“对称性破缺”的版本间的差异

2021年2月23日 (二) 12:05的版本

此词条暂由趣木木翻译，翻译字数共549，由Fernando审校。

文件:Spontaneous symmetry breaking from an instable equilibrium.svg

A ball is initially located at the top of the central hill (C). This position is an unstable equilibrium: a very small perturbation will cause it to fall to one of the two stable wells left (L) or right (R). Even if the hill is symmetric and there is no reason for the ball to fall on either side, the observed final state is not symmetric.

[[图一：一个小球位于中央山丘的山峰处（C）这是一种不稳定平衡，具体表现为:一个很小的扰动会使它下降直至稳定在左边(L)或右边(R)。即使山丘是对称的,没有理由让球落在人任何一侧,观察到的最终状态仍然是不对称的，它总会落到某一侧]]

在物理学中， 对称性破缺是一种现象，在这种现象中，一个很小的波动作用于系统决定它去向分岔的哪个分支，使其穿越临界点。对于一个意识不到波动(或“噪音”)的外部观察者来说，这个选择看起来是任意的。这个过程被称为对称性破缺，因为这种跃迁通常使系统从一个对称但无序的状态进入一个或多个确定的状态。在 斑图生成中对称性破缺起着重要作用。

1972年，诺贝尔奖得主P·W·安德森(P.W.Anderson)在《科学》(Science)杂志上发表了一篇名为《多即不同》的论文^[1]，文中使用对称性破缺的概念表明，即使 还原论是正确的，但它的逆命题 建构主义 Construcism 是错误的。建构主义认为，在给出描述各组成部分的理论的情况下科学家可以轻易地预测复杂现象。

对称性破缺可以分为显式对称性破缺和自发对称性破缺两种类型，其特征是运动方程或基态能否保持不变。

Explicit symmetry breaking显式对称性破缺

在显式对称性破缺中，系统的运动方程会发生变化。在哈密顿力学或拉格朗日力学中，假若系统的哈密顿量(或拉格朗日量)至少一项违反某种对称性，导致系统的物理行为不具备这种对称性，就发生了显式对称性破缺。该术语特别适用于大致具有对称性、违反对称项目很少的系统。

Spontaneous symmetry breaking自发对称性破缺

在自发对称性破缺中，系统的运动方程是不变的，但系统发生了变化。这是因为系统的背景(时空)是非恒定的。这种对称破缺用序参量进行参数化。这类对称破缺的一个特殊情况是动力学对称性破缺。

Examples 实例

对称性破缺可以涵盖以下任何一种情况:^[2]

某些结构的随机形成破坏了物理学基本定律的精确对称性;

物理学中最小能量状态的对称性比系统本身少的情形;

系统的实际状态由于明显对称的状态不稳定而不能反映动力学的基本对称性的情况(稳定性是以局部不对称为代价的) ;

理论方程可能具有某种对称性，但其解可能没有(对称性是“隐藏的”)的情况。

在物理学文献中讨论的首批对称性破缺案例之一，与不可压缩流体在重力和流体静力平衡中均匀旋转的形式有关。在1834年，Jacobi ^[3]和后来的 Liouville ^[4]讨论了这样一个事实: 当旋转物体的动能相对于引力势能超过一定的临界值时，这个问题的平衡解是三轴椭球。在这个分叉点上，麦克劳林椭球体的轴对称性被破坏。此外，在这个分叉点之上，对于常数角动量，使动能最小化的解是非轴对称的 Jacobi 椭球，而不是 Maclaurin 椭球。

References

↑ Anderson, P.W. (1972). "More is Different" (PDF). Science. 177 (4047): 393–396. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..393A. doi:10.1126/science.177.4047.393. PMID 17796623.
↑ "Astronomical Glossary". www.angelfire.com.
↑ Jacobi, C.G.J. (1834). "Über die figur des gleichgewichts". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 109 (33): 229–238. Bibcode:1834AnP...109..229J. doi:10.1002/andp.18341090808.
↑ Liouville, J. (1834). "Sur la figure d'une masse fluide homogène, en équilibre et douée d'un mouvement de rotation". Journal de l'École Polytechnique (14): 289–296.

Category:Symmetry

范畴: 对称

Category:Pattern formation

类别: 模式形成

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Symmetry breaking. Its edit history can be viewed at 对称性破缺/edithistory

[1] Anderson, P.W. (1972). "More is Different" (PDF). Science. 177 (4047): 393–396. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..393A. doi:10.1126/science.177.4047.393. PMID 17796623.

[2] "Astronomical Glossary". www.angelfire.com.

[3] Jacobi, C.G.J. (1834). "Über die figur des gleichgewichts". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 109 (33): 229–238. Bibcode:1834AnP...109..229J. doi:10.1002/andp.18341090808.

[4] Liouville, J. (1834). "Sur la figure d'une masse fluide homogène, en équilibre et douée d'un mouvement de rotation". Journal de l'École Polytechnique (14): 289–296.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ 第16行： / 第16行： @@
-A ball is initially located at the top of the central hill (C). This position is an unstable equilibrium: a very small perturbation will cause it to fall to one of the two stable wells left (L) or right (R). Even if the hill is symmetric and there is no reason for the ball to fall on either side, the observed final state is not symmetric.
 [[图一：一个小球位于中央山丘的山峰处（C）这是一种不稳定平衡，具体表现为:一个很小的扰动会使它下降直至稳定在左边(L)或右边(R)。即使山丘是对称的,没有理由让球落在人任何一侧,观察到的最终状态仍然是不对称的，它总会落到某一侧]]
-In [[physics]], '''symmetry breaking''' is a [[phenomenon]] in which (infinitesimally) small [[Quantum fluctuation|fluctuation]]s acting on a [[system]] crossing a [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] decide the system's fate, by determining which branch of a [[Bifurcation theory|bifurcation]] is taken. To an outside observer unaware of the fluctuations (or "[[Thermal noise|noise]]"), the choice will appear arbitrary. This process is called [[symmetry (physics)|symmetry]] "breaking", because such transitions usually bring the system from a symmetric but [[randomness|disorderly]] [[Quantum state|state]] into one or more definite states. Symmetry breaking is thought to play a major role in [[pattern formation]].
-In physics, symmetry breaking is a phenomenon in which (infinitesimally) small fluctuations acting on a system crossing a critical point decide the system's fate, by determining which branch of a bifurcation is taken. To an outside observer unaware of the fluctuations (or "noise"), the choice will appear arbitrary. This process is called symmetry "breaking", because such transitions usually bring the system from a symmetric but disorderly state into one or more definite states. Symmetry breaking is thought to play a major role in pattern formation.
 在物理学中，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 对称性破缺</font>'''是一种现象，在这种现象中，一个很小的波动作用于系统决定它去向分岔的哪个分支，使其穿越临界点。对于一个意识不到波动(或“噪音”)的外部观察者来说，这个选择看起来是任意的。这个过程被称为对称性破缺，因为这种跃迁通常使系统从一个对称但无序的状态进入一个或多个确定的状态。在'''<font color="#ff8000"> 斑图生成</font>'''中对称性破缺起着重要作用。
-In his 1972 [[Science (journal)|''Science'']] paper titled "More is different"  [[Nobel prize in physics|Nobel laureate]] [[Philip Warren Anderson|P.W. Anderson]] used the idea of symmetry breaking to show that even if [[reductionism]] is true, its converse, constructionism, which is the idea that scientists can easily predict complex phenomena given theories describing their components, is not.
-In his 1972 Science paper titled "More is different"  Nobel laureate P.W. Anderson used the idea of symmetry breaking to show that even if reductionism is true, its converse, constructionism, which is the idea that scientists can easily predict complex phenomena given theories describing their components, is not.
 年，诺贝尔奖得主P·W·安德森(P.W.Anderson)在《科学》(Science)杂志上发表了一篇名为《多即不同》的论文<ref>{{cite journal | last=Anderson | first=P.W. | title=More is Different | journal=Science | volume=177 | issue=4047| pages=393–396 | year=1972 | url=http://robotics.cs.tamu.edu/dshell/cs689/papers/anderson72more_is_different.pdf | doi=10.1126/science.177.4047.393 | pmid=17796623 | format=|bibcode = 1972Sci...177..393A }}</ref>，文中使用对称性破缺的概念表明，即使'''<font color="#ff8000"> 还原论</font>'''是正确的，但它的逆命题'''<font color="#ff8000"> 建构主义 Construcism</font>''' 是错误的。建构主义认为，在给出描述各组成部分的理论的情况下科学家可以轻易地预测复杂现象。
-Symmetry breaking can be distinguished into two types, [[explicit symmetry breaking]] and [[spontaneous symmetry breaking]], characterized by whether the equations of motion fail to be invariant or the [[Vacuum state|ground state]] fails to be invariant.
-Symmetry breaking can be distinguished into two types, explicit symmetry breaking and spontaneous symmetry breaking, characterized by whether the equations of motion fail to be invariant or the ground state fails to be invariant.
 对称性破缺可以分为'''<font color="#ff8000">显式对称性破缺</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">自发对称性破缺</font>'''两种类型，其特征是运动方程或基态能否保持不变。
@@ 第49行： / 第38行： @@
-In explicit symmetry breaking, the [[equations of motion]] describing a system are variant under the broken symmetry. In [[Hamiltonian mechanics]] or [[Lagrangian Mechanics]], this happens when there is at least one term in the Hamiltonian (or Lagrangian) that explicitly breaks the given symmetry.
-In explicit symmetry breaking, the equations of motion describing a system are variant under the broken symmetry. In Hamiltonian mechanics or Lagrangian Mechanics, this happens when there is at least one term in the Hamiltonian (or Lagrangian) that explicitly breaks the given symmetry.
 在'''<font color="#ff8000">显式对称性破缺</font>'''中，系统的运动方程会发生变化。在哈密顿力学或拉格朗日力学中，假若系统的哈密顿量(或拉格朗日量)至少一项违反某种对称性，导致系统的物理行为不具备这种对称性，就发生了显式对称性破缺。该术语特别适用于大致具有对称性、违反对称项目很少的系统。
@@ 第66行： / 第51行： @@
-In spontaneous symmetry breaking, the [[equations of motion]] of the system are invariant, but the system is not. This is because the background ([[spacetime]]) of the system, its [[Vacuum state|vacuum]], is non-invariant. Such a symmetry breaking is parametrized by an [[order parameter]]. A special case of this type of symmetry breaking is [[dynamical symmetry breaking]].
-In spontaneous symmetry breaking, the equations of motion of the system are invariant, but the system is not. This is because the background (spacetime) of the system, its vacuum, is non-invariant. Such a symmetry breaking is parametrized by an order parameter. A special case of this type of symmetry breaking is dynamical symmetry breaking.
 在'''<font color="#ff8000">自发对称性破缺</font>'''中，系统的运动方程是不变的，但系统发生了变化。这是因为系统的背景(时空)是非恒定的。这种对称破缺用序参量进行参数化。这类对称破缺的一个特殊情况是'''<font color="#ff8000">动力学对称性破缺</font>'''。
@@ 第77行： / 第59行： @@
-Symmetry breaking can cover any of the following scenarios:
-Symmetry breaking can cover any of the following scenarios:
 对称性破缺可以涵盖以下任何一种情况:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/stars5/astroinfo/gloss/s.html|title=Astronomical Glossary|author=|date=|website=www.angelfire.com}}</ref>
-:* The breaking of an exact symmetry of the underlying laws of physics by the apparently random formation of some structure;
-* The breaking of an exact symmetry of the underlying laws of physics by the apparently random formation of some structure;
 * 某些结构的随机形成破坏了物理学基本定律的精确对称性;
-:* A situation in physics in which a [[ground state|minimal energy state]] has less symmetry than the system itself;
-* A situation in physics in which a minimal energy state has less symmetry than the system itself;
 * 物理学中最小能量状态的对称性比系统本身少的情形;
-:* Situations where the actual state of the system does not reflect the underlying symmetries of the dynamics because the manifestly symmetric state is unstable (stability is gained at the cost of [[local property|local]] asymmetry);
-* Situations where the actual state of the system does not reflect the underlying symmetries of the dynamics because the manifestly symmetric state is unstable (stability is gained at the cost of local asymmetry);
 * 系统的实际状态由于明显对称的状态不稳定而不能反映动力学的基本对称性的情况(稳定性是以局部不对称为代价的) ;
-:* Situations where the equations of a theory may have certain symmetries, though their solutions may not (the symmetries are "hidden").
-* Situations where the equations of a theory may have certain symmetries, though their solutions may not (the symmetries are "hidden").
 * 理论方程可能具有某种对称性，但其解可能没有(对称性是“隐藏的”)的情况。
@@ 第109行： / 第76行： @@
-One of the first cases of broken symmetry discussed in the physics literature is related to the form taken by a uniformly rotating body of [[Incompressible flow|incompressible fluid]] in [[gravitational]] and [[hydrostatic equilibrium]]. [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi|Jacobi]] and soon later [[Liouville]], in 1834, discussed the fact that a tri-axial ellipsoid was an equilibrium solution for this problem when the kinetic energy compared to the gravitational energy of the rotating body exceeded a certain critical value. The axial symmetry presented by the McLaurin spheroids is broken at this bifurcation point. Furthermore, above this bifurcation point, and for constant angular momentum, the solutions that minimize the kinetic energy are the ''non''-axially symmetric [[Jacobi ellipsoid]]s instead of the [[Maclaurin spheroid]]s.
-One of the first cases of broken symmetry discussed in the physics literature is related to the form taken by a uniformly rotating body of incompressible fluid in gravitational and hydrostatic equilibrium. Jacobi and soon later Liouville, in 1834, discussed the fact that a tri-axial ellipsoid was an equilibrium solution for this problem when the kinetic energy compared to the gravitational energy of the rotating body exceeded a certain critical value. The axial symmetry presented by the McLaurin spheroids is broken at this bifurcation point. Furthermore, above this bifurcation point, and for constant angular momentum, the solutions that minimize the kinetic energy are the non-axially symmetric Jacobi ellipsoids instead of the Maclaurin spheroids.
 在物理学文献中讨论的首批对称性破缺案例之一，与不可压缩流体在重力和流体静力平衡中均匀旋转的形式有关。在1834年，Jacobi <ref>{{cite journal| last=Jacobi | first=C.G.J. | title=Über die figur des gleichgewichts | journal=[[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] | volume=109 | issue=33| pages=229–238 | year=1834| doi=10.1002/andp.18341090808 | bibcode=1834AnP...109..229J | url=https://zenodo.org/record/2027349 }}</ref>和后来的 Liouville <ref>{{cite journal| last=Liouville | first=J. | title=Sur la figure d'une masse fluide homogène, en équilibre et douée d'un mouvement de rotation| journal=Journal de l'École Polytechnique | issue=14| pages=289–296 | year=1834}}</ref>讨论了这样一个事实: 当旋转物体的动能相对于引力势能超过一定的临界值时，这个问题的平衡解是三轴椭球。在这个分叉点上，麦克劳林椭球体的轴对称性被破坏。此外，在这个分叉点之上，对于常数角动量，使动能最小化的解是非轴对称的 Jacobi 椭球，而不是 Maclaurin 椭球。