复杂文摘翻译第三期－(摘自Complex Digest 2016.4月文章)

复杂社会系统中的危机：以智利事件为例的一个社会理论观点（Crisis in complex social systems: A social theory view illustrated with the chilean case）

From onlinelibrary.wiley.com April 1, 12:39 AM

By Aldo Mascareño, Eric Goles, and Gonzalo A. Ruz

(Translated by -王与剑-生物物理学-呼和浩特)

The article argues that crises are a distinctive feature of complex social systems. A quest for connectivity of communication leads to increase systems' own robustness by constantly producing further connections. When some of these connections have been successful in recent operations, the system tends to reproduce the emergent pattern, thereby engaging in a non-reflexive, repetitive escalation of more of the same communication. This compulsive growth of systemic communication in crisis processes, or logic of excess, resembles the dynamic of self-organized criticality. Accordingly, we first construct the conceptual foundations of our approach. Second, we present three core assumptions related to the generative mechanism of social crises, their temporal transitions (incubation, contagion, restructuring), and the suitable modeling techniques to represent them. Third, we illustrate the conceptual approach with a percolation model of the crisis in Chilean education system.

Jake编辑

这篇文章认为：危机是复杂社会系统中一种突出的特征。对于交流的连通性的要求会以一种持续地产生更多连接的方式导致系统自身的鲁棒性增加。当这些连接的一部分在近期的一些操作中成功了之后，这个系统就倾向于复制这一自然发生的模式，因此进入了一个无自反性，重复升级，扩大相同联系的状态。这种危机发展中的系统联系的强制增长，或者说逻辑过剩，类似于自发组织临界性动力学。因此，我们首先建立我们这个方法的概念上的根据。其次，我们提出关于社会危机产生机制的三个核心假设，他们的暂时的过渡（潜伏，蔓延，调整），并且用合适的模型来代表他们。第三，我们举例用理论方法渗透模型，解释智利教育系统的危机。

这篇文章讲述了，危机是复杂社会系统中很有特色的一部分。对于交流的紧密性的要求，导致通过不断制造更多的连接使系统自身的鲁棒性增加。当这些连接的一部分在近期的一些操作中成功了之后，这个系统就倾向于复制这一自然发生的模式，因此进入了一个无自反性，重复升级，扩大相同联系的状态。这种危机发展中的系统联系的强制增长，或者说逻辑过剩，类似于自发组织临界性动力学。因此，我们首先建立我们这个方法的概念上的根据。其次，我们提出关于社会危机产生机制的三个核心假设，他们的暂时的过渡（潜伏，蔓延，调整），并且用合适的模型来代表他们。第三，我们举例用理论方法渗透模型，解释智利教育系统的危机。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21778

Does Stress Speed Up Evolution?

From nautil.us April 1, 5:36 PM

By Andreas von Bubnoff

(Translated by -)

Organisms under stress have a higher mutation rate, even though they are not dividing.

(请在此输入译文)

原文链接：http://nautil.us/issue/34/adaptation/does-stress-speed-up-evolution

遗传环路设计自动化 (Genetic circuit design automation)

From Science 01 Apr 2016:Vol. 352, Issue 6281 April 1, 9:45 PM

By Alec A. K. Nielsen, et al.

(Translated by - 刘清晴)

Computation can be performed in living cells by DNA-encoded circuits that process sensory information and control biological functions. Their construction is time-intensive, requiring manual part assembly and balancing of regulator expression. We describe a design environment, Cello, in which a user writes Verilog code that is automatically transformed into a DNA sequence. Algorithms build a circuit diagram, assign and connect gates, and simulate performance. Reliable circuit design requires the insulation of gates from genetic context, so that they function identically when used in different circuits. We used Cello to design 60 circuits for Escherichia coli (880,000 base pairs of DNA), for which each DNA sequence was built as predicted by the software with no additional tuning. Of these, 45 circuits performed correctly in every output state (up to 10 regulators and 55 parts), and across all circuits 92% of the output states functioned as predicted. Design automation simplifies the incorporation of genetic circuits into biotechnology projects that require decision-making, control, sensing, or spatial organization.

Jake修改

在活细胞中，那些能够传递传感信息并控制活细胞各种生物学功能的DNA编码的分子环路可以实现计算。这些计算的构造是时间密集的，需要手动组装各种部件（part）并使各种调节因子（regulator）表达达到平衡。我们构建了一个名叫Cello的设计环境，用户可以用Verilog语言进行编程，程序会自动转化为DNA序列。通过算法生成电路图，分配和链接逻辑门，并进行性能模拟。可靠的环路设计需要将逻辑门从遗传背景中孤立出来，使它们在用于不同的分子环路时都同样能够发挥功能。我们使用Cello为大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli，其DNA包含88万个碱基对）设计了60条遗传环路。其中每条DNA序列都是由软件生成的，并没有进行进一步的调整。在这些遗传环路中，有45条环路在每一个输出状态中（多达10个调节因子和55个部件）都执行正确。包括所有这些环路在内，92%的输出状态都符合预期。将遗传环路设计并入生物技术项目（译注：即人工设计遗传环路）需要决策、控制、传感以及空间组织，设计自动化简化了这一过程。

原文

在活细胞中，计算可以通过DNA编码的分子环路来实现。这些环路传递感觉信息并控制活细胞的各种生物学功能。这些计算的结构是时间密集的，需要组装各种部件（part）并使各种调节因子（regulator）的表达达到平衡。我们构建了一个名叫Cello的设计环境，用户可以用Verilog语言进行编程，程序会自动转化为DNA序列。通过算法生成环路图，赋值和逻辑门连接，并进行性能模拟。可靠的环路设计需要将逻辑门从遗传背景中孤立出来，使它们在用于不同的分子环路时都同样能够发挥功能。我们使用Cello为大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli，其DNA包含88万个碱基对）设计了60条遗传环路。其中每条DNA序列都是由软件生成的，并没有进行进一步的调整。在这些遗传环路中，有45条环路在每一个输出状态中（多达10个调节因子和55个部件）都执行正确。包括所有这些环路在内，92%的输出状态都符合预期。将遗传环路设计并入生物技术项目（译注：即人工设计遗传环路）需要决策、控制、传感以及空间组织，设计自动化简化了这一过程。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7341

一个生物体能否大如星系？Can a Living Creature Be as Big as a Galaxy?

From nautil.us April 1, 7:38 PM

By Gregory Laughlin

(Translated by -陈开壮, Edited by Jake)

Why life is constrained to be about the sizes we see on Earth.

The size of things in our universe runs all the way from the tiny 10^-19 meter scale that characterizes quark interactions, to the cosmic horizon 10^26 meters away. In these 45 possible orders of magnitude, life, as far as we know it, is confined to a relatively tiny bracket of just over nine orders of magnitude, roughly in the middle of the universal range: Bacteria and viruses can measure less than a micron, or 10^-6 meters, and the height of the largest trees reaches roughly 100 meters. The honey fungus that lives under the Blue Mountains in Oregon, and is arguably a single living organism, is about 4 kilometers across.When it comes to known sentient life, the range in scale is even smaller, at about three orders of magnitude.

Jake修改

我们宇宙中事物的大小几乎都在小至10^-19米以夸克相互作用为尺度到大至10^26米宇宙量级之间。在这45个可能的数量级中，生命正如我们了解到的那样被限定在9个数量级这个非常窄的区间上，这基本上是在宇宙（尺度）范围的中间：细菌和病毒的测量值不到1微米即10^-6米，而高度最高的树粗略计算在100米左右。我们知道生活在俄勒冈蓝山脚下的蜜环菌（译者注：一种广泛分布于北美北部和欧洲的菌）的尺度大约可以绵延4公里，而这被认为是一种单一的生命体。而当我们限定在有知觉的生物，则它们的尺度的范围就更小了，大约为3这个数量级。

原文

为什么生命被限定在我们在地球上大约能看到的尺度呢？

我们宇宙中物质的大小几乎都在小至10^-19米以夸克相互作用为尺度到大至10^26米宇宙水平远之间，这45个可能的数量级中，正如我们了解到的，生命被相对的仅限制在数量级略多于9这个小小水平上，在宇宙（尺度）中间范围的大概是：细菌和病毒的测量值不到1微米即10^-6米，而高度最高的树粗略计算在100米。生活在俄勒冈蓝山脚下被确证为单个生物体的蜜环菌（译者注：一种广泛分布于北美北部和欧洲的菌）大约可以绵延4公里。而当说起有知觉的生物，这个尺度的范围甚至更小，在大约为3这个数量级。

原文链接：http://nautil.us/issue/34/adaptation/can-a-living-creature-be-as-big-as-a-galaxy

信息驱动协调现象的动力学：基于转移熵的分析 The dynamics of information-driven coordination phenomena: A transfer entropy analysis

From Science Advances 01 Apr 2016:Vol. 2, no. 4, e1501158 April 2, 8:09 PM

By Javier Borge-Holthoefer, Nicola Perra, Bruno Gonçalves, Sandra González-Bailón, Alex Arenas, Yamir Moreno, and Alessandro Vespignani

(Translated by 蔡嘉文，Edited by Jake)

Data from social media provide unprecedented opportunities to investigate the processes that govern the dynamics of collective social phenomena. We consider an information theoretical approach to define and measure the temporal and structural signatures typical of collective social events as they arise and gain prominence. We use the symbolic transfer entropy analysis of microblogging time series to extract directed networks of influence among geolocalized subunits in social systems. This methodology captures the emergence of system-level dynamics close to the onset of socially relevant collective phenomena. The framework is validated against a detailed empirical analysis of five case studies. In particular, we identify a change in the characteristic time scale of the information transfer that flags the onset of information-driven collective phenomena. Furthermore, our approach identifies an order-disorder transition in the directed network of influence between social subunits. In the absence of clear exogenous driving, social collective phenomena can be represented as endogenously driven structural transitions of the information transfer network. This study provides results that can help define models and predictive algorithms for the analysis of societal events based on open source data.

Jake修改

社会媒体的数据为我们提供了前所未有的机会来研究群体社会现象背后的动力学因素。我们提出了一种基于信息论的方法来定义和测量在集体社会事件出现和爆发时的时序和结构特征。我们利用符号转移熵的方法对微博的时间序列进行分析，提取出社会系统中地理子块相互影响的有向网络。这种方法可以成功捕获社会集体行为开始形成时的系统级动态的涌现。我们通过五个细致的实证案例分析来验证我们的这个框架。具体来说，我们定义了一种在信息传递过程的时间尺度上的变化，这种变化标志着信息驱动的集体现象的开始。进一步地，我们的方法识别出了在社会子单元的有向网络中的有序-无序的相变过程。在缺失明确外源性驱动的情况下，社会集体现象可以表示为内生驱动的信息传输网络的结构性相变。这项研究提供的结果，可以帮助研究者定义模型和预测算法来对基于开源数据的社会事件进行分析。

原文

社会媒体的数据提供了前所未有的机会来观察集体社会现象背后的推动因素。我们考虑使用一种信息论的方法来定义和测量集体社会事件出现和爆发时的时序和结构特征。我们利用符号转移熵的方法对微博的时间序列进行分析，提取出社会系统中地理子块信息传播的有向网络。这种方法成功捕捉到社会集体行为开始形成的系统级的动力。这个框架被五个细致的实证案例分析所验证。具体来说，我们定义了一种在信息传递过程中特定的时间尺度上的变化，这种变化标志着信息驱动的集体现象的开始。进一步地，我们的方法识别出了在社会子单元的有向网络中的有序-无序的转变过程。在明确外源性驱动的情况下，社会集体现象可以表示为内生驱动的结构转换的信息传输网络。这项研究提供的结果，可以帮助定义模型和预测算法来对社会事件开源数据进行分析。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501158

在参与社会感知中的自我调节信息共享Self-regulatory information sharing in participatory social sensing

FromEPJ Data Science 2016 5:14 April 3, 3:00 PM

By Evangelos Pournaras, Jovan Nikolic, Pablo Velásquez, Marcello Trovati, Nik Bessis and Dirk Helbing

(Translated by -阎赫, Edited by Jake )

Participation in social sensing applications is challenged by privacy threats. Large-scale access to citizens’ data allow surveillance and discriminatory actions that may result in segregation phenomena in society. On the contrary are the benefits of accurate computing analytics required for more informed decision-making, more effective policies and regulation of techno-socio-economic systems supported by ‘Internet-of Things’ technologies. In contrast to earlier work that either focuses on privacy protection or Big Data analytics, this paper proposes a self-regulatory information sharing system that bridges this gap. This is achieved by modeling information sharing as a supply-demand system run by computational markets. On the supply side lie the citizens that make incentivized but self-determined decisions about the level of information they share. On the demand side stand data aggregators that provide rewards to citizens to receive the required data for accurate analytics. The system is empirically evaluated with two real-world datasets from two application domains: (i) Smart Grids and (ii) mobile phone sensing. Experimental results quantify trade-offs between privacy-preservation, accuracy of analytics and costs from the provided rewards under different experimental settings. Findings show a higher privacy-preservation that depends on the number of participating citizens and the type of data summarized. Moreover, analytics with summarization data tolerate high local errors without a significant influence on the global accuracy. In other words, local errors cancel out. Rewards can be optimized to be fair so that citizens with more significant sharing of information receive higher rewards. All these findings motivate a new paradigm of truly decentralized and ethical data analytics.

Jake修改

在社会感知的应用中参与性一直受到隐私威胁的挑战。大规模访问公民的数据就使得监控和可能造成社会分离现象的歧视行为得到允许；而它的好处是为更知情的决策提供所需的精确计算与分析，更有效的政策和由物联网技术支持的技术-社会-经济系统的调节。以前的工作要么着眼于隐私保护，要么着眼于大数据分析，本文与这些工作不同，我们提出了一种自我调节的信息共享系统为这个隔阂搭建桥梁。我们通过将信息共享建模为一种计算市场中的供求系统以达到此目的。公民处于供方，他们在所共享的信息层面做出受激励而又自主的决策。数据汇集处于需求方，它们为了精确的分析，为公民接受所需的数据提供报酬。这个系统用来自两个应用领域的两个真实数据集来进行实证地评估：（1）智能网格和（2）手机感应。我们的实验结果可以量化出在不同的实验设定下隐私保护、分析的准确性及提供报酬引发的成本之间的权衡。调查结果显示隐私保护是否高，取决于参与的公民数量和归纳的数据的类型。此外，汇总数据分析能够容忍高度局部错误，对整体准确度没有重大影响。换句话说，局部错误可以被抵消掉。我们可以优化报酬的公平程度以使得能够共享更多重大意义信息的公民会接受更高的报酬。所有这些调查结果激励了一种真正的去中心化的、合乎道德规范的数据分析的范式出现。

原文

参与社会感知的应用受到了隐私威胁的挑战。大规模访问公民的数据容许了监控和导致社会分离现象的歧视行为。与之相反，精确计算分析的好处是需要更多的知情决策，更有效的政策和由物联网技术支持的技术-社会-经济系统的调节。以前的工作或者着眼于隐私保护，或者着眼于大数据分析，本文与以前的研究工作相反，提出为这个隔阂搭建桥梁的自我调节信息共享系统。我们通过建模信息共享达到此目的，正如由计算市场运行的供求机制一样。公民处于供方，他们在所共享的信息层面做出受鼓舞而又自主的决策。数据汇集处于需求方，它们为了精确的分析，为公民接受所需的数据提供报酬。在实际生活中，这个系统用来自两个应用域的两个真实数据集评估：（1）智能网格和（2）手机感应。实验结果量化隐私保护，分析的准确性和从不同实验设施提供的报酬的成本之间的权衡。调查结果显示隐私保护是否高，取决于参与的公民数量和归纳的数据的类型。此外，汇总数据分析容忍高度局部错误，对综合准确度没有重大影响。换句话说，局部错误被抵消了。报酬可以优化到公平的程度，如此，有较多重大意义的信息共享的公民会接受更高的报酬。所有这些调查结果激励一个新的真正的分散和合乎道德规范的模型的出现。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0074-4

一种度量系统复杂性的通用框架（A general framework for measuring system complexity）

From onlinelibrary.wiley.com April 3, 12:47 AM

By Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik and Michael J. Ryan

(Translated by - 龚力，edited by 傅渥成)

In this work, we are motivated by the observation that previous considerations of appropriate complexity measures have not directly addressed the fundamental issue that the complexity of any particular matter or thing has a significant subjective component in which the degree of complexity depends on available frames of reference. Any attempt to remove subjectivity from a suitable measure therefore fails to address a very significant aspect of complexity. Conversely, there has been justifiable apprehension toward purely subjective complexity measures, simply because they are not verifiable if the frame of reference being applied is in itself both complex and subjective. We address this issue by introducing the concept of subjective simplicity—although a justifiable and verifiable value of subjective complexity may be difficult to assign directly, it is possible to identify in a given context what is “simple” and, from that reference, determine subjective complexity as distance from simple. We then propose a generalized complexity measure that is applicable to any domain, and provide some examples of how the framework can be applied to engineered systems.

在这项工作中，我们的动机基于此前的系统复杂性度量方法都没有直接解决最本质的问题——任何特定的物质或事物的复杂性具有一个十分显著的主观成分，其复杂性程度取决于观察者采用的参考系。因此，任何试图通过移除系统的主观性来度量其复杂性的方法都不能解决这一非常重要的方面；反之，对于纯粹主观的复杂性度量方法也存在合理的担忧，简单来讲，因为如果参考系本身也是复杂和主观的，那么这种方法必然是不可验证的。我们通过引入主观简单性（subjective simplicity）的概念来解决这个问题——虽然一个合理和可验证的主观复杂性程度值难以直接度量，但是在一个给定的上下文中度量什么是“简单”却是可能的，以此“简单”作为参考，可以将主观复杂性当作到“简单”的距离。然后，我们提出一个广泛的、适用于任何领域的复杂性度量方法，并提供了一些如何将它应用到工程系统中的例子。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21767

Remark by fuwocheng: (1) frames of reference 参考系

社交媒体推动社会变革?——似是而非的有效传播(Beyond Viral)

From cacm.acm.org April 4, 5:40 PM

By Manuel Cebrian, Iyad Rahwan, Alex "Sandy" Pentland

(Translated by - 秦堉朗-ATC-ABM-Canton，edited by 傅渥成)

The golden age of social media coincides with a worldwide leadership crisis, manifested by our seeming inability to address any major global issue in recent years.³² These days, no one—be they a charismatic leader or a nameless crowd—seems to be able to make issues popular for long enough to mobilize society into action. As a result of this leadership vacuum, social progress of all sorts seems to have become stymied and frozen. How can this happen precisely in a time when social media, praised as the ultimate tool to raise collective awareness and mobilize society, has reached maturity and widespread use? Here, we argue the coexistence of social media technologies with 'The End of Power'¹⁸ is anything but a coincidence, presenting the first techno-social paradox of the 21st century.
In recent years, we have witnessed social media playing a major role in social mobilization events of historic proportions, such as the Arab Spring, the Occupy Wall Street movement, Ukraine's Euromaidan, and the chaos generated by the England Riots and Boston Marathon bombing manhunt. There has been substantial emphasis on the role of digital social media platforms, particularly Facebook and Twitter, as the facilitators of these mobilizations. Data availability has made it possible, for the first time, to observe the evolution of these events in detail.^10,11,13,33 Analysis of these events makes it clear that political activists find it difficult to use social media to create mass mobilization; and even when they succeed it is difficult to sustain the focus of the protest until it is able to mobilize politicians, institutions, and society at large. As a result, most of these events burst upon the scene, occupy our attention for a few days, and then fade into oblivion with nothing substantial having been accomplished. Given all we have learned about social mobilization, why isn't social media a more reliable channel for constructive social change?

近年来，在解决重大全球性问题上我们似乎依然力不从心，与此同时，社交媒体的黄金时代正与全球领导力危机一同到来。现阶段，似乎没有人——无论是一个充满魅力的领袖或是一帮籍籍无名的大众——能够让这些全球性问题受到足够多的关注并推动整个社会为之付出行动。由于这种领导力的缺失，各种各样的社会进程也似乎停滞不前。这些现象归根究底是如何在社交媒体——已经成熟发展、广泛应用，并被人们称赞为唤醒社会集体意识、动员社会力量的终极工具——大行其道的时代发生的呢？在此笔者认为，社交媒体技术的发展与“权利的终结”¹⁸现象共同存在绝非巧合，反而展现了21世纪的首要悖论：技术进步与社会发展的背道而驰。
近年来，由社交媒体主导的社会运动数量占到了一个历史性的高比例，我们见证了这一时代。在诸如阿拉伯之春、占领华尔街运动、乌克兰亲欧示威，以及由于英国骚乱和波士顿马拉松爆炸嫌犯追捕所带来的混乱等社会运动中，社交媒体都在社会运动中起到了举足轻重的作用。现在已经有大量的关注度集中在数字社交媒体平台所扮演的角色上，特别是Facebook和Twitter——这些社会运动的推波助澜者们。容易被获取的数据为人们首次细致入微地观察这些事件的演化过程提供了可能。^10,11,13,33通过对这些事件的分析，社会活动家们更加清楚地发现，经由社交媒体来推动大规模的社会运动是难以实现的，就算他们能够掀起一场运动，也很难去维持运动的焦点，直到这个运动能够大面积地影响政治家、政府机构和整个社会。结果，大部分的这类运动都在特定的场景爆发，在一段时间内吸引了我们的眼球，然后就在毫无长久建树的遗憾和人们的淡忘中不了了之。根据我们对社会运动的所有这些了解，为什么社交媒体不能成为通向有建设性的社会变革的桥梁？

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2818992

Remark by fuwocheng: 翻译得非常好。一些语法的细节问题，如句子 "and the chaos generated by the England Riots and Boston Marathon bombing manhunt"，注意到这里出现了两个 and，因此应该理解为「由于英国骚乱和波士顿马拉松爆炸嫌犯追捕所带来的混乱」。

多层随机分块模型揭示复杂网络的多层结构（Multilayer Stochastic Block Models Reveal the Multilayer Structure of Complex Networks）

From Phys. Rev. X 6, 011036 – Published 31 March 2016 April 5, 5:46 PM

By Toni Vallès-Català, Francesco A. Massucci, Roger Guimerà, and Marta Sales-Pardo

(Translated by -dan，edited by 傅渥成)

In complex systems, the network of interactions we observe between systems components is the aggregate of the interactions that occur through different mechanisms or layers. Recent studies reveal that the existence of multiple interaction layers can have a dramatic impact in the dynamical processes occurring on these systems. However, these studies assume that the interactions between systems components in each one of the layers are known, while typically for real-world systems we do not have that information. Here, we address the issue of uncovering the different interaction layers from aggregate data by introducing multilayer stochastic block models (SBMs), a generalization of single-layer SBMs that considers different mechanisms of layer aggregation. First, we find the complete probabilistic solution to the problem of finding the optimal multilayer SBM for a given aggregate-observed network. Because this solution is computationally intractable, we propose an approximation that enables us to verify that multilayer SBMs are more predictive of network structure in real-world complex systems.

在复杂系统中，我们观察到的系统各部分之间的相互作用网络实际上是通过不同的机制产生或者发生在不同的层次之间的多种相互作用的聚合。最新的研究表明，多个交互层次的存在能够显著地影响发生在复杂系统上的动态过程。这些研究假设每个层次以内，系统各部分的相互作用是已知的，然而，通常我们并不能得到真实世界里复杂系统上的这些相互作用信息。在本文中，我们为了从聚合的网络数据（即观察到的数据）中发掘出不同的相互作用层次，推广了单层的随机分块模型，引入了多层随机分块模型，把层次聚合的不同机制考虑在内。对给定的观察到的聚合网络数据，我们首先找出最优的多层随机分块模型问题的完全概率解。但由于这个解的计算非常复杂，我们提出一种近似解，能够帮助我们验证：多层随机分块模型能够预测真实世界里的复杂系统的网络结构。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.6.011036

实时情境中社会习俗的形成(The Formation of Social Conventions in Real-Time Environments)

From PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151670. April 6, 12:25 AM

By Hawkins RXD, Goldstone RL，Hawkins RXD

(Translated by 阿勺)

Why are some behaviors governed by strong social conventions while others are not? We experimentally investigate two factors contributing to the formation of conventions in a game of impure coordination: the continuity of interaction within each round of play (simultaneous vs. real-time) and the stakes of the interaction (high vs. low differences between payoffs). To maximize efficiency and fairness in this game, players must coordinate on one of two equally advantageous equilibria. In agreement with other studies manipulating continuity of interaction, we find that players who were allowed to interact continuously within rounds achieved outcomes with greater efficiency and fairness than players who were forced to make simultaneous decisions. However, the stability of equilibria in the real-time condition varied systematically and dramatically with stakes: players converged on more stable patterns of behavior when stakes are high. To account for this result, we present a novel analysis of the dynamics of continuous interaction and signaling within rounds. We discuss this previously unconsidered interaction between within-trial and across-trial dynamics as a form of social canalization. When stakes are low in a real-time environment, players can satisfactorily coordinate ‘on the fly’, but when stakes are high there is increased pressure to establish and adhere to shared expectations that persist across rounds.

为什么有些行为受根深蒂固的社会习俗约束，而有些不受呢？我们通过实验研究了非协作博弈中形成习俗的两个因素：每轮博弈互动的连续性（同时vs实时）和互动时的风险性（高vs低回报之间的差异）。为最大限度地提升博弈的效率和公平性，玩家必须在两个同样具有挑战性的均衡点间选择其一。与其他控制互动连续性的研究相同的是，我们发现那些允许在比赛回合内持续互动的玩家，相比那些被迫同时做决定的玩家，具有更高的效率和公平性。然而在实时情境中，均衡的稳定性随赌注系统性的变化而产生了戏剧性的差异：当赌注高时，玩家行为更稳定。为了解释这个结果，我们对每轮博弈中连续的互动动力学和信号动力学提出了一种全新分析。我们研究了前人的讨论中所没有考虑过的一种动力学，它反映了一次实验以内或者多次实验间的相互作用，这种相互作用是社会渠道（social canalization，编者注：追随社会主流风气，进一步导致社会集体态度的形成。）的一种形式。当实时情境中的赌注较低，玩家能协同合作，但当赌注增加，玩家建立和倾向于分享经验的压力就越大。

Remark by 傅渥成：要注意翻译的时候一些最最关键的词不能漏掉，这篇文章的一个关键就是「实验」，experimentally，只看到 investigate，把这句话翻译成调研，就把意思完全弄错了。还有一些低级错误，如 game 是「博弈」， signaling within rounds，round就是博弈中的「轮」。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151670

理解群体动力学与团队的成功（Understanding the group dynamics and success of teams）

From Royal Society Open Science April 7, 6:57 PM

By Michael Klug, James P. Bagrow

(Translated by -猪哥, edited by 傅渥成)

Complex problems often require coordinated group effort and can consume significant resources, yet our understanding of how teams form and succeed has been limited by a lack of large-scale, quantitative data. We analyse activity traces and success levels for approximately 150, 000 self-organized, online team projects. While larger teams tend to be more successful, workload is highly focused across the team, with only a few members performing most work. We find that highly successful teams are significantly more focused than average teams of the same size, that their members have worked on more diverse sets of projects, and the members of highly successful teams are more likely to be core members or ‘leads’ of other teams. The relations between team success and size, focus and especially team experience cannot be explained by confounding factors such as team age, external contributions from non-team members, nor by group mechanisms such as social loafing. Taken together, these features point to organizational principles that may maximize the success of collaborative endeavours.'

复杂的问题往往需要团队努力协调解决，并且会消耗大量资源，然而我们对团队如何形成、如何成功的理解却因缺乏大规模的、定量的数据而受到限制。我们对大约150, 000个自组织在线团队项目的活动轨迹和成功水平进行了分析。虽然较大的团队往往会更成功，但工作量在团队中的分布是高度集中的，即只是由少数成员进行了最多的工作。我们发现非常成功的团队的这种集中程度显著高于具有相同规模的普通团队，他们的成员会参与更多样化的项目，并且这些高度成功团体的成员更可能成为其他团队的核心或“领导”。团队的成功和它的规模、关注点、尤其是团队经验之间的关系不能用易混淆的因素来解释，比如团队年龄，来自非团队成员的外部贡献等，也不能用群体机制比如社会惰化来解释。总之，这些特点所指向的组织原则可能会让组织在尽力配合下取得最大的成功。

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160007

Remark by 傅渥成：翻译得非常好。

对企业所有权的透明度和黑金而言，巴拿马文件意味着什么？（What the Panama Papers Mean for Transparency and ‘Dark Money’）

From knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu April 8, 7:46 PM

By Aldo Mascareño, Eric Goles andGonzalo A. Ruz

(Translated by -jeffersonchou)

Last Sunday, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) published a massive leak of some 11.5 million documents covering nearly 40 years, from 1977 through 2015, that showed how world leaders, politicians and businesses hide and launder their money, evade taxes and finance arms and drug deals. The source of the leak is a little-known but powerful law firm in Panama called Mossack Fonseca, which is one of the top creators of shell companies and corporate structures that can be used to hide ownership of assets. The leaked data provide a day-to-day, decade-by-decade look at how dark money flows through the global financial system, breeding crime and stripping national treasuries of tax revenues.

The ICIJ published these documents after a year long investigation along with German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and more than 100 other news organizations. The leaks which is just one part and the beginning of a wider scandal, reveal the offshore holdings of 140 politicians and public officials around the world, including a dozen current and former world leaders. The ICIJ has said it would release the full list of companies and people linked to it in early May.

The Panama Papers, as the leaked documents are called, exposes just one firm in a larger industry. The trouble is it is legal to set these anonymous companies up in various jurisdictions around the world. The Panama Papers offer a rare opportunity to regulators in the U.K., the U.S. and other countries to bring about greater transparency in the ownership of the firms，to tighten their regulations to prevent abuse by the companies they incorporate.

A positive outcome of the Panama Papers scandal is that it brings this into the public realm, making it possible for citizens to see the effects of these companies, to see policies that are enforced in their countries that enable these types of activities to happen and to engage with their governments to take action to fix it. The ICIJ has make it easy for prosecution, and governments need to start following their lead.

上周日，国际记者调查联盟（ICIJ）公布公布了约1150万份文件，这些大规模泄漏的文件，揭露了从1977年到2015年的40年间，世界各国领导人、政治家和商人，是如何隐瞒收入、洗钱、逃税和资助军火和毒品交易的。泄漏的文件来源于巴拿马一个鲜为人知但很有影响力的律师事务所——莫萨克·丰塞卡律师事务所 (Mossack Fonseca)，它是一家通过创造空壳公司，设计企业架构，帮助客户隐瞒资产所有权的顶尖服务供应商。这些泄露的数据提供了一个逐天、逐年的视角，来观察黑暗金钱是如何流入全球金融体系，滋生犯罪和偷逃国库收入的。

国际记者调查联盟与德国报纸《南德意志报》（Süddeutsche Zeitung）等一百多家新闻机构合作，在进行一年的调查后，公布了这批文件。这些文件披露的只是更大丑闻的冰山一角，它们暴露了世界各地的140位政治家和政府官员，包括十几位现任和前任世界领导人所拥有的离岸控股公司。国际记者调查联盟称，他们会在五月上旬公布相关公司和人员的完整名单。

这批被称为“巴拿马文件”的泄露文件，仅仅揭开了这个巨大产业中的冰山一角。问题在于，在全球各地的司法系统中，建立这些匿名公司是合法的。巴拿马文件的泄密为英国、美国和其他国家的监管机构，提供了难得的机会，要求增加企业所有权信息的透明度，并收紧相关规定以防止不法分子滥用。

巴拿马文件丑闻的正面效应是，它把空壳公司洗钱产业的黑幕带到公众视野之内，从而让广大民众看到这些空壳公司的影响，看到他们国家的某些政策导致此类活动发生，从而积极与政府交流，推动政府采取行动来解决相关问题。国际记者调查联盟的泄密也使后续的司法调查变得更加容易，政府需要跟随他们采取进一步的行动。

原文链接：http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/confalon-nichols-panama-papers/

edited by 傅渥成

持续减少跨性别歧视：一场关于逐户拉票的田野实验（Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing ）

Science 08 Apr 2016: Vol. 352, Issue 6282, pp. 220-224 April 8, 10:10 PM

BY David Broockman, Joshua Kalla

(Translated by -北宁)

现有的研究表明人类群体间的偏见根深蒂固，需要通过强烈地干预才能减少。现在，我们通过实验证明，仅通过约10分钟的鼓励积极采取他人视角来看问题的谈话就能明显降低偏见至少3个月。我们通过在南佛罗里达进行的一场旨在减少反对变性人偏见的的逐户拉票（door-to-door canvassing）活动来说明这种潜力。尽管社会对同性恋的偏见在下降，但是跨性别的歧视依然普遍存在。对于此次干预活动，我们安排56个游说人在501个选民的家门口，挨家挨户地进行积极鼓励的谈话。随机实验发现，进行的谈话能使得对跨性别者的歧视大大下降，这一下降的比例要比美国在1998至2012年间同性恋歧视者的下降率要更为显著。这些影响可以持续3个月以上，且不管游说人是变性人和非变性人都有效。即使当将选民暴露在相反论点的情况下，此次干预活动还是增加了选民对一项反歧视法律的支持。

Existing research depicts intergroup prejudices as deeply ingrained, requiring intense intervention to lastingly reduce. Here, we show that a single approximately 10-minute conversation encouraging actively taking the perspective of others can markedly reduce prejudice for at least 3 months. We illustrate this potential with a door-to-door canvassing intervention in South Florida targeting antitransgender prejudice. Despite declines in homophobia, transphobia remains pervasive. For the intervention, 56 canvassers went door to door encouraging active perspective-taking with 501 voters at voters’ doorsteps. A randomized trial found that these conversations substantially reduced transphobia, with decreases greater than Americans’ average decrease in homophobia from 1998 to 2012. These effects persisted for 3 months, and both transgender and nontransgender canvassers were effective. The intervention also increased support for a nondiscrimination law, even after exposing voters to counterarguments.

原文链接：http://science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6282/220

edited by 傅渥成

为什么自然钟情于正六边形？（Why Nature Prefers Hexagons）

Nautilus April 9, 8:04 PM

BY PHILIP BALL

(Translated by -刘清晴、陈开壮、李宇峰)

（以下由李宇峰翻译）

How do bees do it? The honeycombs in which they store their amber nectar are marvels of precision engineering, an array of prism-shaped cells with a perfectly hexagonal cross-section. The wax walls are made with a very precise thickness, the cells are gently tilted from the horizontal to prevent the viscous honey from running out, and the entire comb is aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field. Yet this structure is made without any blueprint or foresight, by many bees working simultaneously and somehow coordinating their efforts to avoid mismatched cells.

蜜蜂怎么做到的？它们用来储存金黄色花蜜的蜂巢，那一组组正六边形的格子，实在是精密工程中的奇迹。蜡筑的巢壁有着十分严格的厚度，格子相对水平面倾斜以防止黏黏的蜜流出，整个蜂巢还与地球磁场方向对齐。不过，这项工程的完成没有任何蓝图与规划，仅仅依靠无数的蜜蜂同时工作，并以某种奇特的方式协调着它们的努力从而避免搭出不合格的巢格。

The ancient Greek philosopher Pappus of Alexandria thought that the bees must be endowed with “a certain geometrical forethought.” And who could have given them this wisdom, but God? According to William Kirby in 1852, bees are “Heaven-instructed mathematicians.” Charles Darwin wasn’t so sure, and he conducted experiments to establish whether bees are able to build perfect honeycombs using nothing but evolved and inherited instincts, as his theory of evolution would imply.

古希腊哲学家帕普斯觉得蜜蜂一定有着“某种特定的几何预见”。可又是谁给它们赋予这般智慧呢，难不成是上帝？按照威廉卡比在1852年的说法，蜜蜂是天生的数学家。查尔斯达尔文对此是怀疑的，于是他设置了实验来弄清楚蜜蜂是否真的能够仅仅依靠演化遗传来的本能建筑出如此完美的蜂巢，正如他的遗传理论所暗示的那样。

Why hexagons, though? It’s a simple matter of geometry. If you want to pack together cells that are identical in shape and size so that they fill all of a flat plane, only three regular shapes (with all sides and angles identical) will work: equilateral triangles, squares, and hexagons. Of these, hexagonal cells require the least total length of wall, compared with triangles or squares of the same area. So it makes sense that bees would choose hexagons, since making wax costs them energy, and they will want to use up as little as possible—just as builders might want to save on the cost of bricks. This was understood in the 18th century, and Darwin declared that the hexagonal honeycomb is “absolutely perfect in economizing labor and wax.”

不过，蜂巢格为什么是正六边形的呢？这是一个简单的几何问题。当你想要用同样形状和大小的小块来铺满整个平面时，你会发现只有三种形状能满足要求（正三角形、正方形，还有就是正六边形）而在这当中，正六边形的结构能用最少的边围出正三角、正方形能做到的同样大的面积。蜜蜂理所当然会选用正六边形，因为产生蜂蜡是要消耗它们体力的，它们自然想尽量节省着用——正如我们的建筑工人会想怎么节省建筑的砖瓦。人们在18世纪就已经了解到这一点，而达尔文宣称这正六边形的结构是“绝对有利于节省蜜蜂的体力和蜂蜡”的。

Darwin thought that natural selection had endowed bees with instincts for making these wax chambers, which had the advantage of requiring less energy and time than those with other shapes. But even though bees do seem to possess specialized abilities to measure angles and wall thickness, not everyone agrees about how much they have to rely on them. That’s because making hexagonal arrays of cells is something that nature does anyway.

达尔文认为是自然选择赋予了蜜蜂搭筑这样的蜡房子的本能，因为它那比其他形状需要更少的能量与时间的优势。纵然蜜蜂似乎显现出相当专业的测量夹角和巢璧厚度的能力，但不是所有人都认同它们自身有着这么大的能耐。这时应为，创造正六边形这件事，自然正以其他方式在做。

If you blow a layer of bubbles on the surface of water—a so-called “bubble raft”—the bubbles become hexagonal, or almost so. You’ll never find a raft of square bubbles: If four bubble walls come together, they instantly rearrange into three-wall junctions with more or less equal angles of 120 degrees between them, like the center of the Mercedes-Benz symbol.

如果你在水面吹出一层泡沫——这又被叫做“泡筏”——这些泡沫会变成正六边形或者近似的形状。你不会找到一漂正方形的泡泡：如果四个泡泡挤在一块，它们会很快重排三个球的连接点，内壁或大或小地接近120度，就像奔驰汽车的商标中间那块一样。

Evidently there are no agents shaping these rafts as bees do with their combs. All that’s guiding the pattern are the laws of physics. Those laws evidently have definite preferences, such as the bias toward three-way junctions of bubble walls. The same is true of more complicated foams. If you pile up bubbles in three dimensions by blowing through a straw into a bowl of soapy water you’ll see that when bubble walls meet at a vertex, it’s always a four-way union with angles between the intersecting films roughly equal to about 109 degrees—an angle related to the four-faceted geometric tetrahedron.

显然地没有谁在一手捏造这些泡筏，一如蜜蜂对与它们的蜂巢。是物理的规律，塑造出了这般的模型。这些规则显然有特定的偏好，比如偏心泡泡间三向连接。当泡沫变得复杂时，这点同样成立。如果你往一瓶子肥皂水中用吸管吹气，堆起一堆三维中的泡沫，你会看见当有泡泡在一个顶点相聚时，它们永远是一种四向连接的结构，他们的相交膜之间的夹角都近似于109度——这一角度与正四面体的内角相关。

（以下由陈开壮翻译）

What determines these rules of soap-film junctions and bubble shapes? Nature is even more concerned about economy than the bees are. Bubbles and soap films are made of water (with a skin of soap molecules) and surface tension pulls at the liquid surface to give it as small an area as possible. That’s why raindrops are spherical (more or less) as they fall: A sphere has less surface area than any other shape with the same volume. On a waxy leaf, droplets of water retract into little beads for the same reason.

什么决定着肥皂泡薄膜连接和气泡形状的规则？大自然甚至比蜜蜂更加关注经济性。气泡和肥皂泡薄膜是由水构成的（一层肥皂泡分子），其表面张力作用于液体表面从而获得尽可能小的表面积。这就是为什么雨滴（或多或少）在下落时是球状的：一个球体在相同体积下比其他任何形状具有的表面积更小。由于同样的原因，在含蜡质层的叶子上散落的水滴汇集成小水珠。

This surface tension explains the patterns of bubble rafts and foams. The foam will seek to find the structure that has the lowest total surface tension, which means the least area of soap-film wall. But the configuration of bubble walls also has to be mechanically stable: The tugs in different directions at a junction have to balance perfectly, just as the forces must be balanced in the walls of a cathedral if the building is going to stand up. The three-way junction in a bubble raft, and the four-way junctions in foam, are the configurations that achieve this balance.

这种表面张力解释了气泡筏(bubble rafts)和泡沫的模式。泡沫会努力实现拥有最小表面张力的结构，这意味着肥皂泡薄膜墙面积最小。然而气泡墙(bubble wall)的架构也必须在力学上是稳定的：各个方向的拉力在结合部位必须完美地平衡，正如一所大教堂墙面的全部受力必须保持平衡一样，如果该建筑要矗立起来。气泡筏(bubble rafts)中的三向连接(three-way junction)以及泡沫中的四向连接(four-way junctions)就是实现这种平衡的架构。

But those who think (as some do) that the honeycomb is just a solidified bubble raft of soft wax might have trouble explaining how the same hexagonal array of cells is found in the nests of paper wasps, who build not with wax but with chewed-up wads of fibrous wood and plant stem, from which they make a kind of paper. Not only can surface tension have little effect here, but it also seems clear that different types of wasp have different inherited instincts for their architectural designs, which can vary significantly from one species to another.

然而，那些认为（有人这样想）蜂巢只是软蜡固化的气泡筏(bubble rafts)的人们可能无法解释同样的六边形单元何以在纸黄蜂的蜂巢中也有发现，它们不是用蜡构筑蜂巢，而是用嚼碎的纤维木絮和植物茎絮，用这些东西可以造出一种纸来。这里不只是没有表面张力的作用，而且似乎显而易见的是不同种类的黄蜂遗传了它们各自不同的“建筑设计”天性，这种“建筑设计”由一个物种明显地变化为另一个。

Although the geometry of soap-film junctions is dictated by this interplay of mechanical forces, it doesn’t tell us what the shape of the foam will be. A typical foam contains polyhedral cells of many different shapes and sizes. Look closely and you’ll see that their edges are rarely perfectly straight; they’re a little curved. That’s because the pressure of the gas inside a cell or bubble gets bigger as the bubble gets smaller, so the wall of a small bubble next to a larger one will bulge outward slightly. What’s more, some facets have five sides, some six, and some just four or even three. With a little bending of the walls, all of these shapes can acquire four-way junctions close to the “tetrahedral” arrangement needed for mechanical stability. So there’s a fair bit of flexibility (literally) in the shapes of the cells. Foams, while subject to geometrical rules, are rather disorderly.

尽管肥皂泡薄膜连接的几何图形是用物理上力的相互作用表述的，但它没有告诉我们泡沫的形状将会是什么。典型的泡沫包括了许多不同形状和尺寸的多面体单元。近距离观察你就会发现它们的边缘很少是完全直的，它们有一点弯曲。那是因为细胞和气泡中气体的压力在气泡变小时变得更大了，因此靠近较大气泡的小气泡墙朝外轻微凸起。此外，有些面有五边、有的六边，甚至有的只有四边或者三边。只要气泡墙(bubble wall)发生小小的变形，所有这些形状就可以变成接近力学稳定性所需“四面体”结构的四向连接(four-way junctions)。所以，在这样的单元形状中，这真的有点柔性（这种柔性的确对应于物理学上的柔性）。泡沫，在遵循几何规则时，是相当不规则的。

Suppose that you could make a “perfect” foam in which all the bubbles are the same size. What then is the ideal cell shape that makes the total bubble wall area as small as possible while satisfying the demands for the angles at the junctions? That has been debated for many years, and for a long time it was thought that the ideal cell shape was a 14-sided polyhedron with square and hexagonal faces. But in 1993 a slightly more economical—although less orderly—structure was discovered, consisting of a repeating group of eight different cell shapes. This more complex pattern was used as the inspiration for the foam-like design of the swimming stadium of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.

设想你能做一个“理想”泡沫，泡沫中所有的气泡都具有相同的尺寸，那么在连接处满足所有角度要求使总的气泡墙(bubble wall)面积尽可能小的理想单元形状是什么？这个问题已经争论了很多年了，而且在相当长一段时间内被认为理想的单元形状是一个同时具有矩形面和六边形面的14边多面体。可在1993年，一种稍微更加经济的——尽管不是很有序——结构被发现了，该结构由包含八种不同单元形状的重复团(repeating group)构成，这种更复杂的模式被用作2008年北京奥运会游泳场馆气泡状设计的灵感。

The rules of cell shapes in foams also control some of the patterns seen in living cells. Not only does a fly’s compound eye show the same hexagonal packing of facets as a bubble raft, but the light-sensitive cells within each of the individual lenses are also clustered in groups of four that look just like soap bubbles. In mutant flies with more than four of these cells per cluster, the arrangements are also more or less identical to those that bubbles would adopt.

气泡中单元形状的规则也控制着在活细胞中看到的某些模式。不只是苍蝇的复眼展示出像气泡筏(bubble rafts)一样的一组六边形面，而且在每个晶状体中的感官细胞也以4个1组的方式如肥皂泡沫般地聚集在一起。

(以下由刘清晴翻译)

Because of surface tension, a soap film stretching across a loop of wire is pulled flat like the springy membrane of a trampoline. If the wire frame is bent, the film also bends with an elegant contour that automatically tells you the most economical way, in terms of material, to cover over the space enclosed by the frame. That can show an architect how to make a roof for a complicated structure using the least amount of material. However, it’s as much because of the beauty and elegance of these so-called “minimal surfaces,” as because of their economy that architects such as Frei Otto have used them in their buildings.

由于表面张力，线圈中间的肥皂泡薄膜会像蹦床那有弹性的床面一样被拉成平面。如果将线圈弯曲，那么肥皂泡薄膜会随之弯成一个优雅的轮廓，自动告诉你最经济的做法。用材料学术语来说，就是遮没（cover over）被线圈所包围的空间。这可以让建筑师知道该如何使用最少的材料给一个结构复杂的建筑造一个屋顶。无论如何，由于这些被称为“最小曲面（minimal surfaces）”的美丽优雅，以及它们的经济性，弗雷·奥托（Frei Otto）等建筑师已经将它们应用在了自己的建筑中。

These surfaces minimize not only their surface area, but also their total curvature. The tighter the bend, the greater the curvature. Curvature can be positive (bulges) or negative (dips, depressions, and saddles). A curved surface can therefore have zero mean curvature so long as the positives and negatives cancel each other out.

这些曲面的最小化不仅体现在它们的表面积上，还体现在总曲率上。弯曲越大，曲率就越大。曲率可以是正数（对于凸的结构），也可以是负数（对于倾斜、凹陷和马鞍状结构）。于是，当正负互相抵消时，就会出现曲面的平均曲率为0的情况。

So a sheet can be full of curvature and yet have very little or even no mean curvature. Such a minimally curved surface can divide up space into an orderly labyrinth of passageways and channels—a network. These are called periodic minimal surfaces. (Periodic just means a structure that repeats identically again and again, or in other words, a regular pattern.) When such patterns were discovered in the 19th century, they seemed to be just a mathematical curiosity. But now we know that nature makes use of them.

所以一个片状结构可以由各种曲面构成，且其平均曲率非常小甚至为0。这样一个具有最小曲率的曲面可以将空间分成一个有序的，由孔道构成的迷宫——形成一个网络。这被称作周期性最小曲面。（周期性仅仅用来描述同一种结构一次又一次重复出现的情况，换句话说，这是一种有规律的模式。）当这些模式在19世纪被发现的时候，它们似乎仅仅是一种数学游戏。但现在我们知道，大自然在应用这些模式。

The cells of many different types of organisms, from plants to lampreys to rats, contain membranes with microscopic structures like this. No one knows what they are for, but they are so widespread that it’s fair to assume they have some sort of useful role. Perhaps they isolate one biochemical process from another, avoiding crosstalk and interference. Or maybe they are just an efficient way of creating lots of “work surface,” since many biochemical processes take place at the surface of membranes, where enzymes and other active molecules may be embedded. Whatever its function, you don’t need complicated genetic instructions to create such a labyrinth: The laws of physics will do it for you.

许多不同的生物体，从植物到七鳃鳗到鼠，这样的微观结构存在于构成它们细胞的膜结构中。没人知道为什么会有这样的微观结构，但是它们如此广泛的存在着，使我们不由得猜测它们一定在扮演着某种重要的角色。也许这些结构把一个个生化反应彼此分隔开来，避免它们发生交互，相互干扰。或者，也许这只是一种高效的方式，创造出了很多“工作面”，因为很多生化反应都发生在膜结构表面，这些膜中镶嵌着酶和其他活性分子。无论它的功能是什么，你都不需要借助复杂的基因指令来创造这样一个迷宫：物理定律会帮助你把它实现。

Some butterflies, such as the European green hairstreak and the emerald-patched cattleheart, have wing scales containing an orderly labyrinth of the tough material called chitin, shaped like a particular periodic minimal surface called the gyroid. Interference between light waves bouncing regular arrays of ridges and other structures on the wing-scale surface causes some wavelengths—that is, some colors—to disappear while others reinforce each other. So here the patterns offer a means of producing animal color.

一些蝴蝶，比如Europe green hairstreak和emerald-patched cattleheart，它们翅膀鳞片中含有由一种叫做几丁质的坚韧物质整齐排列而成的迷宫状结构，类似于一种被称作螺旋二十四面体的周期性最小曲面。光照射到翅膀鳞片表面这些有序的结构和其他结构上，发生反射并产生干涉，使某些波长的光——也就是颜色——消失，同时另一些波长的光增强。于是，这些微观结构有了一个作用，就是使蝴蝶翅膀呈现出五彩斑斓的色彩。

The skeleton of the sea urchin Cidaris rugosa is a porous mesh with the shape of another kind of periodic minimal surface. It’s actually an exoskeleton, sitting outside the organism’s soft tissue, a protective shell that sprouts dangerous-looking spines made from the same mineral as chalk and marble. The open lattice structure means that the material is strong without being too heavy, rather like the metal foams used for building aircraft.

Cidaris rugosa海胆的骨骼是一种由另外一种周期性最小曲面构成的多孔的多边形网状结构。实际上，这是外骨骼，存在于生物体软组织的外部，形成一个外壳来保护生物体。这外壳上伸出一些看上去很危险的突起，这些突起是由与粉笔和大理石同样的矿物质构成的。这种开放的晶格结构意味着材料坚韧但并不沉重，就像用于制造航空飞行器的金属泡沫一样。

To make orderly networks from hard, stiff mineral, these organisms apparently make a mold from soft, flexible membranes and then crystallize the hard material inside one of the interpenetrating networks. Other creatures may cast orderly mineral foams this way for more sophisticated purposes. Because of the way that light bounces off the elements of the patterned structure, such trellises can act rather like mirrors to confine and guide light. A honeycomb arrangement of hollow microscopic channels within the chitin spines of a peculiar marine worm known as the sea mouse turns these hair-like structures into natural optical fibers that can channel light, making the creature change from red to bluish green depending on the direction of the illumination. This color change might serve to deter predators.

为了把坚实而僵硬的矿物质变成有序的网状结构，这些生物体似乎首先用柔软而灵活的膜结构做了个模子，然后使得坚硬的材料在一个个相互连通的网格中结晶。其他生物会铸造有序的矿物质泡沫来实现更加复杂的目标。由于光可以被模式化的微观结构反射，那些网格状的结构可以像镜子一样对光的传播进行限制和引导。海鼠（sea mouse）是一种独特的海生蠕虫，它体表的几丁质突起具有蜂巢状排列的微管结构。海鼠可以将这些毛发状的结构变成天然的光纤来传导光，通过改变光入射的方向可以使自己由红色变成蓝绿色。这种改变颜色的举措可能是为了防御捕食者。

This principle of using soft tissues and membranes as molds for forming patterned mineral exoskeletons is widely used in the sea. Some sponges have exoskeletons made of bars of mineral linked like climbing frames, which look remarkably similar to the patterns formed by the edges and junctions of soap films in foam—no coincidence, if surface tension dictates the architecture.

这种使用柔软的组织和膜作为模子来构建模式化的矿物质外骨骼的原则在海洋生物中被广泛采用。一些的海绵的外骨骼由以攀爬架状连接的棒状矿物质结晶构成，看上去与肥皂泡的结构惊人的相似——不是巧合，是表面张力造就了这样的结构。

Such processes, known as biomineralization, generate spectacular results in marine organisms called radiolarians and diatoms. Some of these have delicately patterned exoskeletons made from a mesh of mineral hexagons and pentagons: You might call them the honeycombs of the sea. When the German biologist (and talented artist) Ernst Haeckel first saw their shapes in a microscope in the late 19th century, he made them the star attraction of a portfolio of drawings called Art Forms in Nature, which were very influential among artists of the early 20th century and still inspire admiration today. To Haeckel, they seemed to offer evidence of a fundamental creativity and artistry in the natural world—a preference for order and pattern built into the very laws of nature. Even if we don’t subscribe to that notion now, there’s something in Haeckel’s conviction that patterns are an irrepressible impulse of the natural world—one that we have every right to find beautiful.

这种被称为生物矿物化的过程在放射虫和矽藻这些海洋生物中产生了惊人的效果。它们中的某些种类具有精致的网格状矿物质外骨骼，由六边形和五边形组成：你或许可以称之为海洋中的蜂巢。19世纪末，当德国生物学家（同时也是一个有才华的艺术家）Ernst Haeckel第一次用显微镜看到它们的形态的时候，他将它们画下来并集结成册，名为《自然界的艺术形式（art forms in nature）》，使它们有了明星般的吸引力。这本画集在20世纪初的艺术家中很有影响力，直到今天仍然广受赞誉。对于Haeckel来说，它们似乎为自然界以创造性和艺术性为本的观点提供了证据——对于秩序和模式的偏好是内置在基本自然法则中的。虽然我们现在并不赞同这个观点，但是正如Haeckel所确信的那样，模式的形成是自然界抑制不住的冲动，我们完全有权利去探寻美。

原文链接：http://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/why-nature-prefers-hexagons

edited by 傅渥成

为什么国家卫生研究院（NIH）应该用抽签替换同行评审(Why the National Institutes of Health Should Replace Peer Review With a Lottery)

PSMAG April 11, 3:39 PM

BY Michael White

(Translated by - 李昉)

A major advantage of using a funding lottery would be that, by reducing its reliance on peer-review rankings, the NIH would have more room to address the urgent problem of bias. A suitably designed lottery system could help eliminate the small but persistent gender gap, and the larger racial gap in the funding it awards, by giving NIH officers more leeway to include a representative set of proposals. And importantly, a lottery would be an honest acknowledgement of what most scientists already sense: that, despite its reputation for basing decisions on merit, peer review is a much more random process than we would like to admit.

用抽签决定基金的主要好处是减少对同行评审排名的依赖，国家卫生研究院(NIH)将有更多的空间来解决这个紧急问题。适当设计的抽签系统可以帮助消除微小但持续的性别差距，以及获取基金方面巨大的种族差异，并给予 NIH 工作人员在选择具有代表性的研究计划时更多的回旋余地。重要的是，对于抽签，大多数科学家已经坦然承认，尽管根据价值作出决策取得很多成绩，但同行评审是一个比我们理解的更具随机性的过程。

原文链接：https://psmag.com/why-the-national-institutes-of-health-should-replace-peer-review-with-a-lottery-41d09bcce5d8?gi=cf38b8f1f21d

edited by 傅渥成

混合型社会：设计自组织系统集群行为的挑战及前景 Hybrid Societies: Challenges and Perspectives in the Design of Collective Behavior in Self-organizing Systems

Robotics and AI, April 11, 5:44 PM

BY Heiko Hamann, Yara Khaluf, Jean Botev, Mohammad Divband Soorati, Eliseo Ferrante, Oliver Kosak, Jean-Marc Montanier, Sanaz Mostaghim, Richard Redpath, Jonathan Timmis, Frank Veenstra, Mostafa Wahby, Aleš Zamuda

(Translated by -xiaomuqiu)

Hybrid societies are self-organizing, collective systems, which are composed of different components, for example, natural and artificial parts (bio-hybrid) or human beings interacting with and through technical systems (socio-technical). Many different disciplines investigate methods and systems closely related to the design of hybrid societies. A stronger collaboration between these disciplines could allow for re-use of methods and create significant synergies.We identify three main areas of challenges in the design of self-organizing hybrid societies. First, we identify the formalization challenge.There is an urgent need for a generic model that allows a description and comparison of collective hybrid societies. Second, we identify the system design challenge. Starting from the formal specification of the system, we need to develop an integrated design process. Third, we identify the challenge of interdisciplinarity. Current research on self-organizing hybrid societies stretches over many different fields and hence requires the re-use and synthesis of methods at intersections between disciplines. We then conclude by presenting our perspective for future approaches with high potential in this area.

混合型社会是一种由不同组件组成的自组织的集群系统，例如，天然和人工部分（生物混合系统）或人类与技术系统及通过技术系统相互作用（社会-技术系统）。许多不同学科所采用的研究方法和研究体系都与设计混合型社会有密切关联。这些学科间强有力的合作可以使方法得到重新使用，并创造显著的协同效应。我们明确了设计自组织混合型社会的三大领域的挑战。首先，我们明确了形式化的挑战。即迫切需要一个通用模型来描述和比较不同的混合型社会集群。其次，我们明确了系统设计的挑战。即我们需要从系统的形式化规范为起点，建立一个整合性的设计过程。第三，我们明确了跨学科的挑战。即自组织混合社会当前研究横跨许多不同的领域，因此我们需要将其方法在不同学科的交叉中进行综合再利用。最后，我们对这一高潜力领域未来的研究方法提出了观点。

原文链接：http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frobt.2016.00014/full

edited by 傅渥成

通过稀疏识别从数据中发掘非线性动力系统的控制方程(Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems)

PNAS April 13, 3:45 PM

BY Steven L. Brunton, Joshua L. Proctor, and J. Nathan Kutz

(Translated by - Darthy)

Extracting governing equations from data is a central challenge in many diverse areas of science and engineering. Data are abundant whereas models often remain elusive, as in climate science, neuroscience, ecology, finance, and epidemiology, to name only a few examples. In this work, we combine sparsity-promoting techniques and machine learning with nonlinear dynamical systems to discover governing equations from noisy measurement data. The only assumption about the structure of the model is that there are only a few important terms that govern the dynamics, so that the equations are sparse in the space of possible functions; this assumption holds for many physical systems in an appropriate basis. In particular, we use sparse regression to determine the fewest terms in the dynamic governing equations required to accurately represent the data. This results in parsimonious models that balance accuracy with model complexity to avoid overfitting. We demonstrate the algorithm on a wide range of problems, from simple canonical systems, including linear and nonlinear oscillators and the chaotic Lorenz system, to the fluid vortex shedding behind an obstacle. The fluid example illustrates the ability of this method to discover the underlying dynamics of a system that took experts in the community nearly 30 years to resolve. We also show that this method generalizes to parameterized systems and systems that are time-varying or have external forcing.

通过稀疏识别从数据中发掘非线性动力系统的控制方程

如何从数据中提取控制方程是很多科学和工程领域面临的一个主要问题。在很多领域中，数据很多，模型却难以捉摸，例如气候科学、神经科学、生态学、金融和流行病学。在本文中，我们将稀疏技术和机器学习与非线性动力系统结合起来，从带噪声的观测数据中挖掘控制方程。对模型结构的唯一假设为：系统的动力学仅由很少的几个重要因素决定，因此方程在可能函数的空间中是稀疏的；这一假设在一定条件下对很多物理系统中都能成立。具体来说，我们使用稀疏回归来判定精确表示数据所需的动力学控制方程的最少因素。该方法所生成的精简模型能够在模型的精确性和复杂性之间进行平衡，避免过度拟合。我们用各种问题上验证了该算法的有效性，从简单的标准系统，包括线性和非线性振子系统，以及混沌洛伦兹系统，到障碍物后面形成的涡流。流体的例子证明了这个方法发现系统背后的动力学的能力，专家们曾花了近30年时间才解决这个问题。我们的研究还表明，该方法可以推广到参数化系统、时变系统或受到外力的系统中。

原文链接：http://www.pnas.org/content/113/15/3932.abstract

(Edited by 唐璐)

捕食风险驱使合作育仔生物社会复杂化（Predation risk drives social complexity in cooperative breeders）

PNAS April 13, 9:14 PM

BY Frank Groenewoud, Joachim Gerhard Frommena, Dario Josi, Hirokazu Tanaka, Arne Jungwirth, and Michael Taborsky

(Translated by -秦堉朗-ATC-ABM-Canton)

Significance

It is widely accepted that high predation risk may select for group living, but predation is not regarded as a primary driver of social complexity. This view neglects the important effect of predation on dispersal and offspring survival, which may require cooperation among group members. The significance of predation for the evolution of social complexity can be well illustrated by behavioral and morphological adaptations of highly social animals showing division of labor, such as eusocial insects and cooperatively breeding fishes. By examining the diversity of social organization in a cooperative cichlid in relation to ecological variation, we show that predation risk has the greatest explanatory power of social complexity. This stresses the significance of predation for social evolution.

Abstract

Predation risk is a major ecological factor selecting for group living. It is largely ignored, however, as an evolutionary driver of social complexity and cooperative breeding, which is attributed mainly to a combination of habitat saturation and enhanced relatedness levels. Social cichlids neither suffer from habitat saturation, nor are their groups composed primarily of relatives. This demands alternative ecological explanations for the evolution of advanced social organization. To address this question, we compared the ecology of eight populations of Neolamprologus pulcher, a cichlid fish arguably representing the pinnacle of social evolution in poikilothermic vertebrates. Results show that variation in social organization and behavior of these fish is primarily explained by predation risk and related ecological factors. Remarkably, ecology affects group structure more strongly than group size, with predation inversely affecting small and large group members. High predation and shelter limitation leads to groups containing few small but many large members, which is an effect enhanced at low population densities. Apparently, enhanced safety from predators by cooperative defense and shelter construction are the primary benefits of sociality. This finding suggests that predation risk can be fundamental for the transition toward complex social organization, which is generally undervalued.

研究意义：

人们普遍认为，高捕食风险会导致对群居特性的选择，但捕食没有被视为社会复杂化的主要推动力。这种观点忽视了捕食对疏散和后代存活的重要影响，这些可能需要群体成员之间的协作。展现出劳动分工的高度社会化的物种，例如真社会性昆虫和合作育仔鱼类，它们的行为和形态适应性就很好地揭示了捕食行为对社会复杂性进化的意义。通过研究一种合作性丽鱼的社会组织的多样性与生态变化的关系，我们发现捕食风险最能够解释社会复杂性。这个结果强调了捕食对社会进化的意义。

摘要：

捕食风险是群居特性选择的主要生态因素。然而，它对社会复杂性和合作育仔行为的进化驱动作用往往被忽视，这些主要被归因于生存环境饱和亲缘程度的提高。社会性丽鱼的生存环境并不饱和，它们的群体也不主要是由亲缘构成。这使得高级社会组织的进化需要另外一种生态学解释。为了解决这个问题，我们比较了八个美鳍亮丽鲷（Neolamprologus pulcher）群体的生态，这种丽鱼被认为是变温脊椎动物中社会进化的巅峰。结果表明，这些鱼的社会组织和行为的变化主要是因为捕食风险以及相关的生态因素。值得注意的是，生态对群体结构的影响甚于群体规模，捕食行为则影响鱼群的大小。捕食风险高和藏身处的匮乏使得大多数群体的成员数量都很多，只有少量群体的成员很少，这个效应又被低群体密度加强。显然，通过合作防御和建造藏身处降低被捕食的风险是社会性的主要好处。这个发现表明捕食风险对于向复杂社会组织的转化可能很重要，这一点在以前往往被低估。

原文链接：http://www.pnas.org/content/113/15/4104.abstract.html?etoc

(Edited by 唐璐)

Facebook和YouTube用户的极化（Users Polarization on Facebook and Youtube）

April 13, 11:18 PM

BY Alessandro Bessi, Fabiana Zollo, Michela Del Vicario, Michelangelo Puliga, Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, Brian Uzzi, Walter Quattrociocchi

(Translated by - dan)

Algorithms for content promotion accounting for users preferences, might limit the exposure to unsolicited contents. In this work, we study how the same contents (videos) are consumed on different platforms -- i.e. Facebook and YouTube -- over a sample of 12M of users. Our findings show that the same content lead to the formation of echo chambers, irrespective of the online social network and thus of the algorithm for content promotion. Finally, we show that the users' commenting patterns are accurate early predictors for the formation of echo-chambers.

根据用户偏好的内容推介算法可能屏蔽偏好范围以外的内容。我们在1200万用户样本上研究了相同内容（视频）在不同平台上（例如，Facebook和YouTube）是如何被阅读的。我们发现，相同的内容就能导致形成回声室效应，与在线社交网络无关，因此也与内容推介算法无关。最后，我们发现，用户的评论模式能够提早准确地预测回声室的形成。

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02705

(Edited by 唐璐)

城市地区拥堵的全球分析（ A global take on congestion in urban areas）

April 14, 3:38 PM

BY Marc Barthelemy

(Translated by -余思瑶)

We analyze the congestion data collected by a GPS device company (TomTom) for almost 300 urban areas in the world. Using simple scaling arguments and data fitting we show that congestion during peak hours in large cities grows essentially as the square root of the population density. This result, at odds with previous publications showing that gasoline consumption decreases with density, confirms that density is indeed an important determinant of congestion, but also that we need urgently a better theoretical understanding of this phenomena. This incomplete view at the urban level leads thus to the idea that thinking about density by itself could be very misleading in congestion studies, and that it is probably more useful to focus on the spatial redistribution of activities and residences.

我们分析了由一家GPS设备公司（TomTom）收集的全世界大约300个城市地区的拥堵数据。使用简单的缩放参数和数据拟合，我们发现，大城市中高峰时段的拥堵基本是随人口密度的平方根增长。这个结果，与之前出版物所显示的汽油消耗量随密度增加而减少的观点相悖，证实了人口密度确实是拥堵的一个重要的决定因素，我们也急需对这个现象有更好的理论认识。在城市层面上进行的分析的不完善，让我们意识到只考虑人口密度本身对于拥堵研究很有误导性，关注活动和居住的空间分布可能更有用。

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.03904

(Edited by 唐璐)

手机通话的邓巴数（Calling Dunbar's Numbers）

April 14, 5:40 PM

BY Pádraig MacCarron, Kimmo Kaski, Robin Dunbar

(Translated by - 卢罡)

The social brain hypothesis predicts that humans have an average of about 150 relationships at any given time. Within this 150, there are layers of friends of an ego, where the number of friends in a layer increases as the emotional closeness decreases. Here we analyse a mobile phone dataset, firstly, to ascertain whether layers of friends can be identified based on call frequency. We then apply different clustering algorithms to break the call frequency of egos into clusters and compare the number of alters in each cluster with the layer size predicted by the social brain hypothesis. In this dataset we find strong evidence for the existence of a layered structure. The clustering yields results that match well with previous studies for the innermost and outermost layers, but for layers in between we observe large variability.

社会脑假说预测，在任何时候，人类平均能够维系大约150个人际关系。在这150个人际关系中，存在分层次的朋友关系，层次的情感亲密度越低，该层次中朋友的数量越多。我们分析了一个移动电话通话数据集，首先确定是否能够根据通话频度分辨出朋友层次。然后，我们应用了不同的聚类算法，将个体的通话频次分成多个簇，并将每个簇的大小与社会脑假说所预测的层次大小进行比较。在这个数据集中，我们发现了层次结构存在的强有力证据。聚类产生的结果在最内和最外层次上与前人的研究结果高度吻合，但是我们观察到，中间那些层次的变化很大。

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02400

(Edited by 唐璐)

进化中的复杂系统的时间尺度探测（Detection of timescales in evolving complex systems）

April 14, 7:43 PM

BY Richard K. Darst, Clara Granell, Alex Arenas, Sergio Gómez, Jari Saramäki, Santo Fortunato

(Translated by -张皓)

Most complex systems are intrinsically dynamic in nature. The evolution of a dynamic complex system is typically represented as a sequence of snapshots, where each snapshot describes the configuration of the system at a particular instant of time. Then, one may directly follow how the snapshots evolve in time, or aggregate the snapshots within some time intervals to form representative "slices" of the evolution of the system configuration. This is often done with constant intervals, whose duration is based on arguments on the nature of the system and of its dynamics. A more refined approach would be to consider the rate of activity in the system to perform a separation of timescales. However, an even better alternative would be to define dynamic intervals that match the evolution of the system's configuration. To this end, we propose a method that aims at detecting evolutionary changes in the configuration of a complex system, and generates intervals accordingly. We show that evolutionary timescales can be identified by looking for peaks in the similarity between the sets of events on consecutive time intervals of data. Tests on simple toy models reveal that the technique is able to detect evolutionary timescales of time-varying data both when the evolution is smooth as well as when it changes sharply. This is further corroborated by analyses of several real datasets. Our method is scalable to extremely large datasets and is computationally efficient. This allows a quick, parameter-free detection of multiple timescales in the evolution of a complex system.

世界上大多数的复杂系统本质上都是动态的。典型的方式是通过一系列快照来呈现动态复杂系统的进化，每一个快照都描述了在一个特定时间点的系统配置。如此，便可以直接跟踪快照是如何随时间而进化的，或者聚集一段时间间隔内的快照来形成具有代表性的系统配置进化的“切片”。通常采用恒定的间隔来实现，而间隔的长短基于系统及其动力学本质的论证。一个更优的方法是考虑系统的活动率来形成时间尺度上的划分。然而，进一步优化的选择是定义一个能够匹配系统配置进化的动态间隔。为此，我们提出了一个方法来探测复杂系统配置的变化，并相应生成时间间隔。我们发现能够通过发掘在数据连续时间间隔上事件组相似性的峰值来确立进化的时间尺度。在一个简单的玩具模型的测试中揭示这项技术能够发现时变数据的进化时间尺度，无论进化是平滑的还是急剧的。通过分析真实的数据集进一步证实了这个观点。我们的方法能扩展到极大的数据集，并且计算效率高。这允许对复杂系统的进化进行快速的无参数的多个时间尺度的探测。

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00758

Jake校对：

世界上大多数的复杂系统本质上都是动态的。我们通常是通过一系列的快照来呈现复杂系统的演化，每一个快照都描述了系统在一个特定时间点的状态信息。如此，我们便可以直接跟踪这些快照是如何随时间而演化的，或者通过将一段时间间隔内的快照聚集在一起来形成具有代表性的系统状态演化的“切片”。我们通常采用恒定的间隔来实现上述操作，而间隔的长短取决于我们对系统及其动力学本质的判断。根据系统的活动快慢来确定时间尺度的划分也许是个更好的方案。而更好的替代方案是定义一个能够匹配系统状态演化的动态间隔。为此，我们提出了一种探测复杂系统状态变化的方法，并由此生成时间间隔。我们展示了，可以根据数据中连续时间发生的事件所产生的峰值相似性来确定演化的时间尺度。在一个简单的玩具模型中，我们进行了测试，揭示出这项技术能够发现时变数据的演化化时间尺度，无论演化是平滑的还是急剧的。进一步，通过分析不同的真实数据集，我们进一步证实了这个观点。我们的方法能扩展到极大的数据集，并且计算效率很高。这使得我们可以对复杂系统的演化化进行快速的无参数的多尺度探测。

A Possible Link Between Pyriproxyfen and Microcephaly

April 14, 8:36 PM

BY Dan Evans, Fred Nijhout, Raphael Parens, Alfredo J. Morales, Yaneer Bar-Yam

(Translated by -)

The Zika virus is the primary suspect in the large increase in microcephaly cases in 2015-6 in Brazil, however its role is unconfirmed despite individual cases of viral infections found in neural tissue. Here we consider the alternative that the insecticide pyriproxyfen, used in Brazilian drinking water for mosquito control, may actually be the cause. Pyriproxifen is an analog of juvenile hormone, which corresponds in mammals to regulatory molecules including retinoic acid, a vitamin A metabolite, with which it has cross-reactivity and whose application during development causes microcephaly. Methoprene, another juvenile hormone analog approved as an insecticide has metabolites that bind to the retinoid X receptor, and causes developmental disorders in mammals. Isotretinoin is another example of a retinoid causing microcephaly in human babies via activation of the retinoid X receptor. Moreover, tests of pyriproxyfen by the manufacturer, Sumitomo, widely quoted as giving no evidence for developmental toxicity, actually found some evidence for such an effect, including low brain mass and arhinencephaly--incomplete formation of the anterior cerebral hemispheres--in rat pups. Finally, the pyriproxyfen use in Brazil is unprecedented--it has never before been applied to a water supply on such a scale. Claims that it is not being used in Recife, the epicenter of microcephaly cases, do not distinguish the metropolitan area of Recife, where it is widely used, and the municipality, where it is not. Given this combination of information we strongly recommend that the use of pyriproxyfen in Brazil be suspended pending further investigation.

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.03834

时间片：感知的过程是什么？ Time Slices: What Is the Duration of a Percept?

题目中的duration应该翻译为时长，所以建议：

时间片：感知的持续时间是什么？ Time Slices: What Is the Duration of a Percept?

PLOS April 14, 11:49 PM

BY Michael H. Herzog, Thomas Kammer, Frank Scharnowski

(Translated by -dan)

We experience the world as a seamless stream of percepts. However, intriguing illusions and recent experiments suggest that the world is not continuously translated into conscious perception. Instead, perception seems to operate in a discrete manner, just like movies appear continuous although they consist of discrete images. To explain how the temporal resolution of human vision can be fast compared to sluggish conscious perception, we propose a novel conceptual framework in which features of objects, such as their color, are quasi-continuously and unconsciously analyzed with high temporal resolution. Like other features, temporal features, such as duration, are coded as quantitative labels. When unconscious processing is “completed,” all features are simultaneously rendered conscious at discrete moments in time, sometimes even hundreds of milliseconds after stimuli were presented.

Jake:

我们感知的世界是无缝的知觉流。然而，有趣的幻觉和近期的一些实验都暗示这个世界是非连续被意识感知的。反而，感知更像是离散的，就像电影看起来是连续的，但实际上是离散画面组成的一样。为了解释相比于缓慢的意识感知来说，人类视觉处理的时间分辨率有多快，我们提出了一个新的概念框架，其中物体的特征，比如颜色，是由潜意识用高时间分辨率分析的，是准连续的。时间特征，比如持续时间，也如同其他特征一样被编码为量化的标签。当潜意识处理完成以后，所有的特征才同步地被意识以离散的方式感知，有时甚至发生在刺激之后的几百个毫秒。

我们感知的世界是无缝的知觉流。然而，迷人的错觉和最近的实验都暗示这个世界是非连续转化为意识感知的。反而，感知更像是离散的，就像电影看起来是连续的，但实际上电影是离散画面组成的。为了解释人类视觉处理的时间分辨率相比缓慢的意识感知有多快，我们提出了一个新的概念框架，其中物体的特性，比如颜色，是由潜意识用高时间分辨率分析的，是准连续的。如同其他特性一样，时间特性，比如持续时间，也编码为数字标签。当潜意识处理完成以后，所有的特性才同步地被意识感知，并且在时间上是离散的，有时滞后刺激源的出现达几百个毫秒。

原文链接： http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002433

通过电脑游戏探索量子速度极限 Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games

Nature 532, 210–213 (14 April 2016) April 15, 6:57 PM

BY Jens Jakob W. H. Sørensen, Mads Kock Pedersen, Michael Munch, Pinja Haikka, Jesper Halkjær Jensen, Tilo Planke, Morten Ginnerup Andreasen, Miroslav Gajdacz, Klaus Mølmer, Andreas Lieberoth & Jacob F. Sherson

(Translated by -秦德盛)

Humans routinely solve problems of immense computational complexity by intuitively forming simple, low-dimensional heuristic strategies. Citizen science (or crowd sourcing) is a way of exploiting this ability by presenting scientific research problems to non-experts. ‘Gamification’—the application of game elements in a non-game context—is an effective tool with which to enable citizen scientists to provide solutions to research problems. The citizen science games Foldit, EteRNA and EyeWire have been used successfully to study protein and RNA folding and neuron mapping, but so far gamification has not been applied to problems in quantum physics. Here we report on Quantum Moves, an online platform gamifying optimization problems in quantum physics. We show that human players are able to find solutions to difficult problems associated with the task of quantum computing. Players succeed where purely numerical optimization fails, and analyses of their solutions provide insights into the problem of optimization of a more profound and general nature. Using player strategies, we have thus developed a few-parameter heuristic optimization method that efficiently outperforms the most prominent established numerical methods. The numerical complexity associated with time-optimal solutions increases for shorter process durations. To understand this better, we produced a low-dimensional rendering of the optimization landscape. This rendering reveals why traditional optimization methods fail near the quantum speed limit (that is, the shortest process duration with perfect fidelity)7, 8, 9. Combined analyses of optimization landscapes and heuristic solution strategies may benefit wider classes of optimization problems in quantum physics and beyond.

Jake校对：

人们往往通过直观的方式形成低维度的简单启发式策略，从而解决具有巨大计算复杂性的问题。公民科学（或称众包）是一种通过向非专业人群提出科学研究问题来开发该能力的途径。“游戏化”——在非游戏背景下运用游戏元素——是一种非常有效的工具，它可以向公民科学家提供研究问题的解决方案。公民科学游戏Foldit、EteRNA和EyeWire已经成功地将这种方法应用于蛋白质和RNA的折叠以及神经元映射的研究当中。但是到目前为止，游戏化尚未应用于量子物理的问题研究中。在这里，我们提出了一个量子移动游戏（Quantum Moves），它是一个可以将量子物理领域中的优化问题进行游戏化的在线平台。我们发现，人类玩家可以解决量子计算领域中具有挑战意义的难题。玩家可以在纯数值优化方法失败之处取得成功，并且他们的策略可以为研究人员在优化问题上提供一种更深刻而普适的视角。凭借玩家的策略，我们已经开发出一种多参数的启发式优化方法，它明显优于现有的最优秀的数值算法。对于较短的过程来说，它的数值复杂性（与时间最优解相关）会不断增加。为了更好地理解这一点，我们生成了一个最优景观的低维渲染图，以揭示为什么传统优化方法在接近量子速度极限（即完美保真度的最短持续时间）的时候会失败。将景观优化和启发式求解策略相结合可能有利于量子物理乃至更多领域中广泛存在的优化问题的求解。注：citizen science，直译为公民科学，也作公众科学、群智科学。

人们通常采用直观地形成启发式策略的方法来解决巨大的计算复杂性问题，这种策略是简单而低维的。公民科学（或是群体采购）是开发该能力的一种途径，它是向非专业人群提出科学研究问题。“游戏化”——在非游戏背景下运用游戏元素——是一个非常有效的工具，它可以使公民科学家提供研究问题的解决方案。公民科学游戏Foldit、EteRNA和EyeWire成功的应用于蛋白质和RNA折叠研究以及神经元映射研究当中，但是到目前为止，游戏化尚未应用于量子物理的问题研究中。在这里，我们报告一个量子移动游戏（Quantum Moves），它是一个可以将量子物理领域中的优化问题游戏化的在线平台。我们发现，人类玩家可以寻找到与量子计算挑战相关的难题的解决方案。在纯粹的数值优化失败之处，玩家却可以取得成功，分析他们的策略可以为优化问题提供一种更深刻而一般性的视角。凭借使用玩家策略，我们已经开发出一种多参数启发式优化方法，这种方法明显优于现有的优秀数值方法。较短的持续时间内，与时间优化解法相关的数值复杂性在增加。为了更好地理解这一点，我们提供了一个景观优化的低维效果图。这一效果图揭示了传统优化方法在接近量子速度极限（即完美保真度的最短持续时间）时为何失败了。景观优化和启发式解法策略的结合可能有利于量子物理以及更多领域内广泛种类的优化问题。注：citizen science，直译为公民科学，也作公众科学、群智科学。

原文链接：http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7598/full/nature17620.html

从大数据到重要信息（From Big Data To Important Information）

April 15, 10:34 PM

BY Yaneer Bar-Yam

(Translated by - 猪哥)

Advances in science are being sought in newly available opportunities to collect massive quantities of data about complex systems. While key advances are being made in detailed mapping of systems, how to relate this data to solving many of the challenges facing humanity is unclear. The questions we often wish to address require identifying the impact of interventions on the system and that impact is not apparent in the detailed data that is available. Here we review key concepts and motivate a general framework for building larger scale views of complex systems and for characterizing the importance of information in physical, biological and social systems. We provide examples of its application to evolutionary biology with relevance to ecology, biodiversity, pandemics, and human lifespan, and in the context of social systems with relevance to ethnic violence, global food prices, and stock market panic. Framing scientific inquiry as an effort to determine what is important and unimportant is a means for advancing our understanding and addressing many practical concerns, such as economic development or treating disease.

Jake审校：

不断发展着的科学正在寻找新的契机去收集大量关于复杂系统的数据。人们虽然在系统的细节结构上取得了重要进展，但还不清楚如何运用这些数据去解决人类所面临的挑战。我们希望解决的问题通常需要确定人为干预如何对系统产生影响，而这些影响在现有的详细数据中并不明显。在这里，我们对一些重要概念进行回顾，并试图建立一个一般的框架来构建复杂系统的大型视图，并刻画出信息在物理、生物和社会系统中的重要性。我们提供了将其应用于与生态、生物多样性、流行病学以及人类寿命相关的进化生物学之中；以及与种族暴力、全球粮食价格和股市恐慌相关的社会系统之中的案例。通过将科学探究转化为一种确定什么重要什么不重要的问题，我们对于许多实际问题如经济发展或疾病治疗会有更深的理解。

不断发展着的科学正在寻找新的契机去收集大量关于复杂系统的数据。人们虽然在系统的详细结构上取得了重要进展，但还不清楚如何运用这些数据去解决人类所面临的挑战。我们希望解决的问题需要确定人为干预对系统的影响，而这些影响在现有的详细数据中并不明显。在这里，我们审视重要概念，促使建立一个一般的框架来构建复杂系统的大型视图，并表征物理、生物和社会系统中信息的重要性。我们提供了其应用于与生态学、生物多样性、流行病和人类寿命相关的进化生物学，以及与种族暴力、全球粮食价格和股市恐慌相关的社会系统背景下的例子。努力让科学探究成为确定信息重要还是不重要的依据，有利于促进我们对许多实际关心的问题的理解和解决，比如经济的发展或疾病的治疗。

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00976

自适应社会网络中从个体到集体行为的连接 Linking Individual and Collective Behavior in Adaptive Social Networks

Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 128702 April 15, 11:28 PM

BY Flávio L. Pinheiro, Francisco C. Santos, and Jorge M. Pacheco

(Translated by -高德华)

Adaptive social structures are known to promote the evolution of cooperation. However, up to now the characterization of the collective, population-wide dynamics resulting from the self-organization of individual strategies on a coevolving, adaptive network has remained unfeasible. Here we establish a (reversible) link between individual (micro)behavior and collective (macro)behavior for coevolutionary processes. We demonstrate that an adaptive network transforms a two-person social dilemma locally faced by individuals into a collective dynamics that resembles that associated with an N-person coordination game, whose characterization depends sensitively on the relative time scales between the entangled behavioral and network evolutions. In particular, we show that the faster the relative rate of adaptation of the network, the smaller the critical fraction of cooperators required for cooperation to prevail, thus establishing a direct link between network adaptation and the evolution of cooperation. The framework developed here is general and may be readily applied to other dynamical processes occurring on adaptive networks, notably, the spreading of contagious diseases or the diffusion of innovations.

原文链接：http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.128702

Jake：

人们已经知道，适应性社会结构能够促进合作的演化。然而直至目前，要对共生演化的自适应网络上由个体策略自组织所产生的全种群范围的集体动力学进行刻画仍然是比较困难的。在本文中，我们在个体（微观）行为和集体（宏观）行为之间建立起一种（可逆的）连接，并将其视为是一个共生演化的过程。我们的研究证明：自适应网络将个体在局部面临的双人社会困境转变成了类似于N人协调博弈的集体动力学，其表征敏感地依赖于所涉及的行为和网络演化的相对时间尺度。特别地，我们的研究表明：网络适应的相对速率越快，合作的扩散所需的合作者的临界比例就越小，由此我们在网络适应性和合作演化两者之间建立了一种直接的联系。我们所提出的这个框架具有一般性，可以较容易地应用于适应性网络上的其他动力学过程，如疾病的传播或者创新的扩散。

人们已经知道，适应性社会结构能够促进合作的演化。然而直至目前，要对共生演化的自适应网络上由个体策略自组织所产生的全种群范围的集体动力学进行刻画仍然是比较困难的。本文中，我们在个体（微观）行为和集体（宏观）行为之间建立起连接，并将其视为是一个共生演化的过程。我们的研究证明：自适应网络将个体在局部面临的双人社会困境转变成了类似于N人协调博弈相关联的集体动力学，其表征敏感依赖于所涉及为和网络演化之间的相对时间尺度。进而，我们的研究表明：网络适应的相对速率越快，合作所需合作者的临界比例就越小，由此在网络适应性和合作演化两者之间建立了直接的联系。我们所提出的这个框架具有一般性，可以较容易地应用于适应性网络上所发生的其他动力学过程，如传染性疾病的传播或者创新的扩散。

多层网络上的物理 The physics of multilayer networks

April 16, 3:33 PM

BY Manlio De Domenico, Clara Granell, Mason A. Porter, Alex Arenas

(Translated by 蔡嘉文)

The study of networks plays a crucial role in investigating the structure, dynamics, and function of a wide variety of complex systems in myriad disciplines. Despite the success of traditional network analysis, standard networks provide a limited representation of these systems, which often includes different types of relationships (i.e., "multiplexity") among their constituent components and/or multiple interacting subsystems. Such structural complexity has a significant effect on both dynamics and function. Throwing away or aggregating available structural information can generate misleading results and provide a major obstacle towards attempts to understand the system under analysis. The recent "multilayer' approach for modeling networked systems explicitly allows the incorporation of multiplexity and other features of realistic networked systems. On one hand, it allows one to couple different structural relationships by encoding them in a convenient mathematical object. On the other hand, it also allows one to couple different dynamical processes on top of such interconnected structures. The resulting framework plays a crucial role in helping to achieve a thorough, accurate understanding of complex systems. The study of multilayer networks has also revealed new physical phenomena that remained hidden when using the traditional network representation of graphs. Here we survey progress towards a deeper understanding of dynamical processes on multilayer networks, and we highlight some of the physical phenomena that emerge from multilayer structure and dynamics.

网络研究是调查无数学科中多种类的复杂系统的结构，动力学，功能的关键。尽管传统网络分析取得了成功，但是由于复杂系统中的组成结构和大量互相作用的子系统（多元复杂性 multiplexity），普通网络难以对其进行完善的表示。这种结构上的复杂性对动力学和功能都有着重要的作用。如果简单地丢掉或者聚合可用的结构信息可能产生错误的结果并对系统的内在机制的理解造成阻碍。最近的“多层网络”模型能够使我们能够清晰地建模出这种多元复杂性以及其他真实网络系统的特征。一方面，这种方法使得我们可以将不同的结构关系编码到一个易用的数学对象。另一方面，我们可以在这种相互连接的结构上尝试不同种类的动力学过程。这个框架是对复杂系统建立完善而准确的理解的关键。对多层网络的研究也揭示出了一些在传统网络结构的图表示下被隐藏的物理过程。在这里我们试图对多层网络上的动力学过程建立更深刻的理解，并且着重突出了一些随多层网络结构及其动力学而涌现出来的物理现象。

edited by 傅渥成

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02021#

专题：含时网络理论及应用（Modern temporal network theory: a colloquium）

Eur. Phys. J. B (2015) 88: 234 April 16, 7:24 PM

BY Petter Holme

(Translated by -)

The power of any kind of network approach lies in the ability to simplify a complex system so that one can better understand its function as a whole. Sometimes it is beneficial, however, to include more information than in a simple graph of only nodes and links. Adding information about times of interactions can make predictions and mechanistic understanding more accurate. The drawback, however, is that there are not so many methods available, partly because temporal networks is a relatively young field, partly because it is more difficult to develop such methods compared to for static networks. In this colloquium, we review the methods to analyze and model temporal networks and processes taking place on them, focusing mainly on the last three years. This includes the spreading of infectious disease, opinions, rumors, in social networks; information packets in computer networks; various types of signaling in biology, and more. We also discuss future directions.

原文链接：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepjb%2Fe2015-60657-4

任何网络方法的力量在于简化复杂系统的能力，通过这种简化，我们可以更好地理解其作为一个整体的功能。然而，有时更多的信息是比只有点和边的简单图更有益的。添加关于相互作用时间信息可以使预测和机制理解更准确。然而，对应的缺点是没有太多可用的方法，部分是因为含时网络是相对年轻的领域，部分是因为相比于静态网络，发展这样的方法更加困难。在本次专题上，我们回顾了在过去三年间的分析和建模含时网络和及与之相关的各种过程的方法。这些研究包括传染病、观点、谣言在社交网络中的传播；计算机网络中的信息包；生物学中各种类型的信号。我们还讨论了该领域未来的发展方向。

edited by 傅渥成

标度非线性？（Is this scaling nonlinear? ）

arXiv:1604.02872 physics.soc-ph April 16, 9:20 PM

BY J. C. Leitao, J.M. Miotto, M. Gerlach, E. G. Altmann

(Translated by - 刘清晴)

One of the most celebrated findings in complex systems in the last decade is that different indexes y (e.g., patents) scale nonlinearly with the population-x of the cities in which they appear, i.e., y∼x^β, β≠1. More recently, the generality of this finding has been questioned in studies using new databases and different definitions of city boundaries. In this paper we investigate the existence of nonlinear scaling using a probabilistic framework in which fluctuations are accounted explicitly. In particular, we show that this allows not only to (a) estimate β and confidence intervals, but also to (b) quantify the evidence in favor of β≠1 and (c) test the hypothesis that the observations are compatible with the nonlinear scaling. We employ this framework to compare 5 different models to 15 different datasets and we find that the answers to points (a)-(c) crucially depend on the fluctuations contained in the data, on how they are modeled, and on the fact that the city sizes are heavy-tailed distributed.

近10年来复杂系统研究领域中最著名的发现之一是：不同的指标y（如专利数）随着城市人口x非线性变化，呈现出某些规律，如 y∼x^β, β≠1。最近，在一些使用了新的数据库并用不同的方法定义城市边界的研究中，这个发现的普适性受到了质疑。在本文中，我们用一种概率论的框架研究了非线性标度的存在性，在研究中，我们可以将涨落明确地描述出来。特别地，我们发现这种方法不仅允许（a）估计β和置信区间，还允许（b）量化支持β≠1的证据，并且（c）检验观察数据符合非线性标度的假设。我们使用这种研究思路来比较了为15个不同的数据库建模的5个不同的模型，我们发现，数据的涨落、建模方法和城市规模为重尾分布的事实对（a）~（c）的结果是至关重要的。

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02872

edited by 傅渥成

复杂网络的控制需要结构和动态 Control of complex networks requires both structure and dynamics

Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 24456 (2016) April 19, 11:50 PM

BY Alexander J. Gates & Luis M. Rocha

From www.sciencedirect.com April 28, 9:18 PM

By Babak Heydari, Mohsen Mosleh, Kia Dalili (Translated by -)

We provide the analytical solution for the efficient network with heterogeneous, separable connection costs. The efficient network has a diameter no bigger than two and exhibits a core–periphery structure. We calculate the lower bound for clustering coefficient of the efficient network. (请在此输入译文) 原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2015.06.014

From science.sciencemag.org April 29, 10:45 PM

By John Bohannon (Translated by -)

In increasing numbers, researchers around the world are turning to Sci-Hub, the controversial website that hosts 50 million pirated papers and counting. Now, with server log data from Alexandra Elbakyan, the neuroscientist who created Sci-Hub in 2011 as a 22-year-old graduate student in Kazakhstan, Science addresses some basic questions: Who are Sci-Hub's users, where are they, and what are they reading? The Sci-Hub data provide the first detailed view of what is becoming the world's de facto open-access research library. Among the revelations that may surprise both fans and foes alike: Sci-Hub users are not limited to the developing world. Some critics of Sci-Hub have complained that many users can access the same papers through their libraries but turn to Sci-Hub instead—for convenience rather than necessity. The data provide some support for that claim. Over the 6 months leading up to March, Sci-Hub served up 28 million documents, with Iran, China, India, Russia, and the United States the leading requestors.

(请在此输入译文)

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.352.6285.508

The Free Energy Requirements of Biological Organisms; Implications for Evolution

From www.mdpi.com April 30, 4:34 AM

By David H. Wolpert

(Translated by -)

Recent advances in nonequilibrium statistical physics have provided unprecedented insight into the thermodynamics of dynamic processes. The author recently used these advances to extend Landauer’s semi-formal reasoning concerning the thermodynamics of bit erasure, to derive the minimal free energy required to implement an arbitrary computation. Here, I extend this analysis, deriving the minimal free energy required by an organism to run a given (stochastic) map π from its sensor inputs to its actuator outputs. I use this result to calculate the input-output map π of an organism that optimally trades off the free energy needed to run π with the phenotypic fitness that results from implementing π. I end with a general discussion of the limits imposed on the rate of the terrestrial biosphere’s information processing by the flux of sunlight on the Earth.

(请在此输入译文)

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e18040138

From big data to important information

From onlinelibrary.wiley.com April 30, 2:28 PM

By Yaneer Bar-Yam (Translated by -)

Advances in science are being sought in newly available opportunities to collect massive quantities of data about complex systems. While key advances are being made in detailed mapping of systems, how to relate these data to solving many of the challenges facing humanity is unclear. The questions we often wish to address require identifying the impact of interventions on the system and that impact is not apparent in the detailed data that is available. Here, we review key concepts and motivate a general framework for building larger scale views of complex systems and for characterizing the importance of information in physical, biological, and social systems. We provide examples of its application to evolutionary biology with relevance to ecology, biodiversity, pandemics, and human lifespan, and in the context of social systems with relevance to ethnic violence, global food prices, and stock market panic. Framing scientific inquiry as an effort to determine what is important and unimportant is a means for advancing our understanding and addressing many practical concerns, such as economic development or treating disease.

(请在此输入译文)

原文链接：http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21785

Explaining the Prevalence, Scaling and Variance of Urban Phenomena

From arxiv.org April 30, 3:05 PM

By Andres Gomez-Lievano, Oscar Patterson-Lomba, Ricardo Hausmann

(Translated by -)

The prevalence of many urban phenomena changes systematically with population size. We propose a theory that unifies models of economic complexity and cultural evolution to derive urban scaling. The theory accounts for the difference in scaling exponents and average prevalence across phenomena, as well as the difference in the variance within phenomena across cities of similar size. The central ideas are that a number of necessary complementary factors must be simultaneously present for a phenomenon to occur, and that the diversity of factors is logarithmically related to population size. The model reveals that phenomena that require more factors will be less prevalent, scale more superlinearly and show larger variance across cities of similar size. The theory applies to data on education, employment, innovation, disease and crime, and it entails the ability to predict the prevalence of a phenomenon across cities, given information about the prevalence in a single city. (请在此输入译文)

原文链接：http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07876

复杂文摘翻译第三期－(摘自Complex Digest 2016.4月文章)

复杂社会系统中的危机：以智利事件为例的一个社会理论观点 （Crisis in complex social systems: A social theory view illustrated with the chilean case）

Jake编辑

Does Stress Speed Up Evolution?

遗传环路设计自动化 (Genetic circuit design automation)

Jake修改

原文

一个生物体能否大如星系？Can a Living Creature Be as Big as a Galaxy?

Jake修改

原文

信息驱动协调现象的动力学：基于转移熵的分析 The dynamics of information-driven coordination phenomena: A transfer entropy analysis

Jake修改

原文

在参与社会感知中的自我调节信息共享Self-regulatory information sharing in participatory social sensing

Jake修改

原文

一种度量系统复杂性的通用框架（A general framework for measuring system complexity）

社交媒体推动社会变革?——似是而非的有效传播(Beyond Viral)

多层随机分块模型揭示复杂网络的多层结构（Multilayer Stochastic Block Models Reveal the Multilayer Structure of Complex Networks）

实时情境中社会习俗的形成(The Formation of Social Conventions in Real-Time Environments)

理解群体动力学与团队的成功（Understanding the group dynamics and success of teams）

对企业所有权的透明度和黑金而言，巴拿马文件意味着什么？（What the Panama Papers Mean for Transparency and ‘Dark Money’）

持续减少跨性别歧视：一场关于逐户拉票的田野实验（Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing ）

为什么自然钟情于正六边形？ （Why Nature Prefers Hexagons）

为什么国家卫生研究院（NIH）应该用抽签替换同行评审(Why the National Institutes of Health Should Replace Peer Review With a Lottery)

混合型社会：设计自组织系统集群行为的挑战及前景 Hybrid Societies: Challenges and Perspectives in the Design of Collective Behavior in Self-organizing Systems

通过稀疏识别从数据中发掘非线性动力系统的控制方程(Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems)

捕食风险驱使合作育仔生物社会复杂化（Predation risk drives social complexity in cooperative breeders）

Facebook和YouTube用户的极化 （Users Polarization on Facebook and Youtube）

城市地区拥堵的全球分析（ A global take on congestion in urban areas）

手机通话的邓巴数（Calling Dunbar's Numbers）

进化中的复杂系统的时间尺度探测 （Detection of timescales in evolving complex systems）

A Possible Link Between Pyriproxyfen and Microcephaly

时间片：感知的过程是什么？ Time Slices: What Is the Duration of a Percept?

时间片：感知的持续时间是什么？ Time Slices: What Is the Duration of a Percept?

通过电脑游戏探索量子速度极限 Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games

从大数据到重要信息（From Big Data To Important Information）

自适应社会网络中从个体到集体行为的连接 Linking Individual and Collective Behavior in Adaptive Social Networks

多层网络上的物理 The physics of multilayer networks

专题：含时网络理论及应用 （Modern temporal network theory: a colloquium）

标度非线性？（Is this scaling nonlinear? ）

复杂网络的控制需要结构和动态 Control of complex networks requires both structure and dynamics

有重尾的符号分布频率的相似点（Similarity of Symbol Frequency Distributions with Heavy Tails）

Understanding how biodiversity unfolds through time under neutral theory

Parasites Are Us

Waste not, want not, emit less

Microbiome: Eating for trillions

An Experimental Study of Team Size and Performance on a Complex Task

Why Physics Is Not a Discipline

Why we need democracy 2.0 and capitalism 2.0 to survive

Estimating biologically relevant parameters under uncertainty for experimental within-host murine West Nile virus infection

A model to identify urban traffic congestion hotspots in complex networks

Spatial Patterns in Urban Systems

Merging evolutionary history into species interaction networks

Efficient network structures with separable heterogeneous connection costs

Prediction of Cascading Failures in Spatial Networks

Competition between global and local online social networks

Bond Percolation on Multiplex Networks

Broken detailed balance at mesoscopic scales in active biological systems

Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone

The Free Energy Requirements of Biological Organisms; Implications for Evolution

From big data to important information

Explaining the Prevalence, Scaling and Variance of Urban Phenomena

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复杂社会系统中的危机：以智利事件为例的一个社会理论观点（Crisis in complex social systems: A social theory view illustrated with the chilean case）

为什么自然钟情于正六边形？（Why Nature Prefers Hexagons）

Facebook和YouTube用户的极化（Users Polarization on Facebook and Youtube）

进化中的复杂系统的时间尺度探测（Detection of timescales in evolving complex systems）

专题：含时网络理论及应用（Modern temporal network theory: a colloquium）