“信息新陈代谢”的版本间的差异

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本词条由11初步翻译
  
 
{{short description|psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment}}
 
{{short description|psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment}}
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简述|生物有机体与其环境之间相互作用的心理学理论
  
 
'''Information metabolism''', sometimes referred to as '''informational metabolism''' or '''energetic-informational metabolism''', is a [[psychology|psychological]] theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist [[Antoni Kępiński]]
 
'''Information metabolism''', sometimes referred to as '''informational metabolism''' or '''energetic-informational metabolism''', is a [[psychology|psychological]] theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist [[Antoni Kępiński]]
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Information metabolism, sometimes referred to as informational metabolism or energetic-informational metabolism, is a psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist Antoni Kępiński
 
Information metabolism, sometimes referred to as informational metabolism or energetic-informational metabolism, is a psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist Antoni Kępiński
  
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信息新陈代谢，有时也称为信息新陈代谢或能量信息新陈代谢，是波兰精神病学家安东尼 · 皮斯基提出的一种关于生物有机体与其环境相互作用的心理学理论
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'''<font color="#ff8000"> 信息新陈代谢informational metabolism </font>'''，有时也称为信息的新陈代谢或能量信息新陈代谢，是波兰精神病学家安东尼 · 皮斯基提出的关于生物有机体与其环境相互作用的心理学理论
  
 
.<ref name="kokoszka2007">
 
.<ref name="kokoszka2007">
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Kępiński described his psychological theory in several books
 
Kępiński described his psychological theory in several books
  
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皮斯基在几本书中描述了他的心理学理论
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皮斯基在几本书中描述了他的心理学理论。
  
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
 +
概述
  
 
Kępiński described his psychological theory in several books
 
Kępiński described his psychological theory in several books
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but the most detailed description is given in his 1974 book Melancholy (in Polish: "Melancholia")
 
but the most detailed description is given in his 1974 book Melancholy (in Polish: "Melancholia")
  
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但最详细的描述出现在他1974年出版的《忧郁症》(波兰语: 《忧郁症》)一书中
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但最详细的描述在他1974年出版的《忧郁症》(波兰语: 《Melancholia》)一书中。
  
 
<ref name="kepinski1972">{{cite book|last1=Kępiński|first1=Antoni|title=Psychopatology of neuroses (in Polish)|date=1972|publisher=Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich|location=Warszawa}}
 
<ref name="kepinski1972">{{cite book|last1=Kępiński|first1=Antoni|title=Psychopatology of neuroses (in Polish)|date=1972|publisher=Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich|location=Warszawa}}
  
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. The first two levels are handled subconsciously. The third level, by contrast, is associated with consciousness. From the biological perspective, the number of processes occurring simultaneously in the organism and its physical surroundings is virtually infinite. There is also infinite number of ways in which these processes may be framed. That complexity must be reduced, as only selected signals may be sensed and processed in the nervous system. Moreover, the signals must be ordered according to their present and future relevance. The structure of the body and locations of various receptors are evolutionally adapted to assure isolation of the most relevant signals from the surrounding environment. The internal structure of the body is adjusted to ensure proper integration of information. Of all signals collected by the receptors, only the most important ones reach the level of subjective experience. At the level of signals reaching the field of subjective experience, attention is actively directed (with the help of emotions) towards those related with two biological laws. Perception is not passive and inclusive, but anticipatory and selective. Because of the interest in his work, his most important books have been reissued several times (recently in 2012-2015 by Wydawictwo Literackie ).  
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The first two levels are handled subconsciously. The third level, by contrast, is associated with consciousness. From the biological perspective, the number of processes occurring simultaneously in the organism and its physical surroundings is virtually infinite. There is also infinite number of ways in which these processes may be framed. That complexity must be reduced, as only selected signals may be sensed and processed in the nervous system. Moreover, the signals must be ordered according to their present and future relevance. The structure of the body and locations of various receptors are evolutionally adapted to assure isolation of the most relevant signals from the surrounding environment. The internal structure of the body is adjusted to ensure proper integration of information. Of all signals collected by the receptors, only the most important ones reach the level of subjective experience. At the level of signals reaching the field of subjective experience, attention is actively directed (with the help of emotions) towards those related with two biological laws. Perception is not passive and inclusive, but anticipatory and selective. Because of the interest in his work, his most important books have been reissued several times (recently in 2012-2015 by Wydawictwo Literackie ).  
  
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.前两个层次是下意识处理的。相比之下，第三个层次与意识相关。从生物学的角度来看，有机体及其物理环境中同时发生的过程的数量实际上是无限的。还有无数种方式可以构建这些进程。这种复杂性必须减少，因为只有被选择的信号可以在神经系统中被感知和处理。此外，信号必须根据其目前和未来的相关性进行排序。身体的结构和各种受体的位置进化适应，以确保最相关的信号从周围环境的隔离。身体的内部结构被调整，以确保适当的信息整合。在受体收集到的所有信号中，只有最重要的信号到达感质。在到达感质领域的信号水平上，注意力被积极地引导(在情感的帮助下)到那些与2个生物法则相关的人身上。感知不是被动的和包容的，而是预期的和选择的。由于人们对他的作品很感兴趣，他最重要的著作已多次再版(最近由 Wydawictwo Literackie 于2012-2015年出版)。
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前两个层次是在潜意识中处理的。而第三个层次则与意识有关。从生物学的角度来看，在生物体及其物理环境中同时发生的过程数量几乎是无限的。还有无数种方式可以构建这些进程。这种复杂性必须降低，因为只有选定的信号才可能在神经系统中被感知和处理。此外，这些信号必须根据其现在和将来的相关性进行排序。身体的结构和各种受体的位置经过进化调整，以保证将最相关的信号从周围环境中分离出来。身体的内部结构经过调整，以确保信息的适当整合。在所有由感受器收集的信号中，只有最重要的信号才能达到主观经验的水平。在到达主观经验领域的信号层面，注意力被主动地引导（在情绪的帮助下）到那些与两种生物规律有关的信号上。知觉不是被动的、包容的，而是预期性的、选择性的。由于人们对他的作品很感兴趣，他最重要的著作已多次再版(最近由 Wydawictwo Literackie 于2012-2015年出版)。
  
 
</ref><ref name="kepinski1972b">{{cite book|last1=Kępiński|first1=Antoni|title=Schizophrenia (in Polish)|date=1972|publisher=Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich|location=Warszawa}}
 
</ref><ref name="kepinski1972b">{{cite book|last1=Kępiński|first1=Antoni|title=Schizophrenia (in Polish)|date=1972|publisher=Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich|location=Warszawa}}
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Kępiński's work was evaluated by the reviewers as insightful, comprehensive and unique. Nevertheless, his concept of information metabolism has been criticized as controversial by some scholars. The controversy was related with the fact that some elements of the theory cannot be verified by the scientific method because it is hard to design appropriate experiments. He enlisted two Kępiński's propositions that are currently considered incorrect i.e. the proposition that information metabolism has its control center (the homunculus argument) and the view that brain is only used in 30%. Nevertheless, as noted by Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, these concepts were not central in Kępiński's theory and can be safely rejected. He also reminded that Kępiński was sceptical about methods that lacked strong scientific basis, e.g. psychoanalysis, and rejected magical thinking in general. The work upon it was interrupted by his illness and death. Some researchers took his work and developed their own theories based on it. Kokoszka used the conception of information metabolism as the basis of his model of the states of consciousness. Struzik proposed that information metabolism theory may be used as an extension to Brillouin's negentropy principle of information. Inspired by Kępiński's work and Jungian typology, Augustinavičiūtė proposed her theory of information metabolism in human mind and society, known as Socionics.
 
Kępiński's work was evaluated by the reviewers as insightful, comprehensive and unique. Nevertheless, his concept of information metabolism has been criticized as controversial by some scholars. The controversy was related with the fact that some elements of the theory cannot be verified by the scientific method because it is hard to design appropriate experiments. He enlisted two Kępiński's propositions that are currently considered incorrect i.e. the proposition that information metabolism has its control center (the homunculus argument) and the view that brain is only used in 30%. Nevertheless, as noted by Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, these concepts were not central in Kępiński's theory and can be safely rejected. He also reminded that Kępiński was sceptical about methods that lacked strong scientific basis, e.g. psychoanalysis, and rejected magical thinking in general. The work upon it was interrupted by his illness and death. Some researchers took his work and developed their own theories based on it. Kokoszka used the conception of information metabolism as the basis of his model of the states of consciousness. Struzik proposed that information metabolism theory may be used as an extension to Brillouin's negentropy principle of information. Inspired by Kępiński's work and Jungian typology, Augustinavičiūtė proposed her theory of information metabolism in human mind and society, known as Socionics.
  
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评论家评价 k pi ski 的作品有见地、全面和独特。然而，他的信息代谢概念一直受到一些学者的批评，认为是有争议的。这场争论与这样一个事实有关: 由于很难设计出合适的实验，该理论的某些要素无法用科学的方法加以验证。他列举了两个目前被认为是不正确的 k pi ski 命题。认为信息代谢有其控制中心(小小人论证)的观点，以及认为只有30% 的人使用大脑的观点。然而，正如扎维 · 阿尼德 · 维茨基指出的那样，这些概念并不是 Kępiński 理论的核心，可以放心地加以拒绝。他还提醒说，k pi ski 对缺乏强有力的科学基础的方法持怀疑态度，例如:。精神分析，并拒绝一般的魔法思维。由于他的疾病和死亡，这项工作中断了。一些研究人员接受了他的研究成果，并在此基础上发展了自己的理论。Kokoszka 使用信息代谢的概念作为他的意识状态模型的基础。斯特鲁兹克提出，信息代谢理论可以作为布里渊负熵信息原理的推广。奥古斯丁受皮斯基的工作和荣格类型学的启发，提出了人类思维和社会中的信息代谢理论，称为“社会电子学”。
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评论家评价凯宾斯基的作品有见地、全面和独特。然而，他的信息新陈代谢概念却被一些学者批评为有争议。争议与该理论的一些内容不能用科学方法验证有关，因为很难设计出合适的实验。他列举了凯宾斯基的两个命题，这些命题目前被认为是不正确的，即信息代谢有其控制中心的命题(同体论)和大脑只用了30%的观点。尽管如此，正如扎维 · 阿尼德 · 维茨基指出的，这些概念并不是凯宾斯基理论的核心，可以放心地加以拒绝。他还提醒说，凯宾斯基对缺乏强有力的科学基础的方法持怀疑态度，如精神分析，并拒绝一般的魔法思维。关于该理论的工作因凯宾斯基的疾病和死亡而中断。一些研究者继承了他的工作，并在此基础上发展了自己的理论。科科什卡用信息代谢的概念作为他的意识状态模型的基础。斯特鲁兹克提出，布里卢因的信息负熵原理的延伸。奥古斯丁受皮斯基的工作和荣格类型学的启发，提出了人类思维和社会的信息代谢理论，即社会人格学。
  
 
</ref><ref name="kepinski1972c">{{cite book|last1=Kępiński|first1=Antoni|title=Rhythm of life (in Polish)|date=1972|publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie|location=Kraków}}
 
</ref><ref name="kepinski1972c">{{cite book|last1=Kępiński|first1=Antoni|title=Rhythm of life (in Polish)|date=1972|publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie|location=Kraków}}
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In order to explain psychological phenomena encountered in humans, he starts with the consideration of most basic [[organism]]s and how they are different from inanimate matter. First of all, any organism may be treated as an autonomous but [[open system (systems theory)|open system]], separated from its environment by means of a boundary ([[skin]] or [[cell membrane]]). As an open system, it is engaged in a continual [[metabolism|exchange]] with its surroundings. That exchange may be regarded as twofold i.e. [[energy|energetic]] and [[information]]al. For the sake of analysis, one may think of energy metabolism and information metabolism as separate processes. Kępiński postulates that [[life]] is sustained if both metabolisms are occurring, and it stops if one of them is ceased.<ref name="pietrak2018"/>
 
In order to explain psychological phenomena encountered in humans, he starts with the consideration of most basic [[organism]]s and how they are different from inanimate matter. First of all, any organism may be treated as an autonomous but [[open system (systems theory)|open system]], separated from its environment by means of a boundary ([[skin]] or [[cell membrane]]). As an open system, it is engaged in a continual [[metabolism|exchange]] with its surroundings. That exchange may be regarded as twofold i.e. [[energy|energetic]] and [[information]]al. For the sake of analysis, one may think of energy metabolism and information metabolism as separate processes. Kępiński postulates that [[life]] is sustained if both metabolisms are occurring, and it stops if one of them is ceased.<ref name="pietrak2018"/>
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为了解释人类所遇到的心理现象，他从考虑最基本的[[有机体]]以及它们与无生命物质的区别开始。首先，任何生物体都可以被视为一个自主的但[[开放系统(系统理论)|开放系统]]，通过边界([[皮肤]]或[[细胞膜]])与环境分离。作为一个开放系统，它与周围环境进行着持续的[[新陈代谢|交换]]。这种交换可以被认为是两方面的，即[[能量|能量]]和[[信息]]。为了便于分析，我们可以把能量代谢和信息代谢看作是单独的过程。Kępiński假设，如果这两种新陈代谢都在发生，[[生命]]就会持续，如果其中一种新陈代谢停止，生命就会停止。
  
  
  
 
The energy [[metabolism]] concept is relatively easy to understand. The molecules of the body are continually replaced. [[catabolism|Catabolic]] and [[anabolism|anabolic]] processes occur in cells. Information metabolism is the other side of the same process, but its objective is control. During the energy exchange, the organism strives to maintain its characteristic order ([[negentropy]]) and projects that order onto the surroundings. Due to that, the order of the surroundings is destroyed. By contrast, inanimate matter does not have the ability to maintain or lower its negentropy, because spontaneous natural processes are always accompanied by [[second law of thermodynamics|entropy generation]].
 
The energy [[metabolism]] concept is relatively easy to understand. The molecules of the body are continually replaced. [[catabolism|Catabolic]] and [[anabolism|anabolic]] processes occur in cells. Information metabolism is the other side of the same process, but its objective is control. During the energy exchange, the organism strives to maintain its characteristic order ([[negentropy]]) and projects that order onto the surroundings. Due to that, the order of the surroundings is destroyed. By contrast, inanimate matter does not have the ability to maintain or lower its negentropy, because spontaneous natural processes are always accompanied by [[second law of thermodynamics|entropy generation]].
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能量[[新陈代谢]]的概念比较容易理解。人体的分子在不断被替换，细胞中发生[[分解代谢]]和[[合成代谢]]过程。信息代谢是同一过程的另一面，但其目的是控制。在能量交换过程中，生物体努力维持其特有的秩序([[负熵]])，并将这种秩序投射到周围环境中。由于这一点，周围环境的秩序被破坏了。相比之下，非生命物质没有能力维持或降低其负熵，因为自发的自然过程总是伴随着[[热力学第二定律|熵的产生]]。
  
  
  
 
===Two biological laws===
 
===Two biological laws===
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两条生物法则
  
  
  
 
Information metabolism may be generally seen as the exchange of signals between the organism and its environment, but also as the processing of signals originating in the organism. These signals must be interpreted in relation to some goals. For all organisms these goals are predicated on two biological laws: the first law states that an organism must be oriented towards its own survival. The second law states that the preservation of the species is equally important.<ref name="kepinski1974"/>  
 
Information metabolism may be generally seen as the exchange of signals between the organism and its environment, but also as the processing of signals originating in the organism. These signals must be interpreted in relation to some goals. For all organisms these goals are predicated on two biological laws: the first law states that an organism must be oriented towards its own survival. The second law states that the preservation of the species is equally important.<ref name="kepinski1974"/>  
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信息代谢一般可以看作是生物体与其环境之间的信号交换，但也可以看作是对源于生物体的信号的处理。这些信号必须根据一些目标来解释。对于所有的生物体来说，这些目标都是以两条生物法则为前提的：第一条法则指出，生物体必须以自身的生存为导向。第二条法则指出，物种的保存同样重要。
  
 
Kępiński noticed that these objectives are conflicting. The conflict between the two biological laws is often the source of ethical dilemmas. There are times when the organism needs to sacrifice its life in order to save its offspring. Sometimes it is forced to fight with the representatives of its own species, in order to protect itself. The first biological law is egoistic and related with withdrawal from reality (escape, destruction of reality etc.). The second biological law is altruistic and requires turning towards the reality ([[sex|sexual reproduction]] requires union with the partner).
 
Kępiński noticed that these objectives are conflicting. The conflict between the two biological laws is often the source of ethical dilemmas. There are times when the organism needs to sacrifice its life in order to save its offspring. Sometimes it is forced to fight with the representatives of its own species, in order to protect itself. The first biological law is egoistic and related with withdrawal from reality (escape, destruction of reality etc.). The second biological law is altruistic and requires turning towards the reality ([[sex|sexual reproduction]] requires union with the partner).
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Kępiński注意到，这些目标是相互冲突的。两种生物规律之间的冲突往往是伦理困境的根源。有的时候，生物体需要牺牲自己的生命来拯救自己的后代。有时，为了保护自己，它被迫与自己的物种代表进行斗争。第一条生物法则是利己主义的，与从现实中退出（逃避、破坏现实等）有关。第二条生物法则是利他主义的，要求转向现实([[性|性繁殖]]要求与伴侣结合)。
  
  
  
 
In case of humans, the connection between the goals of various everyday actions and two biological laws is less direct, nevertheless these laws still motivate us. Humans are able to project themselves into the future, think [[abstraction|abstractly]] and [[consciousness|consciously]] and therefore their goals may possess [[transcendence (philosophy)|transcendent]] and [[symbol]]ic character. This fact is typically expressed as belief in a [[God|higher good]] or an [[afterlife]].<ref name="kepinski1974"/><ref name="kepinski1972b"/>
 
In case of humans, the connection between the goals of various everyday actions and two biological laws is less direct, nevertheless these laws still motivate us. Humans are able to project themselves into the future, think [[abstraction|abstractly]] and [[consciousness|consciously]] and therefore their goals may possess [[transcendence (philosophy)|transcendent]] and [[symbol]]ic character. This fact is typically expressed as belief in a [[God|higher good]] or an [[afterlife]].<ref name="kepinski1974"/><ref name="kepinski1972b"/>
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就人类而言，各种日常行为的目标与两种生物规律之间的联系并不那么直接，然而这些规律仍然激励着我们。人类能够将自己投射到未来，思考[[抽象|抽象]]和[[意识|意识]]，因此他们的目标可能具有[[超越（哲学）|超越]]和[[象征]]特征。这一事实通常表现为对[[上帝|更高善]]或[[来世]]的信仰。
  
 
Category:Psychological theories
 
Category:Psychological theories

2020年11月25日 (三) 19:25的版本

本词条由11初步翻译

模板:Testcases other

简述|生物有机体与其环境之间相互作用的心理学理论

Information metabolism, sometimes referred to as informational metabolism or energetic-informational metabolism, is a psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist Antoni Kępiński

Information metabolism, sometimes referred to as informational metabolism or energetic-informational metabolism, is a psychological theory of interaction between biological organisms and their environment, developed by Polish psychiatrist Antoni Kępiński

信息新陈代谢informational metabolism ，有时也称为信息的新陈代谢或能量信息新陈代谢，是波兰精神病学家安东尼 · 皮斯基提出的关于生物有机体与其环境相互作用的心理学理论

.[1][2][3]


Kępiński described his psychological theory in several books

皮斯基在几本书中描述了他的心理学理论。

Overview

概述

Kępiński described his psychological theory in several books

but the most detailed description is given in his 1974 book Melancholy (in Polish: "Melancholia")

但最详细的描述在他1974年出版的《忧郁症》(波兰语: 《Melancholia》)一书中。

[4][5][6][7][8][9]

but the most detailed description is given in his 1974 book Melancholy (in Polish: "Melancholia")

.[7]

In order to explain psychological phenomena encountered in humans, he starts with the consideration of most basic organisms and how they are different from inanimate matter. First of all, any organism may be treated as an autonomous but open system, separated from its environment by means of a boundary (skin or cell membrane). As an open system, it is engaged in a continual exchange with its surroundings. That exchange may be regarded as twofold i.e. energetic and informational. For the sake of analysis, one may think of energy metabolism and information metabolism as separate processes. Kępiński postulates that life is sustained if both metabolisms are occurring, and it stops if one of them is ceased.[3] 为了解释人类所遇到的心理现象，他从考虑最基本的有机体以及它们与无生命物质的区别开始。首先，任何生物体都可以被视为一个自主的但开放系统，通过边界(皮肤或细胞膜)与环境分离。作为一个开放系统，它与周围环境进行着持续的交换。这种交换可以被认为是两方面的，即能量和信息。为了便于分析，我们可以把能量代谢和信息代谢看作是单独的过程。Kępiński假设，如果这两种新陈代谢都在发生，生命就会持续，如果其中一种新陈代谢停止，生命就会停止。


The energy metabolism concept is relatively easy to understand. The molecules of the body are continually replaced. Catabolic and anabolic processes occur in cells. Information metabolism is the other side of the same process, but its objective is control. During the energy exchange, the organism strives to maintain its characteristic order (negentropy) and projects that order onto the surroundings. Due to that, the order of the surroundings is destroyed. By contrast, inanimate matter does not have the ability to maintain or lower its negentropy, because spontaneous natural processes are always accompanied by entropy generation. 能量新陈代谢的概念比较容易理解。人体的分子在不断被替换，细胞中发生分解代谢和合成代谢过程。信息代谢是同一过程的另一面，但其目的是控制。在能量交换过程中，生物体努力维持其特有的秩序(负熵)，并将这种秩序投射到周围环境中。由于这一点，周围环境的秩序被破坏了。相比之下，非生命物质没有能力维持或降低其负熵，因为自发的自然过程总是伴随着熵的产生。


Two biological laws

两条生物法则


Information metabolism may be generally seen as the exchange of signals between the organism and its environment, but also as the processing of signals originating in the organism. These signals must be interpreted in relation to some goals. For all organisms these goals are predicated on two biological laws: the first law states that an organism must be oriented towards its own survival. The second law states that the preservation of the species is equally important.[7] 信息代谢一般可以看作是生物体与其环境之间的信号交换，但也可以看作是对源于生物体的信号的处理。这些信号必须根据一些目标来解释。对于所有的生物体来说，这些目标都是以两条生物法则为前提的：第一条法则指出，生物体必须以自身的生存为导向。第二条法则指出，物种的保存同样重要。

Kępiński noticed that these objectives are conflicting. The conflict between the two biological laws is often the source of ethical dilemmas. There are times when the organism needs to sacrifice its life in order to save its offspring. Sometimes it is forced to fight with the representatives of its own species, in order to protect itself. The first biological law is egoistic and related with withdrawal from reality (escape, destruction of reality etc.). The second biological law is altruistic and requires turning towards the reality (sexual reproduction requires union with the partner). Kępiński注意到，这些目标是相互冲突的。两种生物规律之间的冲突往往是伦理困境的根源。有的时候，生物体需要牺牲自己的生命来拯救自己的后代。有时，为了保护自己，它被迫与自己的物种代表进行斗争。第一条生物法则是利己主义的，与从现实中退出（逃避、破坏现实等）有关。第二条生物法则是利他主义的，要求转向现实(性繁殖要求与伴侣结合)。


In case of humans, the connection between the goals of various everyday actions and two biological laws is less direct, nevertheless these laws still motivate us. Humans are able to project themselves into the future, think abstractly and consciously and therefore their goals may possess transcendent and symbolic character. This fact is typically expressed as belief in a higher good or an afterlife.[7][5] 就人类而言，各种日常行为的目标与两种生物规律之间的联系并不那么直接，然而这些规律仍然激励着我们。人类能够将自己投射到未来，思考抽象和意识，因此他们的目标可能具有超越和象征特征。这一事实通常表现为对更高善或来世的信仰。

Category:Psychological theories

范畴: 心理学理论


This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Information metabolism. Its edit history can be viewed at 信息新陈代谢/edithistory

  1. ↑ . . Kokoszka, Andrzej (2007). States of Consciousness: Models for Psychology and Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-32758-7. 
  2. ↑ Bielecki, Andrzej (2015). "The general entity of life: a cybernetic approach". Biological Cybernetics. 109 (3): 401–419. doi:10.1007/s00422-015-0652-8. PMID 25985758.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pietrak, Karol (2018). "The foundations of socionics - a review". Cognitive Systems Research. 47: 1–11. doi:10.1016/J.COGSYS.2017.07.001.
  4. ↑ Kępiński, Antoni (1972). Psychopatology of neuroses (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich.  The first two levels are handled subconsciously. The third level, by contrast, is associated with consciousness. From the biological perspective, the number of processes occurring simultaneously in the organism and its physical surroundings is virtually infinite. There is also infinite number of ways in which these processes may be framed. That complexity must be reduced, as only selected signals may be sensed and processed in the nervous system. Moreover, the signals must be ordered according to their present and future relevance. The structure of the body and locations of various receptors are evolutionally adapted to assure isolation of the most relevant signals from the surrounding environment. The internal structure of the body is adjusted to ensure proper integration of information. Of all signals collected by the receptors, only the most important ones reach the level of subjective experience. At the level of signals reaching the field of subjective experience, attention is actively directed (with the help of emotions) towards those related with two biological laws. Perception is not passive and inclusive, but anticipatory and selective. Because of the interest in his work, his most important books have been reissued several times (recently in 2012-2015 by Wydawictwo Literackie ). 前两个层次是在潜意识中处理的。而第三个层次则与意识有关。从生物学的角度来看，在生物体及其物理环境中同时发生的过程数量几乎是无限的。还有无数种方式可以构建这些进程。这种复杂性必须降低，因为只有选定的信号才可能在神经系统中被感知和处理。此外，这些信号必须根据其现在和将来的相关性进行排序。身体的结构和各种受体的位置经过进化调整，以保证将最相关的信号从周围环境中分离出来。身体的内部结构经过调整，以确保信息的适当整合。在所有由感受器收集的信号中，只有最重要的信号才能达到主观经验的水平。在到达主观经验领域的信号层面，注意力被主动地引导（在情绪的帮助下）到那些与两种生物规律有关的信号上。知觉不是被动的、包容的，而是预期性的、选择性的。由于人们对他的作品很感兴趣，他最重要的著作已多次再版(最近由 Wydawictwo Literackie 于2012-2015年出版)。
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kępiński, Antoni (1972). Schizophrenia (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich.  Kępiński's work was evaluated by the reviewers as insightful, comprehensive and unique. Nevertheless, his concept of information metabolism has been criticized as controversial by some scholars. The controversy was related with the fact that some elements of the theory cannot be verified by the scientific method because it is hard to design appropriate experiments. He enlisted two Kępiński's propositions that are currently considered incorrect i.e. the proposition that information metabolism has its control center (the homunculus argument) and the view that brain is only used in 30%. Nevertheless, as noted by Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, these concepts were not central in Kępiński's theory and can be safely rejected. He also reminded that Kępiński was sceptical about methods that lacked strong scientific basis, e.g. psychoanalysis, and rejected magical thinking in general. The work upon it was interrupted by his illness and death. Some researchers took his work and developed their own theories based on it. Kokoszka used the conception of information metabolism as the basis of his model of the states of consciousness. Struzik proposed that information metabolism theory may be used as an extension to Brillouin's negentropy principle of information. Inspired by Kępiński's work and Jungian typology, Augustinavičiūtė proposed her theory of information metabolism in human mind and society, known as Socionics. 评论家评价凯宾斯基的作品有见地、全面和独特。然而，他的信息新陈代谢概念却被一些学者批评为有争议。争议与该理论的一些内容不能用科学方法验证有关，因为很难设计出合适的实验。他列举了凯宾斯基的两个命题，这些命题目前被认为是不正确的，即信息代谢有其控制中心的命题(同体论)和大脑只用了30%的观点。尽管如此，正如扎维 · 阿尼德 · 维茨基指出的，这些概念并不是凯宾斯基理论的核心，可以放心地加以拒绝。他还提醒说，凯宾斯基对缺乏强有力的科学基础的方法持怀疑态度，如精神分析，并拒绝一般的魔法思维。关于该理论的工作因凯宾斯基的疾病和死亡而中断。一些研究者继承了他的工作，并在此基础上发展了自己的理论。科科什卡用信息代谢的概念作为他的意识状态模型的基础。斯特鲁兹克提出，布里卢因的信息负熵原理的延伸。奥古斯丁受皮斯基的工作和荣格类型学的启发，提出了人类思维和社会的信息代谢理论，即社会人格学。
  6. ↑ Kępiński, Antoni (1972). Rhythm of life (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Kępiński, Antoni (1974). Melancholy (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich. 
  8. ↑ Kępiński, Antoni (1977). Anxiety (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich. 
  9. ↑ Kępiński, Antoni (1978). Psychopaties (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich. 
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