地球科学概览

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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Earth science:

文件:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.svg
Diagram of the structure of the Earth including its atmosphere 【图1:包括大气层在内的地球结构图】

Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth.[1] It is also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earthquake sciences, and is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.

               See Wikipedia:Outlines
                     for more details.
                  Further improvements
             to this outline are on the way

[初步翻译]地球科学概览

以下概览是对地球科学的概述和专题指南:

地球科学-指与地球相关的科学的通用术语。[1]它也被称为地学、地球科学或地震科学,可以说是行星科学中的一个特殊情况,地球是唯一已知的携带生命的行星。

Earth science is a branch of the physical sciences which is a part of the natural sciences. It in turn has many branches.

[初步翻译]地球科学是物理科学的一个分支,也是自然科学的一部分。它也有许多分支。

Earth's spheres

生成缩略图出错:无法找到文件
A false-color composite of global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance from September 1997 to August 2000, showing Earth's biosphere. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE. 【图2:从1997年9月到2000年8月,全球海洋和陆地光自养生物丰度的假彩色合成,显示了地球的生物圈。由SeaWiFS项目、美国宇航局/戈达德太空飞行中心和图像提供。】

[初步翻译]地球球体

Ecosphere[2][3] – there are many subsystems that make up the natural environment (the planetary ecosystem or "ecosphere") of the Earth. Many of the subsystems are characterized as "spheres", coinciding with the shape of the planet. The four spheres (for which most of the other spheres are a subtype of) are the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere. Listed roughly from outermost to innermost the named spheres of the Earth are:

[初步翻译]生物圈[2][3]-有许多子系统组成了地球的自然环境(行星生态系统或“圈”)。许多子系统被称为“球体”,与行星的形状一致。四个球体(大多数其他球体是一个亚型)是大气圈、生物圈、水圈和地球圈。大致从最外层到最内层列出的地球上被命名的球体是:

  • Magnetosphere – The region around an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by its magnetic field
  • Atmosphere, the gases that surround the Earth (its air)
    • By altitude
      • Exosphere – The outermost layer of an atmosphere
      • Exobase – The lower boundary of the exosphere
      • Thermopause – The upper boundary of the thermosphere
      • Thermosphere – The layer of the atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the exosphere
      • Mesopause – The temperature minimum at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
      • Mesosphere – The layer of the atmosphere directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere
      • Stratopause – The upper boundary of the stratosphere
      • Stratosphere – The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
        • Ozone layer – The region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation
      • Tropopause – The boundary of the atmosphere between the troposphere and stratosphere
      • Troposphere – The lowest layer of the atmosphere
      • Planetary boundary layer – The lowest part of the atmosphere, directly influenced by contact with the planetary surface
    • By air turbulence
      • Heterosphere – Upper parts of the atmosphere in which the component gases are not well mixed
      • Turbopause – The altitude in the Earth's atmosphere below which turbulent mixing dominates
      • Homosphere – Lower parts of the atmosphere in which the component gases are well mixed
    • Other
      • Ionosphere – The ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
  • Biosphere – The global sum of all ecosystems on Earth
    • Anthroposphere – The part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitat
      • Noosphere (rare) – The sphere of human thought
  • Hydrosphere – The combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet or natural satellite
    • Cryosphere – Those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form
  • Geosphere/Solid Earth – (Also sometimes a collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere) The union of all solid parts of Earth and the Inner of Earth.
    • Pedosphere – The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes
    • By composition
      • Crust (geology) – The outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
      • Moho Discontinuity– The line between the crust and the Earth's mantle.
      • Earth's mantle – The part of the interior of the planet Earth between the crust and the core.
    • By diffusion of sismic waves
      • Lithosphere – The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
      • Asthenosphere – The highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile region of the Earth's upper mantle
      • Mesozone – The part of the Earth's mantle below the lithosphere and the asthenosphere, but above the outer core.
    • Gutenberg discontinuity– The line between the mantle and the Earth's core.
    • Earth's core – The inner part of the planet, formed by differential buoyancy of the component materials causing the denser materials to accumulate nearer to the centre.
      • Outer core – A fluid layer composed of mostly iron and nickel between Earth's solid inner core and its mantle.
      • Lehmann Discontinuity – The line between the inner core and the outer core.
      • Inner core – The innermost part of the Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy.

[初步翻译]

磁层-一个天体周围的带电粒子受到其磁场影响的区域

大气层,环绕地球的气体(地球的空气)

按海拔来说

外逸层-大气层的最外层

外逸层底部-外逸层的下边界

热层顶部-热层的上边界

热层-外逸层下方和中间层正上方的大气层

中间层顶部-中间层和热层之间边界处的最低温度

中间层-在平流层正上方和热层下方的大气层

平流层顶部-平流层的上边界

平流层-对流层上方的大气层

臭氧层-地球平流层吸收太阳紫外线辐射的区域

对流层顶部-对流层和平流层之间的大气边界

对流层-大气层的最低层

行星边界层-大气层的最低部分,直接与行星表面接触的影响

按空气湍流来说

非均质层-大气中成分气体混合不好的上部

湍流层顶部-地球大气层中以湍流混合为主的海拔高度

均质层-大气中成分气体混合良好的较低部分

其他

电离层-地球上层大气的电离部分

生物圈-地球上所有生态系统的总和

人类圈-人类制造或修改用于人类活动和人类栖息地的环境部分

人类知识的总和-人类思想的范围

水圈-在行星、小行星或天然卫星表面、下面和上面发现的水的总和

冰冻圈-地球表面上水是固体形式的那些部分

岩石圈/固体地球-(有时也是岩石圈、水圈、冰冻圈和大气圈的总称)地球的所有固体部分和地球内部的结合。

土壤圈-地球土壤的最外层,由土壤组成,受土壤形成过程的影响

按组成来说

地壳(地质学)-岩石行星、矮行星或天然卫星的最外层固体外壳。

莫霍洛维奇不连续面-地壳和地幔之间的折线。

地幔-地球内部位于地壳和地核之间的部分。

通过声波的扩散

岩石圈-类地行星或自然卫星的刚性的、最外层的外壳,它是由其刚性的力学性质所定义的

岩流圈-地球上地幔的高度粘性、机械弱和韧性的区域。

中带-地幔在岩石圈和软流层之下,但在外核上方的部分。

古登堡不连续面-地幔和地核之间的一条线。

地球中心带-行星的内部部分,由组成物质的浮力不同而形成,导致密度较大的物质聚集在更接近中心的地方。

外核-地球固体内核和地幔之间主要由铁和镍组成的流体层。

莱曼不连续面-内核和外核之间的线。

内核-地球的最深处,一个固体的铁镍合金球。

Branches of Earth science

[初步翻译]地球科学分支

Atmospheric science

Atmospheric sciences – The study of the atmosphere, its processes, and interactions with other systems

  • Climatology – The scientific study of climate, defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time
  • Paleoclimatology – The study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth
  • Atmospheric chemistry – The branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the atmosphere is studied
  • Atmospheric physics – The application of physics to the study of the atmosphere
  • Paleotempestology – The study of past tropical cyclone activity using geological proxies and historical documents

Atmospheric sciences – The study of the atmosphere, its processes, and interactions with other systems

  • Climatology – The scientific study of climate, defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time
  • Paleoclimatology – The study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth
  • Atmospheric chemistry – The branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the atmosphere is studied
  • Atmospheric physics – The application of physics to the study of the atmosphere
  • Paleotempestology – The study of past tropical cyclone activity using geological proxies and historical document

[初步翻译]

大气科学

大气科学-研究大气、大气的过程以及与其他系统的相互作用

气候学-对气候的科学研究,定义为一段时间内的平均天气条件

古气候学-对整个历史的地球气候变化的研究

大气化学-研究大气化学的大气科学的一个分支

大气物理-物理学在大气研究中的应用

古温度学-利用地质年代资料和历史文献研究过去的热带气旋活动

Geology

  • Geology – The study of the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped.
    • Environmental geology – Science of the practical application of geology in environmental problems.
    • Quaternary geology – The branch of geology that studies developments more recent than 2.6 million years ago
    • Planetary geology – The geology of astronomical objects apparently in orbit around stellar objects
    • Petroleum geology – The study of the origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels
    • Historical geology – The study of the geological history of Earth
    • Hydrogeology – The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater
    • Structural geology – The science of the description and interpretation of deformation in the earth's crust independent of extent
  • Geochemistry – Science that applies chemistry to analyse geological systems
  • Geochronology – Science of determining the age of rocks, sediments and fossils
  • Geodesy – The science of the geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field of the Earth
  • Geomagnetics – Study of the Earth's magnetic field
  • Geomicrobiology – Science of the interactions between microbiology and geology
  • Glaciology – Scientific study of ice and natural phenomena involving ice
  • Geophysics – The physics of the Earth and its environment in space, and the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods
  • Micropaleontology – The branch of paleontology that studies microfossils
  • Mineralogy – Scientific study of minerals and mineralised artifacts
    • Gemology – Science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials
    • Mineral physics – The science of materials that compose the interior of planets
  • Paleontology – Scientific study of prehistoric life
  • Palynology – The study of dust
  • Petrology – The branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
  • Physical geodesy – The study of the physical properties of the Earth's gravity field
  • Sedimentology – The study of natural sediments and of the processes by which they are formed
  • Seismology – The scientific study of earthquakes and propagation of elastic waves through a planet
  • Stratigraphy – The study of rock layers and their formation
  • Volcanology – The study of volcanoes, lava, magma and associated phenomena

[初步翻译]

地质学

地质学-研究地球各组成部分的组成、结构、物理性质和历史,以及它们形成的过程

环境地质学-地质学在环境问题中的实际应用的科学

第四纪地质学-研究260多万年前发展的地质学分支

行星地质学-显然是围绕恒星的轨道上的天体的地质学

石油地质学-烃类燃料的起源、发生、移动、积累和勘探的研究

地史学-对地球地质历史的研究

水文地质学-地下水分布和运动的研究

构造地质学-描述和解释地壳变形与程度无关的科学

地球化学-应用化学来分析地质系统的科学

地球年代学-确定岩石、沉积物和化石年代的科学

大地测量学-关于几何形状、空间方向和地球引力场的科学

地质动力学-对地球磁场的研究

地球微生物学-微生物学与地质学相互作用的科学

冰河学-冰的科学和自然现象的研究

地球物理学-地球及其空间环境的物理学,以及使用定量物理方法对地球的研究

古微生物学-研究微化石的古生物学的一个分支

矿物学-对矿物和矿化人工制品的科学研究

宝石学-处理天然和人造宝石材料的科学

矿物物理学-构成行星内部的物质的科学

古生物学-对史前生命的科学研究

孢粉学-粉尘研究

岩石学-研究岩石的起源、组成、分布和构造的地质学分支

物理大地测量学-地球重力场物理性质的研究

沉积学-对自然沉积物及其形成过程的研究

地震学-对地震和弹性波通过行星的传播的科学研究

古地震学-对过去发生的地震的研究

地层学-岩层及其形成过程的研究

火山学-对火山、熔岩、岩浆及其相关现象的研究

Geography

Geography – The science that studies the terrestrial surface, the societies that inhabit it and the territories, landscapes, places or regions that form it.

  • Physical geography – The branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain of human geography
  • Human geography – The study of cultures, communities and activities of peoples of the world
  • Geostatistics – A branch of statistics focusing on spatial data sets
  • Environmental chemistry – The scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places
  • Environmental soil science – The study of the interaction of humans with the pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the biosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere.
  • Environmental geology – An applied science concerned with the practical application of the principles of geology in the solving of environmental problems.
  • Geographic information science – Scientific study of geographic data and information
  • Edaphology – The science concerned with the influence of soils on living things.
  • Pedology – The study of soils in their natural environment
  • Geomorphology – The scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
  • Spatial decision support systems – Computerised aid to land use decisions
  • Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) – Various satellite navigation systems
  • Economic geology – Science concerned with earth materials of economic value.
  • Engineering geology – The application of the geology to engineering practice.
  • Hydrology – The science of applying engineering techniques to the properties of the earth's water, especially its movement in relation to land.
  • Meteorology – Interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting.
  • Satellite navigation – Any system that uses satellite radio signals to provide. autonomous geo-spatial positioning
  • Remote sensing – Acquisition of information at a significant distance from the subject.
  • Photogrammetry – The science of making measurements using photography.

[初步翻译]

地理学

地理学-研究陆地表面的科学,居住在它身上的社会以及形成它的领土、景观、地方或地区

自然地理-自然科学的一个分支,负责研究自然环境中的过程和模式,如大气、水圈、生物圈和地球圈,而不是文化或建筑环境,这是人类地理学的领域

人文地理学-研究世界人民的文化、社区和活动

统计地质学-一个专注于空间数据集的统计学分支

环境化学-对自然场所发生的化学和生化现象的科学研究

环境土壤学-研究人类与岩石圈的相互作用,以及生物圈、岩石圈、岩石圈、水圈和大气的关键方面

环境地质学-一门关于地质学原理在解决环境问题中的实际应用的应用科学

地理信息科学-对地理数据和信息的科学研究

土壤生态学-关于土壤对生物影响的科学

土壤学-对自然环境中土壤的研究

地形学-对地形及其形成过程的科学研究

空间决策支持系统-对土地使用决策的计算机辅助设备

全球导航卫星系统-各种卫星导航系统

经济地质学-研究具有经济价值的地球材料的科学

工程地质学-地质学在工程实践中的应用

水文学-将工程技术应用于地球水的性质的科学,特别是它与土地有关的运动

气象学-以天气预报为重点的大气跨学科科学研究

卫星导航-任何使用卫星无线电信号提供的系统,自主的地理空间定位

遥感-离物体很远的距离的信息采集

摄影测绘学-用摄影技术进行测量的科学

Oceanography

Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean

[初步翻译]

海洋学

海洋学-对海洋的物理和生物方面的研究

生物海洋学-研究生物体如何影响和受到海洋系统的物理、化学和地质学的影响

物理海洋学-对海洋内的物理条件和物理过程的研究

化学海洋学-对海洋化学的研究

古海洋学-对海洋地质历史的研究

湖泊(沼)学-内陆水生生态系统的科学

海洋地质学-对海底的历史和结构的研究

Planetary science

Planetary science – The study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them.

  • Planetary geology - study of the geology of astronomical objects apparently in orbit around stellar objects
  • Selenography - study of the surface and physical features of the Moon
  • Theoretical planetology - the theoretical study of the internal structure of planets by making assumptions about their chemical composition and the state of their materials, then calculating the radial distribution of various properties such as temperature, pressure, or density of material across the planet's internals.

[初步翻译]

行星科学

行星科学-对行星(包括地球)、卫星和行星系(特别是那些关于太阳系的系统)以及形成它们的过程的研究

(行星地质学)星质学-对围绕恒星轨道的天体的地质研究

月面学-月球表面的物理特征的研究

理论植物学-通过对行星内部结构的化学成分和材料的状态进行假设来理论研究行星的内部结构,然后计算各种性质的径向分布,如温度、压力或行星内部物质的密度

History of Earth science

[初步翻译]地球科学史

History of Earth science – history of the all-embracing sciences related to the planet Earth. Earth science, and all of its branches, are branches of physical science.

  • History of atmospheric sciences – history of the umbrella study of the atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems
  • History of biogeography – history of the study of the distribution of species (biology), organisms, and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
  • History of cartography – history of the study and practice of making maps or globes.
  • History of climatology – history of the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time
  • History of coastal geography – history of the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast.
  • History of environmental science – history of an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.
    • History of ecology – history of the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment.
      • History of Freshwater biology – history of the scientific biological study of freshwater ecosystems and is a branch of limnology
      • History of marine biology – history of the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water
      • History of parasitology – history of the Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.
      • History of population dynamics – history of the Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes.
    • History of environmental chemistry – history of the Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
    • History of environmental soil science – history of the Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the biosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere.
    • History of environmental geology – history of the Environmental geology, like hydrogeology, is an applied science concerned with the practical application of the principles of geology in the solving of environmental problems.
    • History of toxicology – history of the branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
  • History of geodesy – history of the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space
  • History of geography – history of the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth
  • History of geoinformatics – history of the science and the technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geography, geosciences and related branches of engineering.
  • History of geology – history of the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere.
    • History of planetary geology – history of the planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites.
  • History of geomorphology – history of the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
  • History of geostatistics – history of the branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets
  • History of geophysics – history of the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods.
  • History of glaciology – history of the study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
  • History of hydrology – history of the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
  • History of hydrogeology – history of the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).
  • History of mineralogy – history of the study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals.
  • History of meteorology – history of the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere which explains and forecasts weather events.
  • History of oceanography – history of the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean
  • History of paleoclimatology – history of the study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth
  • History of paleontology – history of the study of prehistoric life
  • History of petrology – history of the branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks.
  • History of limnology – history of the study of inland waters
  • History of seismology – history of the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies
  • History of soil science – history of the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.
  • History of topography – history of the study of surface shape and features of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.
  • History of volcanology – history of the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena.

[初步翻译]

地球科学史-与地球有关的包罗万象的科学的历史。地球科学及其所有分支都是物理科学的分支

大气科学史-对大气的保护伞研究的历史,它的过程,其他系统对大气的影响,以及大气对这些其他系统的影响

大气化学史

生物地理学史-物种(生物)、生物和生态系统在地理空间和地质时期的分布研究的历史

地图学史-制作地图或地球仪的研究和实践的历史

气候学史-气候研究的历史,科学地定义为一段时间内的平均天气条件

沿海地理学史-研究海洋和陆地之间的动态界面的历史,包括自然地理学(即海岸地貌学、地质学和海洋学)和海岸的人类地理学(社会学和历史学)

环境科学史-环境系统研究的综合、定量和跨学科方法的历史

生态学史-关于生物体的分布和丰度的科学研究历史,以及生物体与其环境之间的相互作用如何影响生物体的分布和丰度的科学研究历史

淡水生物学史-淡水生态系统的科学生物学研究史,是湖沼学的一个分支

海洋生物学史-对海洋或其他海洋或半咸水水体中生物的科学研究的历史

寄生虫学史-寄生虫学的历史是研究寄生虫、它们的宿主以及它们之间的关系

人口动态历史-人口动态的历史是生命科学的一个分支,它研究人口规模和年龄组成的短期和长期变化,以及影响这些变化的生物和环境过程

环境化学史-环境化学的历史是对自然场所发生的化学和生化现象的科学研究

环境土壤科学史-环境土壤科学的历史是研究人类与岩石圈的相互作用,以及生物圈、岩石圈、水圈和大气的关键方面

环境地质史-环境地质学的历史,就像水文地质学一样,是一门应用科学,涉及到地质学原理在解决环境问题中的实际应用

毒理学史-生物学、化学和医学分支的历史,涉及研究化学物质对生物体的不良影响

大地测量学历史-研究在三维时变空间中测量和表示地球,包括其引力场的科学学科的历史

地理学史-研究地球的土地、特征、居民和现象的科学历史

地球信息学史-科学史和发展和利用信息科学基础设施来解决地理、地球科学和相关工程分支问题的科学和技术的历史

地质史-研究地球的历史,一般排除了当今的生命,流入海洋和大气

行星地质史-行星科学学科的历史,涉及天体的地质学,如行星及其卫星、小行星、彗星和陨石

地貌学历史-对地形及其形成过程的科学研究的历史

地质统计学历史-关注空间或时空数据集的统计学分支的历史

地球物理学史-地球物理及其空间环境的物理历史;也用定量物理方法研究地球

冰川学史-冰川研究的历史,或更普遍的是冰和涉及冰的自然现象

水文史-研究地球和其他行星上的水的运动、分布和质量的历史,包括水文循环、水资源和环境流域的可持续性

水文地质史-研究地壳土壤和岩石(通常为含水层)中地下水的分布和运动的地质领域的历史

矿物学史-矿物的化学、晶体结构和物理(包括光学)性质的历史

气象学历史-关于解释和预测天气事件的大气的跨学科科学研究的历史

海洋学史-研究海洋的地球科学分支的历史

古气候学史-以整个地球历史的尺度来研究气候变化的历史

古生物学史-史前生命研究的历史

岩石学史-研究岩石的起源、组成、分布和结构的地质学分支的历史

湖泊(沼)学史-内陆水域研究的历史

地震学史-地震和弹性波在地球或其他类行星天体中传播的科学研究的历史

土壤科学史-土壤作为地球表面自然资源的研究历史,包括土壤的形成、分类和测绘;土壤的物理、化学、生物和肥力特性;这些特性与土壤的使用和管理有关

地形学史-研究地球和其他可观测天体,包括行星、卫星和小行星等,以及其他可观测天体的表面形状和特征的历史

火山学史-关于火山、熔岩、岩浆及相关地质、地球物理和地球化学现象的研究历史

Earth science programs

[初步翻译]地球科学项目

[初步翻译]美国宇航局地球科学

Earth science organizations

[初步翻译]地球科学组织

Earth science journals

[初步翻译]地球科学期刊

People influential in Earth science

[初步翻译]对地球科学有影响力的人

See also

[初步翻译]

科学纲要

自然科学纲要

物理科学概论

地球科学概论

形式科学概述

社会科学纲要

应用科学概述

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "WordNet Search - 3.1". wordnetweb.princeton.edu.
  2. 2.0 2.1 "A Lexicon of the Spheres" (PDF). Oregon State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  3. 3.0 3.1 "ESO 2 Science 11: The Ecosphere and the Ecosystems". Science Helpdesk.

External links

模板:Sisterlinks

模板:Natural science 模板:Outline footer


  • Earth Science Picture of the Day, a service of Universities Space Research Association, sponsored by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
  • Geoethics in Planetary and Space Exploration
  • National Earth Science Teachers Association


= = 外部链接 =

  • 每日地球科学图片,大学空间研究协会的一项服务,由美国航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心地球伦理学在行星和空间探索
  • 国家地球科学教师协会赞助


Earth science Earth science Earth science

地球科学地球科学


This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Outline of Earth sciences. Its edit history can be viewed at 地球科学概览/edithistory