人类圈
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The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres.[1] The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist Eduard Suess. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer Peter Haff, of Duke University.[2] It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.[3]
The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres. The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist Eduard Suess. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer Peter Haff, of Duke University. It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.
人类圈(有时也称为技术圈)是人类为人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的环境的一部分。它是地球的一个球体。这个术语最早是由十九世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华 · 苏斯使用的。当代技术领域的概念最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家和工程师彼得 · 哈夫提出的。据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量——即人类创造的结构和系统——为30万亿吨。
The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the biosphere. While the biosphere is the total biomass of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself.[2] As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause deforestation, the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.[3]
The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the biosphere. While the biosphere is the total biomass of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself. As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause deforestation, the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.
人类圈可以看作是人类产生的相当于生物圈。虽然生物圈是地球的总生物量及其与各系统的相互作用，但人类圈是人类生成的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口及其与地球系统的相互作用。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程有效地生产和循环材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。随着人类技术的进步，例如发射物体进入轨道或造成毁林所需的技术，人类活动对环境的影响可能会增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈子，但在很短的时间内对地球及其系统产生了巨大的影响。
Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; artificial satellites in space, both active satellites and space junk; forestry and deforestation; urban development; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.
Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; artificial satellites in space, both active satellites and space junk; forestry and deforestation; urban development; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.
人类领域的各个方面包括: 从中获取矿物的矿山; 生产70多亿智人消费的食物的自动化农业; 石油和天然气田; 包括互联网在内的计算机系统; 教育系统; 垃圾填埋场; 工厂; 大气污染; 太空中的人造卫星，包括运行中的卫星和太空垃圾; 林业和森林砍伐; 城市发展; 包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统; 核设施; 战争。
Technofossils are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like aluminum that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the Pacific Garbage Patch and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.[2]
Technofossils are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like aluminum that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the Pacific Garbage Patch and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.
技术化石是人类圈另一个有趣的方面。其中可包括含有各种金属和人造材料的移动电话等物体、自然界中不存在的铝等原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带等地区和太平洋岛屿海滩上形成的聚集塑料。
See also
- Anthropocene
- Anthropogenic metabolism
- biomass
- space junk
= = = = = 人类世人类新陈代谢生物量太空垃圾
References
- ↑ Kuhn, A.; Heckelei, T. (4 June 2010). Anthroposphere. pp. 282–341. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12957-5_8. ISBN 978-3-642-12956-8.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Zalasiewicz, Jan (27 March 2018). "The unbearable burden of the technosphere". UNESCO (in English). Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons, research finds". phys.org (in English). University of Leicester. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
References
= 参考文献 =
External links
- The Anthroposphere
= = 外部链接 = =
- 人类圈
Category:Earth sciences Category:Artificial objects
类别: 地球科学类别: 人造物体
This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Anthroposphere. Its edit history can be viewed at 人类圈/edithistory