea of a species' response to and effect on the environment. Unlike other niche concepts, it emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment based on available resources, predators, and climatic conditions, but also changes the availability and behavior of those factors as it grows. In an extreme example, beavers require certain resources in order to survive and reproduce, but also construct dams that alter water flow in the river where the beaver lives. Thus, the beaver affects the biotic and abiotic conditions of other species that live in and near the watershed. In a more subtle case, competitors that consume resources at different rates can lead to cycles in resource density that differ between species. Not only do species grow differently with respect to resource density, but their own population growth can affect resource density over time.

左 | 拇指 | 235x235px | Hesse 的比弗大坝。通过开发可利用的木材资源，海狸正在影响生活在其栖息地内的其他物种的生物条件。从概念上讲，埃尔顿生态位引入了一个物种对环境的反应和对环境的影响的概念。与其他生态位概念不同的是，它强调一个物种不仅生长在基于可用资源、捕食者和气候条件的环境中并对其作出反应，而且在生长过程中改变这些因素的可用性和行为。在一个极端的例子中，海狸需要一定的资源来生存和繁殖，但也建造水坝，改变水流在河里的河狸生活。因此，河狸影响生活在分水岭及其附近的其他物种的生物和非生物条件。在更微妙的情况下，竞争对手以不同的速度消耗资源可能导致不同物种之间资源密度不同的循环。物种不仅在资源密度方面有不同的增长，而且它们自身的种群增长会随着时间的推移影响资源密度。

Eltonian niches focus on biotic interactions and consumer–resource dynamics (biotic variables) on local scales. Because of the narrow extent of focus, data sets characterizing Eltonian niches typically are in the form of detailed field studies of specific individual phenomena, as the dynamics of this class of niche are difficult to measure at a broad geographic scale. However, the Eltonian niche may be useful in the explanation of a species' endurance of global change. Because adjustments in biotic interactions inevitably change abiotic factors, Eltonian niches can be useful in describing the overall response of a species to new environments.

Eltonian niches focus on biotic interactions and consumer–resource dynamics (biotic variables) on local scales. Because of the narrow extent of focus, data sets characterizing Eltonian niches typically are in the form of detailed field studies of specific individual phenomena, as the dynamics of this class of niche are difficult to measure at a broad geographic scale. However, the Eltonian niche may be useful in the explanation of a species' endurance of global change. Because adjustments in biotic interactions inevitably change abiotic factors, Eltonian niches can be useful in describing the overall response of a species to new environments.

埃尔顿生态位集中在生物相互作用和消费者资源动态(生物变量)的局部尺度。由于关注范围狭窄，表征埃尔顿生态位的数据集通常采用对特定个体现象进行详细实地研究的形式，因为这类生态位的动态性难以在广泛的地理尺度上衡量。然而，在解释一个物种对全球变化的忍耐力时，埃尔顿生态位可能是有用的。因为生物相互作用的调整不可避免地改变非生物因素，所以埃尔顿生态位可以用来描述一个物种对新环境的整体反应。